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THE WORLD VISUALIZED 
FOR THE CLASS ROOM 

1000 Travel Studies through the stereoscope 
and in lantern slides, classified and cross 
referenced for 25 different school subjects 



TEACHERS' MANUAL 

BY 

FRANK M. McMURRY, Ph.D. 

GENERAL EDITOR 

Professor of Elementary Education , Teachers' College, Columbia 
University, Joint Author of Tarr & McMurry's Geo- 
graphies and "Method of Recitation", Author 
of " How to Study and Teaching 
How to Study," etc. 

In co-operation with twenty-four other well-known 
educators 



UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD 

PUBLISHERS 

417 Fifth Avenue 104 High Holborn 

Cor. 38th Street London 

New York England 



v^ 



t,^-x 



Copyright, 1915 

BY 

UNDERWOOD & UNDERWOOD 

New York and London 

(Entered at Stationer's Hall) 



All Stereographs Copyrighted 
All Rights Reserved 



5)CI,A410319 



Printed in the United States 






INTRODUCTION 

The attempt in the present work has been to pro- 
vide an organized body of illustrative material on a 
great variety of school subjects and to arrange it on 
such a plan as to make all the material readily acces- 
sible to any teacher in a school. 

The method followed, of arranging the material 
on a simple cross reference plan, it is believed, will 
be found most convenient and practical and will 
greatly conduce to system and regularity in using 
the same. 

The two forms in which the material is supplied, 
namely: Stereographs and Lantern Slides, fulfill, it 
seems to me, a great pedagogical need in the line of 
illustration. 

In the present status of public support of Educa- 
tion, financial considerations are apt to enforce limi- 
tations on the number of illustrations allowed. The 
small numerical quantity, however, of the present 
series (of 600 to 1,000 illustration units) conveys 
no adequate idea of its very comprehensive charac- 
ter and of the wide scope of school work covered by 
it. By selecting the subjects largely on the type 



INTRODUCTION 



plan, It has been possible to illustrate a great variety 
of topics in geography, history and other regular 
studies. At the same time, much valuable material 
has been afforded to illustrate special activities, such 
as architecture, agriculture, commerce, etc. The 
study of plant and animal life, with man's relation 
thereto, and their zonal modifications, as well as ma- 
terial for important exercises in English composi- 
tion, including many illustrations in the study of lit- 
erature of the grades as well as biography, are pro- 
vided. 

An Immense quantity of photographs were exam- 
ined before deciding on the final selection. In mak- 
ing this selection, those photographs have been pre- 
ferred that combine and illustrate two or more 
school subjects in the same photograph, — as two or 
more physiographic features, or two or more related 
but distinct steps in an industry. Nearly every 
photograph In the series has a teaching value for 
more than one branch of study, and Is consequently 
referred to by as many editors as have found it use- 
ful in illustrating their dififerent subjects. In many 
cases, the same number in the series has been re- 
ferred to twelve or more times. 

In presenting Ideas, the demand for vividness 
must ever be borne in mind by the teacher. This 
can best be accomplished by bringing into the class 
the object studied. As I have elsewhere said: 




SEP -4 1915 



INTBODUCTION 



* "It has taken centuries of progress to realize 
this need. During many generations following 
Columbus's discovery of America, people had an 
unlimited faith in the power of words, whether the 
words represented familiar ideas or not. They were 
as far removed from the use of objects as they could 
possibly be. They even ignored the mother-tongue 
in approaching a foreign language, learning Latin 
through a grammar that was entirely in the Latin 
language. Finally, Comenius advocated pictures il- 
lustrating the idea symbolized by the word, and, 
in consequence, his Orhiis Pictus, or picture book, 
issued in 1657, became one of the most noted school 
books ever published. By the help of such illustra- 
tions, one could give some notion of the object men- 
tioned, even though he had never seen it. 

"Another century passed before Pestalozzi was 
born, who partially convinced the world that even 
pictures were inadequate, and that teachers must 
make it their practice either to bring things into the 
schoolroom to be studied, or to take the children out 
to see them. The lesson is not yet half learned, but 
here and there are instructors who do regularly 
bring insects and flowers into the school, who visit 
museums with their classes, and even go on lengthy 
excursions with them. They aim to make not only 
their nature study but other studies concrete there- 
by; they visit museums to see historical relics; they 
make excursions to see actual valleys ; they use ob- 
jects to show how real fractional units can be added. 
They do all this in order to secure living pictures of 
what is studied. There is as much difference be- 

* Method of Recitation, page 105, 



IV INTBODUCTION 

tween seeing a thing and merely hearing about it, as 
there is between visiting Paris and Kstening to a 
description of it. 

"But, unfortunately, it is often impossible to see 
and handle the objects themselves. In that case, 
there are several partial substitutes. Among them 
are models, maps, photographs, and lantern slides. 
Any school could make a valuable collection of pic- 
tures by simply cutting them out of newspapers and 
magazines. Thus, waterfalls, industries, beautiful 
views, etc., could be presented in concrete form." 

But the best substitute for the real object is un- 
doubtedly the stereograph, which gives a life-size 
representation with an abundance of detail that 
rivals nature itself. 

Using stereographs is not play; it is work. The 
stereograph is a superior kind of text, and a good 
teacher will not have so much trust in mere print 
that he will be unwilling to go to some trouble to get 
the most out of this higher kind of text. Let him 
realize that the stereograph is a true window to the 
world of nature and the activities of man, by means 
of which the pupils may 

Through the loop-hole of retreat 
Peep at such a world ; 
Hear the great Babel 
And not feel the crowd. 

The lantern slide and stereograph sets supplement 
each other so well that it is highly desirable to have 



INTEODTJCTION 



both, the stereograph being used for intensive study 
during the study hour, in the class, or for refer- 
ence, and the sHdes for a more comprehensive treat- 
ment of the subject, for review by the school or class 
and for special occasions. 

I have given my aid and support to this work only 
in the broader interest of education. I believe that 
both the stereograph and the lantern slide have been 
much under-appreciated as teaching mediums, and I 
feel that the present work constitutes a needed, prac- 
tical step in the important direction of better organ- 
ized visual aids for our schools. Such an equipment 
as this — notwithstanding its shortcomings — should 
stimulate a deeper interest in the whole subject of 
visual instruction, and help along in no small way 
the effort to divorce teaching from abstract memory 
exercises, and to connect the pupils directly with the 
actualities of the earth and the most important activ- 
ities of man in his relation to it. 



(Signed) F. M. McMurry. 



Teachers' College, 
March 3, 1915. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Inteoduction By Frank McMurry, Ph. D. i 

Visual Instruction By William E. Grady ix 

The Projecting Lantern in the School xi 

The Stereographs in the School xiii 

Binocular Vision xix 

The World Visualized Series xxiii 

Care of Material xxix 

Methods of Use of Lantern Slides xxx 

Methods of Use of Stereographs and Stereoscopes . . . xxxiv 

Methods of Class Use xxxvii 

The Stereoscope in Primary Grades xliii 

The Stereoscope in the High School, Technical Schools 

and Colleges xliv 

The Teacher's Preparation xlviii 

When to Use , 1 

The Lesson lii 

Synopsis Ivi 

Editorial Board Iviii 

Cross Reference Classifications: — 

Geographical Classification By Wm. E. Grady 1 

Agriculture By Homer C. Price, M. Sc. 63 

Animals By John Burroughs, Litt. D. 81 

Architecture James Knox Taylor, F. A. I. A. 103 

Biography Robert Swickerath, S. J. 121 

Botany Elliot R. Downing, Ph. D. 211 

Child Life E. A. Kirkpatrick, M. Ph. 221 

Cities and City Life J. A. C. Chandler 231 

Civic Betterment E. H. Bennett 249 

English Composition James Fleming Hosic, Ph. M. 285 

Geology Albert Perry Brigham, Ph. D. 313 

General History Henry E. Bourne, L. II. D. 325 

History of America Charles Fordyce, Ph. D. 341 

Homes and Life of the People Ada Van Stone Harris 373 

Home Economics Isabel Bevier, Ph. M. 401 

vil 



viii CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Literature Werrett Wallace Charters, Ph. D. 427 

Manual Training Charles A. Bennett, B. S. 485 

Mythology Emilie Kip Baker 495 

Nature Study Elliot R. Downing, Ph. D. 517 

Physical Geography Wallace W. Atwood, Ph. D. 535 

Products and Industries R. H. Whitbeck, Ph. D. 567 

Races of Mankind Frederick Starr, Ph. D. 589 

Topics for the Grades Richard Elwood Dodge, A. M. 603 

Transportation W. M. Gregory 625 

Zone Life Ellsworth Huntington, Ph. D. 643 

Index 677 



FOREWORD 

Visual Instruction 

This is the day of graphic illustration. Eveiy well-in- 
formed teacher now realizes that the pupil's shortest and 
surest road to correct knowledge is through sense experi- 
ence. "The child's whole mental life/' says Bolton in his 
Principles of Education, "is determined and circumscribed 
by the range of his sensory experiences." Without these 
perceptions, not only would the lower powei's of the mind 
be lacking, but the growth of the higher powers, like judg- 
ment, reason and volition, would be impossible. 

The manner of teaching geography and related subjects 
in the past, however, had little regard for sense experience, 
and the means brought within the reach of pupils in geog- 
raphy study were cex'tainly veiy imperfect. Indeed, the nar- 
row routine of geography work in schools displayed little 
appreciation of the broader ideas of geography — the effect 
of the climatic and varied i)hysiogTaphic conditions on the 
life and activities of man. Teachers of geography have 
mainly depended on memoiy exercises and written language 
to acquaint their pupils with a knowledge of the geographic 
facts of the world and for whatever understanding of the 
relations of these facts the iDUjDils got. Speaking of this 
means of teaching, Professor O'Shea says, in his Education 
as Adjustment, that it puts a scholar in his seat and gives 
him adaptation to a book. In contrast to this, Professor 

ix 



X FOREWOED 

O'Shea, as so many others have done, recommends a method 
that will take the pupil out into the world or bring the 
world to him, using the book only when it restates, though 
in a new setting, some experience the student has already 
had. This plan, he says, will do for the teacher what evolu- 
tion did for the philosopher — open up a world of real sub- 
stance and not one of mere verbal and formal values. And, 
when we consider how narrow the average school-child's 
range of actual experience is, we see what a revolution such 
new methods mean for him. 

Likewise, C. H. Henderson, in his Education and the 
Larger Life, says: 

"We please ourselves by saying that experience is the 
best teacher, that the world is the best schoolhouse, that 
travel is the best educator. But, in reality, we prevent 
experience, we shut out the world, we disallow travel. 
We ask children to reason and reflect about a world 
which they do not yet know. We give them small per- 
ceptual knowledge — mainly what they get on holidays 
and when they play truant — and spend nearly all their 
time in attempting to build larger structures than we 
have material for — ^bricks without straw." 

The difficulty has been to find adequate means of putting 
the theories into practice — of taking the pupils out into the 
world or bringing the world to them. Home geography, it 
is true, can be studied at first hand through knowledge 
gained by means of school excursions, and in the ordinaiy 
course of the pupil's life. But, in the study of the great 
world beyond the home surroundings, pupils have been de- 
pendent upon word-descriptions, upon maps, and, to an 
increasing extent in recent years, upon pictures. Undoubt- 
edly, the greatest advance so far toward the accomplishment 



VISUAL INSTRUCTION XI 

of desired results has been made by the utilization of pic- 
tures. 

In a commendable effort to supply this fundamental need 
for sense knowledge, publishers have been putting more and 
better pictures in the school books to illustrate the various 
subjects treated. Nothing, perhaps, has done more to make 
geography a live, interesting subject than the enrichment 
and the embellishment of the better type of text-book with 
specific pictures; that is, pictures an analytical study of 
which reveals points which serve as the basis of interesting 
discussion. Whereas the pictures introduced into the older 
geographies had little to recommend them but their an- 
tiquity, the pictures introduced to-day are reproductions of 
excellent photographs taken by skilled field-workers. 

Nevertheless, however valuable such illustrations may be, 
at best, they are but faintly reminiscent of the actual place, 
the dynamic process, the dramatic life incidents. The wide- 
awake, progressive teachers of to-day, keen for results, 
realize that the small, flat pictures of the text-book, even at 
their best, are misatisf actory, that they fail utterly in filling 
the wide gap that separates the printed text from the ac- 
tualities of the outside Avorld. Such teachers naturally 
resort to other means for concrete illustration and find in 
the projecting lantern and in the stereoscope invaluable 
media of visual instruction. 

The Projecting Lantern in the School 

One of the impressive factors of the present movement 
toward more direct and concrete methods in teaching is the 
rapidly growing use of the Projecting Lantern in present- 
day schools. Indeed, an encouraging sign which bodes well 
for the coming generation of children is the fact that many 



Xll FOKEWOED 

of our progressive teachers are giving the lantern an in- 
creasing share of their attention and many of our best 
buildings count the lantern outfit among the necessary items 
of their equipment. 

Appreciation of the immense capabilities of the lantern 
as a teaching medium has extended so rapidly that in some 
cities, nowadays, every school, or nearly every one, can boast 
of a projecting lantern and a collection of slides bearing 
more or less directly on the required work of the school. 

As a medium of entertainment and for occasional lec- 
tures, the lantern has long been much in vogue, but its value 
as a means of systematic instruction along the definite lines 
of school work has gained recognition more slowly. Even 
where teachers have seen the possibilities of the lantern and 
have desired to inaugurate some systematic illustrative 
scheme in Avhich the lantern was to occupy a regular place, 
the paucity of material in suitable slides, and, in particular, 
slides of high quality, made the scheme difScult to initiate 
and maintain. 

Occasionally, however, it is true, there has been a school 
man possessed of such high professional ideals and gifted 
with such unusual qualities of energy and enterprise, that 
in order to cary out his advanced ideas in instruction, he 
has persevered, often at sacrifice of personal means, until 
in the course of time and from many sources he has ac- 
quired a considerable amount of valuable material with 
which he has enriched his school work. Such instances, rare 
as they have been, have but served to emphasize the need 
and to stimulate the demand for appropriate material. 
With the intensifying of the new movement for more defi- 
nite and concrete aims in elementary and secondary teach- 
ing which has carried with it an ever increasingly insistent 
demand for more and better illustrative material along lines 



THE PROJECTING LANTEBN IN THE SCHOOL Xlll 

of sebool text, the production of suitable slides has been so 
greatly stimulated that now a school may be provided with 
fine quality slides illustrating any branch of its work, thus 
conducing immensely to such school's efficiency. 

Moreover, progressive teachers, never satisfied with the 
unpedagogical methods in the use of the lantern, have been 
busy working out better instruction methods with it. As a 
result of their efforts, the lantern is coming to be used by 
the teacher with greater intelligence and with a system and 
method that represent higher pedagogical standards of 
attainment. 

The Stereographs in the School 

Valuable, however, as is the lantern view in school work, 
and superior as such a picture is to most other kinds of 
illustration, no mere pictures lacking in the third dimension 
can really give the place or the real situation. Such pic- 
tures are always extraneous to the objects or places they 
represent. 

Fortunately, in the stereograph, science has evolved a 
type of graphic material which, if not as real as life itself, 
is vastly superior to the ordinaiy photographic picture or 
its reproduction. 

The stereograph is the only means possible of obtaining 
just what the mere picture lacks — the third dimension — 
producing perfect space with all the effect of reality. 

WEAT IS A STEBEOGBAFH? 

The stei-eograph is fundamentally different from the or- 
dinaiy photograph because it is made on the principle of 
two-eye vision. That is, the ordinaiy photograph is made 
by a camera with a single lens, like a person with one eye, 



XIV FOBEWOBD 

while the stereograph is made by a camera having two lenses 
set about as far apart as our two eyes. This camera, there- 
fore, gives two somewhat dissimilar photographs, which, 
when looked at through a stereoscope, produce these re- 
markable results : 

First, we get perfect space for eye and mind — not merely' 
a suggestion of space, as in ordinary pictures; objects stand 
out in all three dimensions, as in nature. 

Second, we see objects and places life size — that is, in 
natural size and at natural distance; the stereograph card 
serving as a window through which we look out at the 
object or place beyond. 

Third, we get real experiences of seeing distant objects 
and places. It is a scientific fact that while looking through 
the instrument, it is not only possible but it is easy and 
natural for one to lose all consciousness of immediate bodily 
surroundings and to gain real experience of seeing, of being 
present in the places themselves. 

It is positively true that not one of these three results 
can be obtained by any other illustrative means known to 
the schoolroom. 

"What the telephone does for the ear, the stereoscope 
does for the eye" is no mere catch phrase. For just as the 
telephone annihilates time and space and puts one in in- 
timate touch with a situation that would otherwise be re- 
mote and inaccessible, so the stereoscope annihilates time 
and distance and transports us in the twinkling of an eye 
to the very heart of the distant scene or to the most impor- 
tant phase of an important industrial or commercial process. 
In accomplishing these results, the stereograph renders a 
service as an instruction medium that is absolutely unique, 
and the importance of which cannot be overestimated. The 
use of the stereoscope means that our schoolrooms can now 



STEBEOGBAPHS IN THE SCHOOL XV 

be as directly connected with the world outside, through 
sight, as our homes and offices are now connected with dis- 
tant people, through hearing, by means of the telephone. 
It cannot be too often impressed upon the teacher that the 
stereograph gives the pupils the mental impressions of 
seeing the actual objects. 

Study carefully the places shown in the stereogi'aplis of 
the present series and see what wonderfully vivid glimpses 
they give of a wide and rich range of subjects covering all 
phases of school work. You can almost smell the sweet 
fragrance of the orange grove in Stereogi'aph No. 281; you 
can almost hear the beating of the angry surf in Stereo- 
graph No. 62; and, spellbound, you can watch the rushing 
torrent as it passes over the precipice and vanishes in a 
veil-like mist as in No. 71. 

Or, again, in the industrial phase of life, you can sense 
the rush and roar of the log shot down the flume in Stere- 
ograph No. 305; you can see the glow of the molten metal 
and almost lose yourself in the thick clouds of smoke and 
steam that envelop the great blast furnaces in No. 120. You 
can get a forcible impression of the quiet heroism of a 
miner's life as you stand in that glistening chamber and by 
the light of a flickering lamp try to penetrate the dark 
recesses beyond, in Stereograph No. 232. 

EFFECTS PBODUCED BV STEBEOGBAPHS 

In the older type of geography lesson, both in terms of 
text-book and instruction, there was an over-emphasis on 
locational work per se, to the exclusion of the important 
topic of man in relation to his physical suiToundings. 
Names and geographic facts were repeated in ding-dong 
fashion until the knowledge was fixed and automatic, but as 



XVI KOBEWOED 

devoid of real geographic significance as our knowledge of 
the sequence of the letters of the alphabet. 

The stereograph, properly used, substitutes real, vivid ex- 
perience for such verbalism of the older locational study. 
Dr. Walter Hervey, Board of Examiners, New York City, 
writes : 

"When one looks at 'an ordinary picture of a distant place, 
one feels himself to be still in America or wherever he may 
be at the time. Through the stereoscope, with the outer 
world shut off by the hood, one feels himself to be looking 
right at the place itself." 

It cannot be too strongly impressed that stereographs, 
being of a fundamentally different character from all other 
pictures, should always be thought of and used differently 
from the other kinds of pictures. The pictures in geog- 
raphies are almost wholly used as illustrations of the text, 
to clarify the facts there given; whereas, the stereographs 
not only illustrate and clarify the text statements, but they 
are rich sources of information going far beyond the text 
and supplying through personal observation new and im- 
portant facts about the subject treated. By careful study 
of the scenes, the children themselves are able to discover 
many of the most important facts and truths of geography. 
They understand what they have seen and the impressions 
received are far more permanent. They may easily forget 
the descriptions in the text-book, but they will always re- 
member the novel customs and typical landscapes that are 
impressed upon their vision throug'h the stereoscope win- 
dow. The use of the stereoscope takes more or less of the 
time foiTnerly given to the text-book, but such use presents 
truths so clearly and impressively and enables the study of 
essentials to be so thorough that better results are accom- 
plished and time is saved. 



STEEEOGRAPHS IN THE SCHOOL XVll 

While the stereograph method of seeing things is always 
of great interest to practically everybody, it is really only 
in the last few years that educators have come to appre- 
ciate the true possibilities of Wheatstone's great invention. 

The publishers of this work were the first to take definite 
account of the fact that it is possible for a person with the 
stereoscope to pass from the exj^erience of seeing a picture 
to the experience of seeing and being present in the place 
itself. By making their stereographs on a definite system, 
devising accessories such as the ingenious V-ruled locating 
maps and preparing their special descriptions of the places 
shown by them, — accessories which are special to, and which, 
with stereographs, comprise what is known as the Under- 
wood Stereograph System, — they have made these experi- 
ences possible to anyone. These developments brought the 
matter to the attention of leading psychologists and, re- 
cently, over a score of the highest authorities on psychology 
and philosophy in this countiy made the following state- 
ment of the extent to which the experiences gained in stereo- 
graphs approximate the exi^erience of seeing the objects 
and places themselves. 

The Psychologists' Statement 

"If a stereoscopic photograph of a place is used with cer- 
tain accessories (as special maps which show one's location, 
direction and field of vision, etc.) it is possible for a person 
to lose all consciousness of his immediate bodily suiTOund- 
ings and to gain, for a short time at least, a distinct state 
of consciousness or experience of location in the place 
represented. Taking into account certain ob\-ious limita- 
tions, such as lack of color and motion, we can say that the 
.experience a person can get in this way is such as he would 



XVlll FOBEWOED 

get if he were carried unconsciously to the place in question 
and permitted to look at it. In other words, while this state 
of consciousness lasts, it can be truly said that the person is 
in the place seen." (Signed) 

James R. Angell, A. M. 

Professor and Head of the Department of Psychology, Director of 

the Psychological Laboratory, Dean of Senior Colleges, 

University of Chicago 

C. M. Bakewell, Ph. D. 

Professor of Philosophy, Yale University 

RoswELL P. Angier, Ph. D. 
Acting Director of Psychological Laboratory, Yale University 

Stephen S. Colvin, Ph. D.. 

Professor of Psychology, Brown University 

J. W. Baird, Ph. D. 

Director Psychological Laboratory, Clark University 

Charles H. Judd, Ph. D., LL.D. 

Professor and Head of the Department of Education, Director of 
School of Education, University of Chicago 

J. Carleton Bell, Ph. D. 

Director Psychological Laboratory, University of Texas, Editor 
Journal of Educational Psychology 

E. A. Kibkpatrick, Ph. D. 

Director of Child Study Department, Fitchburg Normal School 

James E. Lough, Ph. D. 

Professor of Experimental Psychology, New York University 

Howard C. Warren, A. M. 

Professor of Experimental Psychology, Princeton University 

Robert MacDougall, Ph. D. 

Professor of Descriptive Psychology, New York University 

E. B. TiTCHENER, Ph.D., D. Sc, LL.D. 

Sage Professor of Psychology, Cornell University 



STEREOGRAPHS IX THE SCHOOL XIX 

W. B. PiLLSBURY, Ph.D. 

Junior Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Psychological 
Laboratory, University of Michigan 

Robert M. Yerkes, Ph. D. 

Associate Professor of Psychology, Harvard University 

R. M. Wenley, p. Phil, Se. D., Litt. D., LL.D. 
Associate Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University 

Professor George Trumbull Ladd, and other educators, 
express their positions in exactly the same tenns save the 
last sentence, which they modify to declare emphatically 
that while the state of consciousness above described con- 
tinues ''it can be truly said that the person is really seeing 
the place itself." 

George Trumbull Ladd, Ph. D., LL.D. 

Formerly Professor of Philosophy, Yale University 

Bruce R. Payne, Ph.D. 

President of the George Peabody College for Teachers 

W. C. BOGLEY, Ph. D. 
Professor and Director of University of Illinois 

BuRTis Bruce Breese, Ph. D. 

Professor of Psychology, University of Cincinnati 

C. A. Seashore 

Professor of Psychology, Dean of Graduate School, State 
University of Iowa 

Geo. H. Mead, A.M. 
Professor of Philosophy, University of Chicago 

Norman Kemp Smith, D. Phil. 

Stuart Professor of Psychology, Princeton University 

Binocular Vision 

For the benefit of those who may not have given this 
subject any pnrtioular attention, we ought to summaiize 



XX FOEEWOED 

here a few fundamental facts about binocular or two-eye 
vision and binocular or stereoscopic photographs. Most 
people have never stopped to think why we have two eyes. 
To them, the second eye seems only a generous provision in 
case one eye should be lost. The second eye, though, means 
much more than that to us. First of all, since our eyes are 
some distance apart, each eye gets a somewhat different 
view of all solid objects near us. The right eye sees a little 
farther around the right side, the left eye farther around 
the left side of the object. This fact, together with other 
facts, means that a person with two eyes gets a very differ- 
ent idea of the shape and size and distance of objects than 
a person with one eye. But, great as the difference is, it is 
easy to overlook it. When we close one eye we might think 
we see about as well as when both eyes are open, but this is 
a mistake. Psychologists say we read into what we see with 
one eye shut, what we have learned with both eyes open. 
Some unusual test is required to make us wake up to the 
defects of one-eye vision. 

Binocular Photographs vs. Other Photographs 

Now, turning to photographs, all ordinary photographs 
are made by a camera with a single lens — thus showing an 
object or place as it would be seen by a person with one 
eye. Stereographs, or stereoscopic photographs, on the 
other hand, are made with a camera having two lenses, set 
about as far apart as our two eyes. A stereoscopic camera, 
therefore, always gives two photographs of places or ob- 
jects. These two photographs are mounted side by side on 
the stereoscopic card, and to the casual glance appear alike. 
Yet, since they are taken from different points of view, they 
must, of course, always differ somewhat — in fact, exactly 



STEREOGRAPHS IN THE SCHOOL XXI 

as the impression received by one of our ej^es differs from 
the impression received by the other. Now, when these 
two slightly different photographs are looked at in the stere- 
oscojDe, the effect is radically different from Avhat we should 
get in looking at an ordinary photograph in our hands. In- 
deed, the effect is in all essential respects the same as that 
which we should get by standing where thei camera stood 
and looking at the scene itself.* 

What We See in the Stereoscope, and Nature of 
Experiences Obtained 

But to repeat briefly the analysis of the effect given in 
the stereoscope — we get, first of all, perfect or actual space 
for our minds, as contrasted with the appearance of space 
in ordinaiy photographs. Objects stand out in all three 
dimensions, or as solids, as in nature. Second, we see 
objects and places life-size; that is, in natural size and at 
natural distance. Because of the smallness of the two 
photogTaphs composing the stei'eograph, it is natural to 
assume that things are seen in the stereoscope in miniature; 
but the two prints, a few inches from the eyes, sem'e as 
Arindows through which we look. Third, while looking at 
these stereographed scenes in all three dimensions, life-size, 
and of almost infinite accuracy of detail, and with one's 
immediate suri'oundings shut away by the hood of the 
stereoscope, it is possible to lose all consciousness of the 
place where the bodj^ is, and to gain, for appreciable lengths 
of lime, a distinct consciousness or experience of being in 
the very presence of the object or place represented. This 
is the unrivaled claim for tlie stereograph. 

♦ Tlio pnlilishcrs issuo some cards witli diagrams aud photo- 
graphs so mounted on tlifin as to hring out in a stril;ing manner 
the difference between ordinary and stereoscopic photographs. 



XXU FOREWORD 

As compared with the experience of the actual traveler, 
there are definite limitations to the experiences made possi- 
ble by the stereograph. We do not gain the traveler's ex- 
perience of movement. We can have only experiences of 
standing in certain specific places and looking over definite 
and limited fields of vision. We do not receive impressions 
through our senses of touch, taste, smell, or hearing — all 
our impressions come through our sense of sight. But sight 
is more important than all our other senses in giving us our 
experiences of location, and is indeed sufficient for this pui'- 
pose. Furthermore, the times when we can forget our bod- 
ily surroundings and gain a consciousness of being in the 
places represented will be limited, perhaps to periods of a 
few seconds each, but feelings and emotions come quickly, 
and hence we can know a part at least of the feeling stirred 
by being in these places. At any rate we should see that, 
though there is a difference in the quantity or intensity of 
the feelings, there need be no difference in the kind of feel- 
ings exjDerienced. We may experience the same kind of 
feelings and emotions that we should experience in the 
places themselves. And the fact that one can come back 
to these scenes in the stereograph again and again makes it 
undoubtedly possible to approximate much nearer than we 
think to the full emotional experience of the traveler. In 
other words, it is now recognized that we have in the stereo- 
graph not only the climax of all illustrations, but also that 
(when certain helps are provided and it is looked at in the 
right way) the experiences thus made possible are com- 
parable to those we should get by being transported to the 
places in question and allowed to look at them. 

Here, then, is found the one means by which pupils can 
be taken out into the world, a means of "enormously ex- 
panding the horizon of their daily lives." Certainly the 



STEREOGRAPHS IN THE SCHOOL XXIU 

changes thus made possible in the methods of teaching geog- 
raphy and related subjects are little less than revolutionary. 

THE WORLD VISUALISED SERIES 
FOR THE CLASSROOM 

The Underwood stereograph and lantern slide system 
OF visual instruction is no longer an experiment. It 
is to-day in wide use, and has, in the test of actual experi- 
ence, won the unqualified endoi-sement of the highest edu- 
cational authorities of Europe and America, some of whom, 
like Prof. Charles Foster Kent of Yale University, declare 
that "it is nothing less than epoch-making" in the history 
of education. Furthermore, the governments of various 
countries have shown their appreciation of the high merit 
of this System of Visual Instruction by placing extensive 
orders for the supply of the material for use in their De- 
partmental and other Government schools. 

For years, as is well known, Underwood & Underwood 
have been sending their operators to all parts of the world 
for the purpose of obtaining their educational negatives. 
Over 250,000 original negatives are now in their possession. 

The large demand for their educational material in the 
schools has led the Company to this further important step, 
the production of a single series of stereographs and slides 
which, in the smallest possible compass, constitutes an en- 
tire visual instruction equipment for the Avhole school, and 
one that by reason of its high authorship is authoritative. 
The intention has been to give in the one series of 1,000 
subjects, carefully edited and arranged by 24 foremost edu- 
cators, a general survey of the world in terms of physiog- 
raphy, industry and commerce, histoiw, and tlicir related 
features of social life. By a veiy cai'cful selection of sub- 



XXIV FOBEWOBD 

jects applying to all branches of school work, and an au- 
thoritative arrangement of them by the editors, suiting the 
most numerous phases of classroom use, a unique teaching 
value is given to the present series entitled. The World 
Visualized for the Classroom. 



Guiding Principles 

In the preparation of this work, the editors have been 
guided by certain controlling ideas as to the selection of 
subjects and their utilization, which seemed to them funda- 
mental. 

First. — The endeavor has been to illustrate as many as 
possible of the fundamental ideas in the different school 
studies. This has been accomplished by a careful selection 
according to type. There have been included, for instance, 
in this series, such basic types of physiography as moun- 
tains, valleys, rivers, plains (coastal and flooded), etc., of 
which a rational treatment of the older locational geography 
presupposed some knowledge, and a thorough knowledge of 
which the so-called "new geography" considers fundamental. 

Moreover, since industry, agriculture, and commerce are 
at the base of all civilization, type studies in lumbering, 
mining, fishing, manufacture, modes of transportation, etc., 
have been included. 

Then selections were made shovring race types and phases 
of civilization most characteristic of such races, whether in 
homes, costumes, religion, recreation, architecture or related 
values, literary or historical. 

Second. — The endeavor has been to select such subjects 
that would illustrate in the same scene two or more types 
of the same or different studies, in order to reduce the size 



THE WOBLD VISUALIZED XXV 

of the series and thus reduce the cost to a minimum without 
lessening its teaching vahie. 

Third. — The endeavor has been to thoroughly classify 
the material for every school subject to which it would 
apply, to correlate it with the regular text, to provide helps 
in notes, outlines, etc., and to prepare a guide for the teach- 
ers in the use of the material that would be authoritative, 
yet simple and easy to follow. 

Fourth. — The endeavor has been to an^ange the material 
on a plan convenient for reference for any study and for 
all the ideas represented by it. 

The Cross Reference System 

Having selected the stereographs and slides of the great- 
est intrinsic value, a simple cross index device was adopted 
to insure the widest possible use of them, by enabling a 
teacher to quickly refer to any particular stereograph or 
slide for any number of school subjects to which it might 
apply. After the selection of the subjects had been decided 
upon with, the greatest care and the special negatives of 
them obtained as directed by the editors or selected from 
those already on hand, they were ela.ssified geographically 
and then arranged and numbered in serial order from 1 to 
1,000. This classification constitutes tlie "Directory of 
Places/' or title list which forms the basis of the whole 
work. Subsequently, each of the editors having been as- 
signed to a different department of the work took the ma- 
terial and selected from the 1,000, in each instance, the 
stereographs or slides that would be most useful in teaching 
the particular subject which had been assigned to him, such 
as, "History'," "Products and Industries," "I^hysical Geog- 
raphy," etc. Each editor then made a llionnigh classifica- 



XXVI FOREWORD 

tion of his material, arranging it in the manner most con- 
venient and useful for classroom work in his particular sub- 
ject, and prepared helpful notes, practical suggestions to 
teachers, blackboard outlines, etc. 

In all the twenty-five classifications of the material made 
by the different editors for the different departments of 
school work, the stereographs or slides are referred to by 
the serial numbers of the first arrangement of them — The 
Geographical Classification. By this simple cross reference 
system there is made available any slide or stereograph of 
any of the twenty-five subjects for which the series is classi- 
fied and in which the particular stereograph or slide is in- 
cluded. 

How Comprehensiveness with Economy Is Secured — 
Many Subjects in One 

In order that each particular illustration might serve in 
the widest possible manner, the photogTaphers have been 
directed in making the negatives to combine, wherever prac- 
ticable, several educational features in each negative. For 
instance, if a physical feature were to be illustrated, it was 
desirable to find it in a landscape that had as many other 
features as possible and then by an ingenious cross-refer- 
ence plan make it possible for the teacher to use it to 
illustrate the physical feature, a step in an industry, or a 
race type, etc. Thus, one stereogTaph or slide may serve 
as many uses and do the work of as many single idea stereo- 
graphs or slides as the different lines of interest it contains. 
Its educational value is thus coiTespondingly enhanced, and, 
as it still constitutes but one stereograph or slide though 
illustrating several topics, great economy to the purchaser 
is obtained. 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED XXVU 

While this principle for obvious reasons could not always 
apply, nevertheless, in selecting- the stereogi-aphs and slides 
for use in this World Visualized equipment, i^reference has 
been given to those that show excellent examples of subject 
types under two or more main classifications. If, for exam- 
ple, of three particular stereograph illustrations of an in- 
dustry, one showed the industi-y only; another showed the 
industry and an important physiogTaphic feature of the 
country; while a third showed those two features and also 
another feature, — as a good race type, or type of child life 
or home life, — the last is the one that was chosen, and 
is in practical service equal to three illustrations show- 
ing only one feature or type. In this present series almost 
all the stereographs and slides are useful in from two to 
six — and many of them in eight, ten or more different de- 
partments of school work, thus giving a much wider possi- 
bility of use to the various teachers in any school than any 
series of stereograph illustrations of equal number ever 
hitherto provided. Indeed, in actual utility, this series is 
equal to over twelve thousand different stereographs or 
slides selected on the exi^ensive and cumbersome plan on 
which illustrative material has hitherto been purchased. In 
other words, the gi'ound covered by this series would have 
required, to cover it on the usual basis, some twelve thou- 
sand stereographs or slides. The work of such a series of 
12,000 is now done hy this one thousand. 

Simplicity and Efficiency 

The slereograi)hs or slides are arranged in filing cases or 
cabinet drawers accoi'ding to the Geographical Classification, 
starting with (he New England States and going West, (hen 
to the Possessions ol' llie L'liilcd Slates, oilier counlrics of 



XXVIH FOEEWORD 

North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and 
Oceania. This is a veiy simi:)le i^lan, exceedingly convenient 
for use. 

Each stereograph or slide bears on the upper right-hand 
comer in clear, readable type its serial number, according 
to the Geographical Classification, and each drawer or case 
contains the stereographs or slides in serial order with index 
tab cards printed in clear, readable type. Any country or 
number in the Series may be instantly found by the teacher, 
thus greatly facilitating wide and general use by the differ- 
ent departments in schools and yet preventing confusion 
when different departments are using the series at the same 
time. 

Descriptive Text 

An important feature of this series that greatly adds to 
its value both for reference and for class use, is the excel- 
lent descriptive and explanatoiy text on the back of eveiy 
stereograph card and which is supplied separately for each 
slide. These explanatoiy and technical descriptions cover 
all the most imf)ortant points in connection with each subject 
shown. This text has been carefully prepared and will be 
found of much importance to both teacher and pupil, ren- 
dering it unnecessary to hunt here and there for informa- 
tion about places or objects shown. This is provided in the 
text so as to be instantly available. It supplements the 
regular text-books of the schools in a most valuable man- 
ner. Eor convenience of reference, the descriptive text is 
often divided under several of the school topics for which 
any particular stereograph or slide is likely to be of special 
use. For example, the text for No. 1 is under the headings 
of Geography, Literature, Geology, Architecture and His- 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED XXIX 

toi-y; or No. 59 under Geography, Agriculture, Industries, 
People and Homes, History. 

Care and Maintenance of Said Material 

The mere presence of Visual Instruction material in a 
school does not insure either the use, or more important 
still, the proper use of the said material. The follomng 
suggestions may prove helpful : 

(a) Wherever located, the material should be filed in such 
a manner as to insure its safety and cleanliness. A 
simple rack for the 'scopes and properly indexed fil- 
ing boxes or cabinet dravpers for the stereographs and 
slides will add gTeatly to the life of the material. For 
obvious reasons, provision should be made for a 
moist cleaning of the 'scope at least once a month. 
The lenses should be wiped frequently. 

(b) Whether the material be filed in the supervisor's office 
or in a "key" room; that is, a room designated be- 
cause of accessibility, Adgilanee of teacher, etc., the 
material should be readily available when needed. In 
a large school, a tentative or elastic schedule should 
be adopted so that each teacher may know the ap- 
proximate time limits within which the material is 
available. The teacher or secretary in charge of 
such material should keep a simple check list indi- 
cating dale of loan — to whom loaned — subject cov- 
ered — when returned. Whenever a teacher takes 
any of the stereographs or slides, it may be ad- 
visable that a card or slip of paper containing this 
teacher's name and the numbers of the subjects taken 
be placed in the case or drawer until the material is 
returned. 



XXX FOBEWORD 

METHODS OF USE 

The chief obstacles to the successful use of such material 
are timidity or lack of confidence on the part of teachers, 
and ignorance on the part of the pupil as to what he is ex- 
pected to do. 

The important point to be noted in this connection is that 
the successful use of such material means such frequent use 
both in a particular class and in a series of grades that the 
entire handling of the material will reduce itself to a famil- 
iar routine. In other words, reduce the procedure to the 
level of habit. A simple scheme of use, whatever its merits 
or defects, will, if handled often enough, enable teacher and 
class to focus attention on the essential, i. e., the content of 
the scene rather than the handling of the material. 

HOW TO USE THE LANTERN AND LANTERN 
SLIDES 

For class recitation periods, for review and for special 
occasions, the projecting lantern equipment with the present 
series of slides has certain advantages over every other form 
of concrete illustration, though the stereoscope is far su- 
perior to the lantern in certain other important respects. 
These two forms of illustrations, the lantern slide and the 
stereograph, are complementary to each other — each ful- 
filling a particular school need and together forming an 
ideal Visual Instruction equipment. 

Both slides and stereographs have their special places as 
teaching aids, and they supplement each other so fully that 
it is only by the combined equipment that the best results 
are obtainable. For reasons of economy, schools often pur- 
chase one or the other to begin with, but whichever is se- 



METHODS OF USE — THE LANTERN XXXI 

cured first, slides or stereographs, the most progressive 
schools are not satisfied till they have obtained the complete 
combined equipment which comprises the world visualized 
FOR THE CLASSROOM Visual Instruction system. With such 
an equipment for visual instruction, a school may supple- 
ment one with the other in a way to gain the highest possi- 
ble teaching value from the whole. 

STEBSOGBAPHS FOB CAII.V I^ESSON 
SI^IDES FOB W£I:KI.Y BEVIEW 

For individual and intensive study, nothing can equal the 
stereogTaph which gives an absolutely coirect and nature- 
true representation, color excepted, containing all the infi- 
nite reality of detail of nature itself. The stereograph is 
more suitable for individual use, and the lantern for audi- 
ence woi'k. Stereographs and stereoscopes by their light- 
ness, simplicity and accessibility are more convenient for 
immediate or daily use and require only a moment at any 
time to put them into use. Where the stereographs are 
used for the daily lesson, the lantern may well be used for 
weekly review of the woi'k done, using the same subjects 
in the lantern slides as have been used in the stereographs. 
New knowledge is well comprehended and fully appreciated 
only when abundant, familiar ideas closely related to the 
new are present in the pupils' thought, and this linking up 
of the old topics with the new may be veiy effectively done 
while showing on the screen selected scenes from the pre- 
vious topic and following with those pertaining to the new. 
In some large schools, where there are several teachers of 
the same grade, the principal uses the lantern to outline 
the lesson to the teachers. They, in turn, use the stereo- 
gi-aphs in the classroom, though some first use the slides to 
briefly introduce the lesson. In such cases they use the 



XXXll FOEEWOBD 

stereographs immediately afterwards, using the same sub- 
jects in stereographs as were used in slides. 

ClkASS KECITATIOK WITH THE XiANTlIRII' 

Where the lantern is used for the class recitation period, 
each pupil may be assigned in advance some special reading 
on the topic, and then as the slides pertaining to the topic 
are thrown on the screen, a careful, detailed study is made 
of each one by the whole class together, while the facts relat- 
ing to the topic are brought out by questions and recitation 
in the usual way. Or, as each slide is thrown on the screen, 
a certain pupil is called upon to recite fully upon it — this 
pupil having previously had access to the stereographs, with 
an opportunity to supplement his text-book study with the 
descriptions on the stereographs or on the printed slips that 
go with the slide. These stereograph or printed description 
slips may be veiy fully studied, if taken home previous to 
the lesson. In the higher grades or the high school, several 
slides or all covering the subject may be assigned to one 
pupil who may be expected then to give a concise account 
of the whole topic. 

THE MORNING- ASSEMBI^T 

In some schools, the lantern is very successfully used in 
the morning assembly period, either daily or on certain 
days of each week, when some branch of the school work is 
taken up with it. If then, some time following the exhibit, 
the teachers of the various classes make reference to the 
slides shown, questioning the pupils and developing points 
for discussion, the effectiveness of the slides is uiereased. 

ASSEMBLY E2CEBCISES BY PUPILS 

Where a school has the eomiDlete combined equipment of 
slides and stereographs, a system of alternating the stereo- 
graphs and slides that is much appreciated is as follows : 



METHODS OF USE — THE LANTERN XXXU) 

When all the classes studying the same subjects, say 
Japan, have used the stereogi-aphs, the children having been 
requii'ed to write an account of what they have learned from 
them, in good composition, the same scenes are used in the 
assembly hall with all those classes present. These assembly 
exercises are conducted chiefly by the pupils who wrote the 
best compositions from the stereographs in the classroom. 
The honor of being designated to conduct the exercises is 
much appreciated by the pupils. In case an industry is 
under discussion, the different steps are shown m sequence 
in the slides, and the children's success, as shown by their 
compositions, in getting the sequence of the industiy from 
the stereogi'aphs is one of the imi^ortant points in terms of 
which the composition is judged. Thus, these assembly ex- 
ercises with the lantern sei-ve not only the purposes of in- 
struction and review, but also stimulate a healthy rivalry in 
the study of the stereogTaphs. 

SCHOOI. ENTERTAINMENTS AND LECTUBES— PUPILS' 
IiECTUBE FIiAN 

This WORLD VISUALIZED equipment in lantern slides offers 
much excellent material for school entertainments and for 
lectures. Teachers, principals or superintendents, desiring 
to give an illustrated lecture to a class or school on some 
topic of school work, may do so effectively with the slides 
in this set. School entertainments with the lanteni, to which 
parents and friends are invited, are found most successful 
where the pupils themselves give the lecture. A pupil is 
assigned to a slide, the accompanying text of which he thor- 
oughly memorizes and recites as the slide is thrown on the 
screen. The pupils take great delight in taking these public 
parts and their work always indicates diligent, eai-nest prep- 
aration. Such an enterlainnienl given l)y tho ]Mipils them- 



XXXIV FOREWOBD 

selves creates great interest in the district, and is a valuable 
method of attracting public attention to the work of the 
school and of stimulating a healthier interest in the school 
among its patrons and friends. 

Just when and how the lantern should be used will depend 
much on the arrangements in the particular school. In this 
Series of 600 or 1,000 slides, the material is so rich and 
varied, and covers such a wide extent of school work, that 
progressive teachers having this equipment accessible find 
little difficulty in making extensive and regular use of it. 

HOW TO USE THE STEREOSCOPE AND STEREO- 
GRAPHS 

There are several methods of using the stereoscopes in 
the schoolroom. Some teachers are naturally inclined to one 
method and some to another, but a teacher should not be 
too insistent that any particular method is best except under 
certain given circumstances. Any method, consistent with 
school discipline and co-ordinate with the regular work of 
the school, that will get these life-size stereographic scenes 
intelligently before the minds of the pupils for even a few 
seconds, is well worth while and will be productive of results 
of immeasurable value. The fact cannot be too strongly 
impressed that in such glimpses the pupil is not seeing a 
picture merely, but is looking out through the stereoscope 
as through an open window at actual places and objects in 
the world, and in doing so receives impressions similar to 
those he would receive were he actually in the situation or 
in the presence of the object. In connection with a history 
or geography lesson, no one would seriously question the 
educational value of even a few seconds spent in looking at 
the actual Pyramids; the beautiful snow-capped Fujiyama ; 



METHODS OF USE — THE STEBEOSCOPE XXXV 

the gigantic steam shovels of the Panama Canal cutting 
their insistent way through a mountain; a plantation of 
luscious pineapples in Porto Rico; the Pigmies in their 
home in the Congo; or a whale-fishing scene in the Arctic. 
Indeed, in coiuiection with the study of these topics, a good 
teacher would be glad to provide the time for the pupils 
to file past an open window, one at a time, if by so doing 
they could get even a glimpse of these important scenes. 
Such a teacher would feel that the experience, even when 
so limited in time, would be worth more than book study 
alone, and what is more, would so vivify the book study as 
to the facts being retained in vivid memory as a part of the 
pupil's personal experience. Now, for all practical pur- 
poses of instruction, that is just what is possible by means 
of these stereograph windows through which — as Prof. 
Kirchman, Ph.D., of Toronto University, says, "one look at 
an Alpine glacier teaches more than hours spent in reading 
or hearing descriptions." 

Teachers cannot be too strongly cautioned against a slip- 
shod, haphazard manner of using stereographs. Valuable 
as the results are that are claimed for them, it does not 
necessarily follow that any use is better than no use. The 
best teaching material will not produce satisfactoi*y results 
of itself without system and method. Stereographs are 
no exception in this respect. So wonderfully attractive 
to both children and adults, this very attractiveness is a, 
prolific source of weakness in the handling of them in the 
schoolroom. Teachers have sometimes failed to resist the 
temptation to use them as a reward of merit, a picture 
sliow or a device to keep disorderly pupils quiet. Not only 
do such loose and unpedagogical methods or lack of methods 
with the bad discipline inculcated by such careless use fail 
of utilizing the real teaching values of stereograpLs, but 



XXXVl FOREWORD 

other more exacting teachers are sometimes discouraged 
thereby from attempting the use of this valuable material 
that is now g-enerally recognized as a teaching aid of the 
greatest importance. 

A SCHEDUI^i: SHOWING WIOIK AVAII.ABi;S 

Whenever a school obtains either the 600 or 1,000 stereo- 
graph equipment, it is advisable for the superintendent or 
principal to make out a schedule assigning at least one 
period a week when each teacher can have the use of as 
much of the material as she may need. The teacher may 
use her judgment as to how much she uses, whether one or 
two or a dozen or more of the instruments and stereographs, 
but it should be repeatedly emphasized that this weekly use 
of the material, as far as it bears on the lessons, is not only 
a privilege but a duty. 

The manner of using the stereogTaphs requires to be care- 
fully thought out by each teacher. Stereographs are as a 
"superior kind of text" and should be subject to the same 
care and system in use as any other text or school aid. 

The foUoAving suggestive methods of using the stereo- 
scopic material in the schoolroom are based on actual school- 
room experience and have given satisfactory results : 

1. The Study Hour, (a) One or more views bearing on 
the day's lesson with a stereoscope for each are started 
around the class, and the children allowed to study them in 
the order in which they reach them, one after the other. 
This method is appreciated in some schools, especially for 
lower grades. 

(b) Views illustrating the day's lesson, with a stereo- 
scope, are placed on a table or desk in the room in the morn- 
ing, and the pupils allowed to study them through the day as 
they accomplish their work. One objection to this method 



METHODS OF USE — THE STEREOSCOPE XXXVH 

is that the slow or more backward pupils who need the help 
of such material most are apt to get the least opportunity 
to use it. 

2. Outside Regular School Hours. The stereographs 
bearing on the day's lesson being placed on a desk or table 
in a room, the pupils are told they may study them at inter- 
missions, and before and after school hours. As a rule, 
this method is not to be depended on, especially if optional 
with the children, as most children will not voluntarily sac- 
lifice the limited play hours for the study of stereographs, 
attractive as stereographs may be to them. 

3. Reference Library Method. Many institutions have 
met with good results by having sets of stereographic travel 
tours of the different countries of the world placed in the 
school library, and then the children refer to these sets from 
time to time in connection with any particular branch of 
study, just as they refer to supplementary books. This 
method has been found the most successful in the higher 
grades and the high schools. 

4. Class Recitation Period. Perhaps the most success- 
ful method, both as to regularity of use and practical re- 
sults obtained, is the use of the stereographs in the class 
recitation. Many teachers have adopted this method as 
offering the largest results with the minimum of difficulties. 
While there are several systems of passing the stereoscopes 
in class recitation, the following may be taken as one widely 
used and sti'ongly recommended. 



METHODS OF CLASS USE 

This method is working successfully and has given entire 
satisfaction in hundreds of schools. Thus, the mechanical 



XXXVlll FOKEWOED 

difficulties hitherto encountered in the use of stereographs 
have been reduced to a minimum. 

The diagxam represents a class of 48 sitting 8 across the 
room and 6 deep ; each "x" represents a pupil. 

This simple method is practical, efficient and thoroughly 
satisfactory and no duplicate stereographs are required. It 
may be modified to meet the varying conditions as to size 
and arrane'ement of class. 



6 


X 


X 


X X 


X 


XXX 


5 


X 


X 


X X 


X 


XXX 


4 


X 


X 


X X 


X 


XXX 


3 


X 


X 


X X 


X 


XXX 


2 


X 


X 


X X 


X 


XXX 


1 


X 


X 


X X 


X 


XXX 




A 


. B 


C D 


E 


r G H 




Teacher's 


Desk 





ONE BOW PASSING 

The number of stereoscopes used, of course, should cor- 
respond to the number of seats in a vertical row. In the 
present example, indicated above, having six seats in a row, 
six stereoscopes are used. 

Nos. 1-6 represent six stereoscopes, each containing a 
stereograph of a different subject and each placed on the 
desk of a pupil in column "A." 

While the six stereoscopes and sis selected stereographs 
are all different, they should all bear on a given subject and 
they are placed on the six desks in row A. At ' a signal 
from the teacher, the pupils in row A use the same. When 
a definite time has elapsed (one-half a minute or more. 



METHODS OF USE — THE STEREOSCOPE XXXIX 

according to the length of the recitation period), the teacher 
gives an audible signal and the material is passed to pupils 
in row B. At the next signal the material is passed to row 
C, and so on across the room. When row H has thus com- 
pleted its inspection, the teacher says ''shift" and the pupil 
in the back seat of row H brings his 'scope and stereograph 
down to the pupil in the front seat of row H and each of 
the others in row H passes his material to the pupil imme- 
diately behind him. Again the signal is given and row H 
use the 'scopes. At the next signal, the material is passed 
to row G and so on across the room, when the same kind of 
shift is made and the material is again passed back to the 
right. This is continued until each pupil has seen each of 
the six subjects. 

TWO ROW PASSING 

In a similar manner two rows may be passed at once, if 
desired, with equal success, and thus twice as many stereo- 
scopes and stereogTaphs used at once. When two rows are 
passed, it is desirable to start one row and allow time for 
those stereoscopes to get several rows or half-way across 
the room before starting the second row to follow. Many 
prefer, in double row passing, to start each row simul- 
taneously from opposite sides of the room and let the pass- 
ing be toward the centre till the rows cross each other. 

The consecutive method of passing. With some sub- 
jects, such as one relating to a particular industiy for which 
several stereographs are used, each showing a definite, suc- 
cessive step in the industry, there are soiue advantages in 
the consecutive method of passing the 'scopes. That is, 
start the first stereoscope with the stereograph showing the 
first step in tlie industiy at the head of an outside row and 
then pass that stereoscope and stereogi-aph, and the others 



Xl FOREWOBD 

following it one after another throughout the class with the 
stereogTaphs showing the different steps of the industry suc- 
ceeding each other. 

In either the double or single row passing, the pupils will 
have a brief interval between their periods of looking at the 
stereogTaphs. This is a good plan pedagogically. Impres- 
sions are likely to be blurred if one stereograph comes right 
after another. While waiting for their turn, the pupils may 
be reading in their text-books, locating on their maps the 
places to be visited or writing a description of what they 
have just seen. 

If the teacher desires the children to occupy the interval 
in reading up the subject of the lesson in their text or refer- 
ence books, she should indicate orally or in writing the 
pages or paragraphs they are to read; or if there is a 
variety of topics and the book has a good index she may 
utilize the occasion by having them use their indices in look- 
ing up the topics. The writing plan is an excellent one. 
If the children know they are to report on what they see, 
they do not sit passive but look with extremely active atten- 
tion. Of course, the children's notes will give no adequate 
idea of all they gain from the stereographs. A child's 
power of expression lags far behind his powers of impres- 
sion. Besides, most children have received very little train- 
ing in describing what they gain directly through their 
senses. This plan offers splendid opportunities for such 
training, and correlates the work in geography, nature 
study, etc., with the work in English. 

BIiACKBOARD OUTIiINi: 

When the teacher has placed on the board an outline of 
the topics of the lesson as shown by the stereogTaphs, such 
as the successive steps in an industry in a lesson on com- 



METHODS OF USE THE STEREOSCOPE xli 

mercial geography or the different types of physical fea- 
tures if it be a lesson on physical geography, she discusses 
the topics briefly to make clear to the pupils just what 
points of knowledge they are to look for in studying the 
stereographs. She also makes vise of the observation out- 
line such as is given by many of the editors at the head of 
their classifications, putting that or something similar on 
the board to better dii'ect the pupils' attention and to guide 
them in their study. 

While the pupils are looking at the stereographs, the 
teacher may make comments or ask questions. on the most 
important and characteristic features to which she wishes 
to direct attention. 

Another good method is to put the serial number of each 
stereograph used for the lesson on the board with api^ro- 
priate questions after each number so that the children, as 
any particular stereogTaph reaches them, may look at the 
board for the number that corresponds with the number on 
the card and read the questions and study the stereographs 
for the answer, thus gaining definite and specific guidance 
for each view. After passing any stereogTaph on to his 
neighbor, the pupil then wiites out his answers in good, 
clear sentences. 

The usefulness of the questions on the board for each 
stereograph scene may be still fui'ther increased if the 
teacher instructs the pupils in the first vertical row when 
ready to use the stereographs to call out the numbei-s of 
the stereographs they have. Then the pupils in the cor- 
responding horizontal rows look on the board and study 
the questions relating to the stereographs they are next to 
see. In a lesson on the Rice Industiy, say. No. 1 pupil 
calls out "No. 972" as the view he has; then all the pupils 
in row 1 look on the boai'd and spend ihe lime unlil that 



Xlii FOREWOED 

view reaches them in familiarizing themselves with the 
questions pertaining to that view, so that when the view 
does reach them, they are the better prepared for studying 
it effectively. Say, No. 2 pupil calls out "No. 971" as the 
view he has, and at this signal, the pupils in horizontal 
row 2 study the questions on the board pertaining to 
that view, etc. When the stereoscopes have crossed the 
room and have changed hands in the last row, then that 
row calls out in a similar manner the numbers they have, 
signalizing the stereogTaph questions the pupils in the cor- 
responding horizontal rows are to study while waiting for 
the stereoscopes to reach them. 

In order to clarify and correct the impressions gained, a 
few minutes are reserved at the end of the lesson for a dis- 
cussion of the subject studied. These few minutes may be 
occupied by asking different ones to read their written notes 
or to recite orally on what they have observed. Or, the 
teacher may further impress and interpret the facts of the 
lesson by careful questioning, in order to insure the right 
deductions from the observations made and a correct grasp 
of general principles; or she may send the pupils to the 
blackboard to correct and amplify their notes. 

INFORMAi; CI;ASS USE 

While we would strongly recommend the above systematic 
method of using the stereographs in the class, we would also 
particularly emphasize the importance of informal methods 
as when a teacher takes one, or two, or three or more stereo- 
graphs bearing on the lesson and lets them pass through 
the class either during the recitation period or at any other 
time. Hundreds of lessons can be vitalized and made easy 
to remember by passing one or more of these life-size, won- 
derfully real representations in this informal way. While 



METHODS OF USE — THE STEREOSCOPE xliii 

many teachers may begin with such informal methods, we 
believe that they will soon recognize the advantages of a 
more systematic method of using the material such as we 
described above. 



THE STEREOSCOPE IN PRIMARY GRADES 

Excellent use is made of stereographs in oral and written 
English, not only in primaiy grades, but also in all grades 
up through the high school. The following is a method used 
with excellent results by teachers of first and second year 
primaiy classes. 

The teacher calls foi-ward 8 to 10 pupils, leaving the 
rest of the class to look on and listen. She gives each one 
of these called forward a stereoscope, with a different view 
for each pupil, the views being selected with reference to 
the age of the pupils. The pupils stand in a row in front 
of the class, and as they look through the stereoscope, the 
teacher asks them in turn to tell the class what they see. 
With his eyes enclosed in the hood of the instrument. No. 
1 describes what he sees in the present tense, as "I see a 
tiger in a cag-e" (No. 896), "I see several children in a field 
of daisies with a pony" (No. 84), etc. No. 1, beginning 
Avith IB, then goes to the board and writes what he saw, 
using the past tense. AYhile No. 1 is writing on the board, 
No. 2 describes his scene orally and then goes to the board, 
and so each of (he remaining pupils in turn. When the 
last one has described his scene orallj'^, the teacher asks each 
one in turn to stand and read what he has wi-itten, tlie class 
criticising the work for coiTectness of tense, spelling, cap- 
italization, diacritical marks, etc. This occupies the 20 or 
25 minute period, and on the following day another section 
of the class is taken in the same way. 



xliV FOKEWORD 

Thus, values in English are impressed in a perfectly nat- 
ural way on the mind of the child, and in a way that 
fastens them in his memory. This method is particularly 
valuable in teaching sentence unity, proper use of tense, 
correct capitalization, and the proper use of quotation 
marks, as, for example, where in a stereogTaph title some- 
one's statement is quoted. This method is also useful in 
teaching the definition of words, as, for instance, in a 
view showing an eagle looking down over a precipice, the 
children describe what the eagle is doing and develop the 
word "peering." Similarly, many other words may be de- 
veloped by use of stereographs selected for the purpose. 

THE STEREOSCOPE IN THE HIGH SCHOOL, 
TECHNICAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 

There is a wide field in the high school, technical school 
and college for the use of both stereogTaphs and lantern 
slides. Generally, in such schools, the laboratory method is 
employed, but this method should be supplemented by use 
of stereopticon lantern slides projected on the screen in 
the classroom. 

The use of the stereographs in the classroom in the gram- 
mar schools provides for a 20 to 90 seconds' period for 
the pupil to study one stereograph. This is quite suffi- 
cient time for the study of a stereograph for ordinary 
geographical topics, and has proven ample time for the 
pupil to acquire a good idea of what the stereograph 
contains; but in the study of such subjects as Geology 
and Ancient History, where a minute and meditative study 
is necessary, five and ten, or in some cases as much as thirty 
minutes is not too much time for a pupil to spend upon a 
stereograph. Therefore, it is suggested that the laboratory 



METHODS OF USE IN THE HIGH SCHOOt xlv 

method of use be employed ■whenever possible. But as 
there may be circumstances where this method would be 
impracticable, we suggest that the stereographs may be 
used with a high pei"centage of efficiency by j^roviding a 
certain number of duplicates. Say, for exami^le, that a 
class of eighteen students were seated in six vertical rows of 
three pui^ils each — as per diagram — and that three differ- 
ent subjects were to be shown: 



DIAGRAM 

3 X X X X s X 
2 X X X' X X X 

1 X X X X X X 

A B C D E F 

By having three stereogTaphs of each subject, or nine stereo- 
grai^hs altogether, eveiy other vertical row may be pro- 
vided with a stereograph; the stereograjDhs in row "A" 
being all of one subject, the stereographs in row "C" being 
all of another subject and the stereographs in row "E" 
being all of one subject, those in row "E" are passed to 
row "E," and row "F" having finished with them, they 
should be collected and taken around to row "A"; and the 
same should be done with the stereographs in row "C" 
when they have been finished by row "F." In this way 
the stereographs will travel from right to left across the 
room until each of the eighteen pupils will have seen each 
of the three subjects shown. This will permit each pupil 
to study a stereograph for from 4 to 7 minutes, depending 
upon the length of the recitation period, and give ample 
time for preliminaries, etc. 

The above suggestions, when studied in connection with 



Xlvi FOREWORD 

the lessons as outlined for grammar grades, will undoubt- 
edly be sufficient to enable a teacher to use these in the 
classroom with considerable success even in a subject where 
time is required for careful detailed study of each stereo- 
graph. During the inspection of the material by the pupils, 
the teacher will have ample opportunity to point out cer- 
tain important features in the views or to direct the atten- 
tion by means of pointed questions. 

IN GEOIiOGV STUDY 

On the above outlined plan the stereographs may be 
used effectively in the study of many specific topics in 
geology, such as the development and action of rivers, the 
movement and resultant topography of glaciers, the action 
of wind, frost and rain, the movement of the earth's crust, 
the character and structure of rocks, etc. In Dr. Brigham's 
classification for Geology will be found much material of 
great value, and a still wider range of material may be 
found in the Publishers' general catalogue. 

ANCIENT HISTORY STUDY 

In the classification for General History, Dr. Bourne in- 
dicates under convenient topics the specific views he recom- 
mends for use. If the instructor desires to supplement 
the matter, a much wider range of material may be found in 
the Publishers' general catalogue illustrating not only these 
topics more fully, but also many topics not found in the 
WORLD VISUALIZED series. 

In the study of a history topic, the stereographs should 
have the pupils' undivided attention for a longer period than 
is necessary with most other subjects. In the study of the 
Roman Forum, for example, a student may profitably de- 



METHODS OF T'SH IN THE HIGH SCHOOL xlvii 

vote as mncli as 30 minutes to the study and meditation 
on one single \'iew of the Forum where such a wealth 
of historical ruins fairly ovei'whelms one. In order to 
get the most fi'om such a stud}^, the first essential is to 
get one's surroundings clearly in mind and to locate 
oneself in the scene that he is visiting- through the stereo- 
seoj^e. This can be done only by a careful use of the 
locating map,* and even then he will not be able to appre- 
ciate all that is before him, without a careful study of the 
text prmted on the back of the stereograph; or better still, 
the unabridged description in the carefully written guide 
book. Such reading will insure, on part of the pupil, an in- 
telligent knowledge of what he is looking at and will enable 
him to reconstruct in his mind's eye the splendid temples 
as they once stood, and to repeople them with the historical 
characters. It is quite obvious that so much time cannot 
be given to the study of individual views in the class, but 
the time may be provided by utilizing the stei'eographs in 
the laboratoi-y method. 

Of course where it is not possible to use the laboratoi-y 
method, the subject may be handled in the classroom by 
means of duplications of both stereographs and locating 
maps on the same plan as has been suggested for Geology. 
While the laboratory method is to be strongly recommended, 
the use of the stereographs in the classroom in the way sug- 
gested above will be greatly superior to the use of ordinary 
methods of illustrations, and Avill quicken the inteivst in 
Ancient Histoi-y to an extent that even the best illustrations 
in other forms, including lantern slides, fail to do. 

* Special locating majjS, to.t;cthcT willi s|H'ciall.v wrilt.Mi suldc 
hooks, are supplied with the stereograph tours ol lOgypt, Orecce, 
Italy, Palestine and many other countries. 



xlviii FOEEWORD 

THE TEACHER'S PREPARATION 

A primary condition to the most successful use of this 
Visual Instruction material is not only a firm conviction as 
to its value, but also an intimate knowledge of the contents 
of the 600 or 1,000 set. To insure each teacher's acquain- 
tance with the material as far as it relates to her particular 
work, she should be supplied with either the complete 
Teachers' Manual containing all the 25 classifications, or at 
least with each of the separate pamphlets containing classi- 
fications for subjects taught by her, including the basic list 
— the Directory of Places or Geographical Classification, 
according to which the stereographs and slides are num- 
bered and filed in the cabinet drawers. 

It is imperative that before using the material the teacher 
familiarize herself with all the stereographs or slides bear- 
ing on the subjects taught by her, in order that she may be 
able to direct the observation and thought of the pupils. 

In field work relating to the home commimity, no teacher 
is successful unless she has closely studied in advance the 
actual land forms or life activities to be observed by her 
class. So, also, in stereoscopic field work in distant lands, 
or in the use of the lantern slides, a teacher will not be 
successful until she has gained sympathetic entrance to the 
atmosphere, to the spirit of the scenes to be visited or 
shown on the screen, and has discovered the really impor- 
tant but not always obvious truths that she wishes to lead 
her pupils to perceive. When a teacher has definitely in 
mind the facts that can be observed in a stereograph or 
slide, and has determined the casual relations that explain 
them, she is ready to guide her pupils to the most profitable 
study. 



THE teacher's PREPARATION xlix 

Each classification should be carefully studied together 
with the editor's introduction, observation outline and his 
comments and suggestions. In approaching any particular 
lesson, the .teacher's knowledge should be at least coexten- 
sive with the range of geographic facts included within the 
stereographs or slides to be used for that lesson. 

Not only should the teacher know the points embodied in 
a single stereograph, but she should have that wider, con- 
ceptual knowledge which a tyjie grouj:) of stereographs pro- 
vides, whether the stereographs follow sequentially (see 
group on salmon, Oregon; or pottery-making, England), 
or are available through a topical grouping. 

The teacher should therefore take out the stereographs 
and slides, one group at a time, according either to the geo- 
gi-aphical or the subject classification, carefully examining 
the stereogTaphs through the stereoscope with a good light 
and reading the descriptive and technical notes on the 
back of them; or in the case of the slides, reading the 
descriptions that are printed on separate slips for each 
slide. 

The teacher will find in the study of this material not 
only a fascinating employment, but a most effective method 
of extending her own information on the subjects illus- 
trated, and this addition to her store of knowledge 
which she could not acquire so readily and effectively in 
any other Avay will definitely increase her teaching effi- 
ciency. 

While the information gleaned through a reading of the 
descriptive material contained on many of the cards and a 
careful analytical study of the stereographs may be suffi- 
cient to vitalize the teacher's treatment of a topic, it may 
not be amiss to suggest the possibility of supplementing 



1 FOREWORD 

such knowledge through reference use of such as the fol- 
lowing : 

McMurry, Type Studies, McMillan Co. 

Allen, Industrial Studies, Ginn & Co. 

Redway, Commercial Geography, Scribner's Sons. 

Trotter, Geography of Commerce, McMillan Co. 

Carpenter, Foods and Their Uses, Scribner's Sons. 

Carpenter, How the World Is Fed, American Book Co. 

Carpenter, How the World Is Clothed, American Book 

Co. 
Tarr, Elementary Physical Geography, McMillan Co. 
Thornton, Physiography, Longmans, Green & Co. 
Dodge & Grady, Geographies, Rand McNally. 
McMurry, How to Study, Houghton, Mifflin Co. 

A fund of genuine geogTaphic knowledge possessed by 
the teacher based on traveling, reading and a careful study 
of stereographs or slides will not only insure an apprecia- 
tive and intelligent use of the material, but also a varied 
and accurate knowledge on the part of the class. 

WHEN TO USE THE MATERIAL 

The use of this visual instruction aid should not be spas- 
modic nor left to the inspiration of the moment, but should 
be made a part of the regular school routine so that it will 
become a habit. 

As the aim in using such material is to insure more effec- 
tive teaching of the facts to be taught, it should be used 
in the teaching of any lessons that can be made more real 
and effective by it. The question for the teacher to ask 
herself daily is — "Can I teach this lesson more effec- 
tively with or without the stereogTaphs or slides?" If the 



WHEN TO USE THE MATERIAL li 

lesson is of such a nature that the stereographs or slides 
will be of little or no value then she will not use them. But 
if, on the other hand, they will make for reality and effec- 
tiveness in teaching the lesson in hand, she will be unjust 
to herself and to her pupils if she fails to utilize the ma- 
terial available. 

If a school having labored long- without an adequate set 
of maps should come into possession of them and a teacher 
failed to use them because she was too busy "teaching geog- 
raphy," the explanation would be considered veiy absurd; 
yet the situation would be exactly analogous to a teacher 
who, having available such definite aids to teaching as 
stereographs and slides, failed to use them because of being 
too busy teaching by less direct and less effective methods. 

A WORKING SCHEDUI.I: ADVISABLE 

With his intimate knowledge of the course of study, a 
principal may make out a practical working schedule 
assigning the stereographs to certain gi^ades for cei'tain 
periods each week. Such a schedule will make for regu- 
larity in the use of the material, but it should have enough 
elasticity to permit of the daily application by the teacher 
of the above question. This will mean that whenever she 
is teaching geography she should look up the classifica- 
tions the editors have prepared for different phases of that 
subject and use the stereographs in some manner if they 
bear on the lesson. She may use them at the time, or may 
use them once each week, to illustrate the subjects covered 
during the week, or at other regular frequent periods ac- 
cording to the particular course of study being followed. 
Likewise, in histoiy and in other branches, the teacher 
should first study the claasificalions to discover what ma- 
lerinl tlioi-e is I'.ertainiiig to (he subject of the day's lesson, 



lii FOREWORD 

and then use the stereogi-aphs or slides whenever the sub- 
ject is one they will illuminate by directly illustrating the 
topic or by giving a concrete setting of it. 

It is very important that some systematic plan should be 
carried out in the use of both the lantern and the stereo- 
scope. Some use stereographs daily and the lantern once 
a week with excellent results. If the stereographs are used 
only once a week, the lantern may be used once every fort- 
night or at other regailar period in a revieAV of the work 
done since the last lantern exercise, or as an introduction to 
the next subject to be taken up. 

THE LESSON 

The lesson is essentially the reaction of the class to the 
ripened knowledge and teaching material of the teacher, 
and it may be briefly discussed with relation to the use of 
this material from a disciplinary and a teaching standpoint. 

The behavior of the pupils, the so-called "discipline" of a 
class is invariably improved through the use of stereoscopic 
material. Verbalism and memoriter recitations are prime 
provokers of so-called disorder. Behavior is always a func- 
tion of the teaching process, and experience proves con- 
clusively that live work growing out of touch with real 
things, real experiences (and such experiences are gained 
through the stereoscope) is always conducive to good "or- 
der." (With the stereoscope the behavior, though free and 
spontaneous, is excellent, because it is a well-controlled ex- 
pression of interest in the work.) 

The effectiveness of the teaching in a lesson in which the 
stereoscope is properly used is largely determined by 

(1) the number of pupils that actively participate in the 
lesson ; 



THE LESSON liii 

(2) the guidance given them as to their observation ; 

(3) the skill with which the teacher inteiTogates the 

pupils with reference to the experiences gained 
through the stereoscope; and lastly 

(4) the amount and kind of expression, oral or written, 

demanded of the pupil. Consider each briefly: 

(1) The Number of Pupils. 

As manjr pupils as possible should use the material. Each 
of the foregoing- schemes for the handling- of the stere- 
oscopic material or the lantern slides should be so modified 
in the light of local conditions as to insure the employment 
of a maximum number of pupils. Moreover, both prior and 
subsequent to the formal lesson, there should be ready access 
to the material. 

(2) Guidance in Observation 

Pupils, generally, seriouslj^ lack training in observation 
as regards their personal environments. Much more un- 
trained are they in the use of pictures. They look at pic- 
tures for the pleasure the pictures give them, but have 
never been taught how to use pictures — how to look at pic- 
tures for information or what kind of information to expect 
from them. Consequently, the important facts and inci- 
dents shown in pictures ai-e so often entirely overlooked by 
reason of some minor detail of a purely entertaining nature 
that has cauglit the attention. 

In the use of the stereogTaph, the child is at an open win- 
dow looking out into the world of reality with all the won- 
derful and inexhaustible detail of that world. When the 
time allowed for study is limited, to get the best results, it is 
exceedingly impoi-tant that the child be given some stand- 
ards of observation to follow and g:radually trained to study 
the scene with a certain, definite pui-poso in view. Tlio use 



liv FOEEWOKD 

of the stereographs in the careful and systematic way above 
outlined, gives the child valuable and needed training in 
more intelligent study of all kinds of pictures. The stereo- 
graph is so wonderful in its realism and so inexhaustible in 
its detail, that it holds a supreme place as a medium of 
intensive study. More than any other kind of illustration, 
the stereograjDh stimulates the child's mental activity, con- 
duces to concentration of mind and trains the child to ob- 
serve, reflect and reason for himself. 

While giving the pupils the necessary guidance, however, 
as to what to look for, leave them plenty of scope for indi- 
vidual observation and experience through which they gain 
power to see and reason for themselves. Independent obser- 
vation and reflection by every pupil are greatly needed, 
because they afford scope for individuality within the 
gi'aded school system. The stereoscopic material is pecul- 
iarly valuable for these purposes, for the intense realism 
offsets the inertia of silent work and awakens a student's 
active interest. 

The teacher should constantly test the observations of the 
pupils in order that no misapprehension mar their impres- 
sions, thus insuring the formulation of sound generaliza- 
tions. Thereby, the work may be habitually intense and 
highly effective, and the pupils will acquire right habits of 
study. 

(3) Interrogating the Pupils. 

The questioning by the teacher, when the stereoscope is 
used, should assume that the experiences gained through it 
have the thrill of reality. Therefore, the questions should 
differ from those based on an ordinary picture. The teacher 
may properly ask, In what country are you (or were you) ? 
— referring to the pupils' experience in the stereoscope — In 



THE LESSON Iv 

what direction is (or was) the volcanic peak? How distant 
does (or did) it aj^pear to be? Such questions have a real 
significance in terms of a stereograph. The ordinary rules 
applicable to the question phase of any lesson apply with 
equal, if not additional, force. The questions should be 
based on an accurate knowledge of the subject matter under 
discussion, and, moreover, they should be concise, specific, 
and sequential. 
(4) Oral or Written Expressions. 

Lastly, expression, oral or written, is the natural out- 
come of the acquisition of real experience, and therefore an 
integral of each lesson should be oral and written expres- 
sion of impressions gained, conceptions clarified and emo- 
tions experienced. To attain this end, as already pointed 
out, pupils not using the 'scope should be expected to em- 
ploy themselves making written statements of things 
learned through the inspection of the stereographs. More- 
over, the use of the open text-book for simultaneous, silent 
reading on the part of the pupils not actively engaged in 
the examination of a stereogi-aph, in connection with the 
topic, and for the discoveiy and study of related pictures 
in the text-book, insures unflagging industry on the part of 
the pupils. 

May, 1915. (Signed) William E. Grady, 

Public School No. 64, New York City. 



Synopsis Showing Geographical Distribution of the 
1,000 Special Educational Stereographs or Slides of 

THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

AS Classified^ Numbered^ Indexed and Filed 
IN THE Cases or Cabinets 

No. Stereographs 
or Slides 

North. America, Nos. 1 to 439 439 

United States and Possessions, Nos. 1 to 363: 
New England States and Middle Atlantic 

States, Nos. 1 to 140 140 

Southern States, Nos. 141 to 183 43 

Central Western States, Nos. 184 to 278. . 95 

Pacific Coast States, Nos. 279 to 315 37 

Possessions, Nos. 316 to 363 48 



363 
Other countries of North America, Nos. 364 to 

439 76 



South America Nos. 440 to 

Europe Nos. 495 to 

Africa Nos. 785 to 

Asia Nos. 839 to 

Oceania Nos. 982 to 1,000 



Ivi 



494 


439 


55 


784 




?90 


838 




54 


981 




143 


,000 




19 









1,000 



SYNOPSIS Ivii 

The type plan was followed in making- the selections and 
therefore the subjects were chosen from those countries or 
sections where the particular types could be best exempli- 
fied; and only in such measure as was consistent with this 
aim was any effort made to represent the various countries. 
Nevertheless, each section of the United States and prac- 
tically every important countiy of the world will be found 
well represented, thus providing the necessary material for 
geography study by comitries; also, the geographical ar- 
rangement of the stereographs and slides with index cards 
is veiy convenient to the teacher for filing, and forms a 
simple key basis for the various cross reference classifica- 
tions. 



THE EDITORIAL BOARD 

The World Visualized for the Classroom is the direct 
outgrowth of the use already made of the Underwood stere- 
ographs and slides in the schools. Its preparation has been 
the work of practical school experts who, out of conviction 
of the still greater instruction possibilities of the stereo- 
graph and lantern slide, have gladly co-operated in the pro- 
duction of the present work. 

Needless to say, the names of the authors speak for them- 
selves and give all assurance of the care with which the 
work has been done, its scientific accuracy, as well as its 
practical utility in the educational fields it is intended to 
serve. 

Frank M. McMurry, Ph. D., General Editor 

Professor of Elementary Education, Teachers' College, Columbia 
University. Joint author of Tarr & McMurry's Geographies 
and "Method of Recitation." Author of "How to Study and 
Teaching How to Study," etc. 



1. Title List and Geographical Classification. 

A complete title list of the 1,000 subjects classified ac- 
cording to the political divisions of the world, giving 1,000 
references to all sections of the United States, the British 
Empire and practically every important country of the 
world. 

By William E. G-rady, Assistant General Editor 

Joint author of Dodge and Grady Geographies. Principal of P. S. 
64, one of the largest Public Schools in New York City. Mr. 
Grady has been making stereographs a practical and important 
feature in the work of his school of sixty-two classrooms for 
several years. 

Iviii 



EDITORIAL BOARD lix 

2. Agriculture Classification. 
272 subjects to which 314 references are made to illus- 
trate the different phases of agriculture in the various coun- 
tries of the world, classified in accordance with the natural 
order that would be used in teaching the subject, beginning 
with the soil formation, followed in order by drainage, cul- 
tivation of crops, live stock production, manufacture of 
agricultural products, etc. Both modern and primitive 
methods are included. 

By Homer C. Price, M. Sc. 

Dean of the College of Agriculture, Ohio State University. 



3. Animals Classification. 

134 subjects selected to show various animals from the 
different parts of the world, both Wild and Domestic, with 
143 references to them, together with helpful notes on each 
kind of animal shown, — a series very valuable for lower 
grades. 

By John Burroughs, Litt. D. 

Author of "Wake Robin" ; "Birds and Poets" ; "Locusts and Wild 
Honey" ; "Indoor Studies" ; "Signs and Seasons" ; "Squirrels 
and Other Fur Bearers" ; "Bud and Bough" ; "Camping and 
Tramping with Roosevelt," etc. 



4. Architecture Classification. 

258 subjects to whicli 3(10 references are made to illustrate 
specimens of Architecture classified according to the different 
schools of architecture, national characteristics and special classes 
of buildings, such as cottages, palaces, Government Buildings, 
Cathedrals, etc. 

By James Knox Taylor, F. A. I. A. 

Director of Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology. 



Ix EDITORIAL BOARD 

5. Biography Classification. 
804 subjects to which 4,454 references are made to illus- 
trate the lives of gTeat men and women, classified chrono- 
logically under the different countries, and replete with 
notes and practical suggestions. 

By Robert Swickerath, S. J. 

Librarian and Professor of Pedagogy, Holy Cross College, 

Worcester, Mass. 



6. Botany Classification. 
271 subjects to which are made 354 references illustrating 
matters of interest to students of Botany and classified un- 
der such headings as Plant and Animal Relations, Parts of 
a Flowering Plant, Spore Bearing Plants, Important Fam- 
ilies of Seed Bearing Plants, Plant Association, etc. 

By Elliot R. Downing, Ph. D. 

Assistant Professor of Natural Science, School of Education, the 

University of Chicago. Editor of "The Nature Study 

Review." 



7. Child Life Classification. 
112 subjects to which 112 references are made to show 
children at work, in school, and at their games and pastimes 
in all parts of the world. Excellent for the lower grades. 



By E. A. Kirkpatrick, M. Ph. 

Director of Child Study Department, State Normal School, Pitch- 
burg, Mass. Fellow A.A.A.S. Author of "Inductive Psychol- 
ogy," "Fundamentals of Child Study," "Genetic Psychology," 
"The Individual in the Making." 



EDITORIAL BOARD Ixi 

8. Cities and City Life Classification. 
362 subjects to which 1,001 references are made to illus- 
trate the different characteristics of cities, as these vary 
according to size, location and their educational and com- 
mercial interests. 

By J. A. C. Chandler 

Superintendent of Schools, Richmond, Virginia. Editor, Virginia 
Journal of Education. Lecturer, Virginia Summer School of 
Methods. Author of "Representation in Virginia," "History 
of Suffrage in Virginia," "Geography of Virginia," "Makers 
of Virginia History," "Makers of American History," etc. 



9. Civic Betterment Classification, 
175 subjects to which are made 224 references to illus- 
trate the contrasts of interest to students of Civic Better- 
ment problems, such as good and bad street paving, lighting 
and traffic regulations, etc. The material is classified under 
city planning, streets, buildings, water-fronts, parks, monu- 
ments, bridges, tenements and factories, with full critical 
notes. 

By E. H. Bennett 

Consulting Architect, Chicago, 111. 



10. English Composition Classification. 

887 subjects selected because of their great suggestive- 
ness, to which the author has made 1,043 references, accord- 
ing to the way the subjects best lend themselves for use in 
composition work. Classification is made imder three main 
headings, of Narration, Description and Exposition, and 
sub-classified under various topics and supplied Avith help- 
ful notes and practical suggestions for use. 

By James Fleming Hosic, Ph. M. 

Secretary of the National Council of Triiclicrs of Ihiglish, Head of 
English Uent. in Chicago Normal School. .Author of "Elemen- 
tary Course in English." Editor of "English Journal." 



Ixii EDITOgfAL BOARD 

11. Geology Classification. 

239 subjects to which are made 472 references to illus- 
trate dynamical, structural, and physiographical Geology, 
classified in accordance with the way their different aspects 
are treated in the best modern text-books. 

By Albert Perry Brigham, Ph. D. 

Professor of Geology, Colgate University. Associate EditorvOf Bul- 
letins of American Geographic Society. Author of "A Text-book 
of Geology," "Introduction to Physical Geography," "Stu- 
dents' Laboratory Manual of Physical Geography," "Geo- 
graphic Influences in American History," "From Trail to 
Railway Through the Appalachians," "Commercial Geogra- 
phy," etc. 



12. General History Classification. 

290 subjects to which 370 references are made to illus- 
trate the events of ancient, mediaeval and modern history of 
all countries except the United States. 

By Henry E. Bourne, L. H. D. 

Professor of History, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Author of "Teaching of History and Civics," "Mediaeval and 
Modern History," etc. Editor of Leckey's "French Revolution." 



13. History of America Classification. 

439 subjects to which 735 references are made to illus- 
trate the important events in the histoiy of the United 
States. These are arranged chronologically by epochs, as 
history is taught in the schools, from the time of the cliff 
dwellers to the present day. 

By Charles Fordyce, Ph. D. 

Dean of Teachers' College, University of Nebraska. 



EDITORIAL BOARD Ixiii 

14. Homes and Life of the People Classification. 

515 subjects to which are made 638 references to show 
homes and home life in all parts of the world, characteristic 
homes in special gTOui^s, such as primitive Homes, City 
Homes, Country Homes, Homes of Rulers, etc. 

By Ada Van Stone Harris 

Director of Elementary Teaching, Pittsburgh. Formerly Asst. Supt. 
of Schools, Rochester, N. Y., and Richmond, Va., Formerly 
President of the Elementary Dept. of the N. E. A., also Vice- 
President of the N. E. A. 



15. Home Economics Classification. 

302 subjects to which are made 323 references of interest 
to students of Home Economics. Under the headings of 
"Household Science" and "Household Arts," there is classi- 
fied a wide range of material under agriculture, markets, 
foodstuffs, clothing, fuels, industries; including- copious 
notes and practical suggestions for use. 

By Isabel Bevier, Ph. M. 

Professor of Household Science and Director of Courses, University 
of Illinois. Author of "Home Economic Movement," "Food 
and Nutrition," "Selection and Preparation of Foods," "The 
House Plan, Decoration and Care," etc. 



16. Literature Classification. 

269 subjects of the 1,000 list to which 429 references are 
made (also 363 supplemental subjects not in the 1,000 list, 
to which 433 references are made). The selections here are 
made to illustrate the literature of the leading school read- 
ers and college entrance requirements, and the references 
are made luider classified divisions such as American 
Authors, English Authors and Authors of non-English 
speaking countries. 

By W. W. Charters, Ph.D. 

Dean of School of Education, University of Missouri. Author of 
"Methods of Teaching." 



IxiV EDITORIAL BOARD 

17. Manual Training Classification, 

173 subjects to which are made 176 references classified 
under three main headings : 

I. [Fundamental Handicraft. II. Building Construc- 
tion and Materials. III. Machinery and Metals. 
The series contains much material that is especially choice 
and very difficult to obtain in any other way. 



By Charles Bennett, B. S. 

Professor of Manual Arts, Bradley Polytecbnic Institute, Peoria, 
Illinois. Editor of "Manual Training Magazine" and of "Vo- 
cational Education." 



18. Mythologt Classification. 

53 subjects of the 1,000 list to which 69 references are 
made (also 113 supplemental subjects not in the 1,000 list 
to which 150 references are made), selections covering a 
wide field to illustrate mythological references and allusions 
the student is most likely to meet in his reading of either 
modern or ancient literature; contains material of especial 
value in lower grade work, enabling the teachers to make 
concrete to the pupils the fine old tales of Greece and Rome, 
and only less fully those of Norse, Teutonic and Oriental 



By Emilie Kip Baker 

Author of "Out of the North Lands" ; "Stories from Northern 
Myths" ; "Poems for School Days," etc. 



EDITORIAL BOARD IxV 

19. Nature Study Classification. 

387 subjects selected because of their marked value in the 
elementary study of nature, with 779 references to illustrate 
plant and animal life and physical phenomena. The ma- 
terial is classified in full detail and with copious notes and 
suggestions for use. 

By Elliot R. Downing, Ph. D. 

Assistant Professor of Natural Science, School of Education, Uni- 
versity of Chicago, Editor of "The Nature Study Review." 



20. Physical Geography Classification. 

439 subjects to which are made 900 references to illus- 
trate eveiy important detail in Physical Geography, ar- 
ranged for use with any of the modern text-books, and 
classified under more than 75 different headings; takes the 
student into the field and enables him to study at first hand 
the wonderful developments of the earth and its attendant 
phenomena. 

By Wallace W. Atwood, Ph. D. 

Professor of Physiography, Harvard University. Geologist, U. S. 
Geological Survey. Fellow Geological Society of America. 
Author of "Physical Geography of the Devil's Lake Region," 
"Interpretation of Topographic Maps," "Mineral Resources of 
Southwestern Alaska," "Geology and Mineral Resources of the 
Alaskan Peninsula," etc. 



21. Products and Industries Classification. 

343 subjects to which are made 366 references showing 
the most important products and factoiy processes em- 
ployed in the great industries of the world, classified and 
sub-classified under the main headings: Food, Clothing, 
Mming and Manufacturing, Quarrying, Lumbering and 
Forest Products, Irrigation, etc. 

By R. H. Whitbeck, Ph. D. 

Associate Professor of Physiograpliy and Geography, The University 
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Editor of tlie "Journal of Geog- 
raphy," "The Geography and Industries of Wisconsin." 



Ixvi EDITOEIAL BOARD 

22. Races of Mankind Classification. 

251 subjects to which are made 251 references to illus- 
trate the various branches and sub-branches of the human 
family — their adaptation in dress, occupations, homes, use 
of implements and in industrial processes. 



By Frederick Starr, Ph.D., Sc. D. 

Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Author of 
"Congo Natives" ; "Liberia" ; "Indians of Southern Mexico" ; 
Notes on Ethnography of Southern Mexico" ; "Japanese Prov- 
erbs and Pictures" ; "The Ainu Group" ; "Filipino Riddles" ; 
"Strange Peoples" ; "American Indians' ; "On the Hills" (Geol- 
ogy for young people) ; "Some Footsteps in Human Progress" ; 
"In Indian Mexico" : "The Truth About the Congo," etc. 
Editor "The Anthropological Series." Foreign awards : Officer 
of Order of Leopoldi (Holland) ; Palms of Officer of Public 
Instruction (France) ; Chevalier Order of Crown of Italy. 



23. Topics for the Grades Classification. 

968 subjects to which are made 1,948 references under 
the different countries to illustrate topics found in most 
school geographies, classified first geographically then alpha- 
betically, according to subject. 



By Richard Elwood Dodge, A. M. 

Professor of Geography, Teachers' College, Columbia University. 
Author of "The Teaching of Geography in Elementary Schools," 
"Dodge's Geographies," "Reader of Physical Geography for 
Beginners," etc. Editor of "Annals of Association of Ameri- 
can Geographers." 



EDITORIAL BOARD Ixvii 

24. Transportation Classification. 

381 si;bjeets to which are made 447 references showing the 
various forms of transportation in every part of the world, 
both modem and primitive. Everything from dog and ox 
teams to the automobile— from the primitive dug-out to the 
great "ocean gTeyhound," and from the ancient "ship of 
the desert" to the modern aeroplane; also a special series 
on the transportation of ore. 

By W. M. Gfiegory 

Professor of Geography, Normal Training School, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Contributing Editor to "The Journal of Geography." 



25. Zone Life and Its Modifications Classification. 

640 subjects to which are made 2,250 references to illus- 
trate animal and vegetable life in the several zones of lati- 
tude, together with the varied modifications caused by ele- 
vation, monsoons, trade mnds and ocean currents, accom- 
panied by notes and practical suggestions for use. 

By Ellsworth Huntington, Ph.D. 

Assistant Professor of Geography, Yale University. Explorer in 
Turkestan, Persia, Syrian Desert, India, China, Siberia. Au- 
thor of "Explorations in Turkestan," "The Pulse of Asia," "A 
Geographic Reader," "Palestine and Its Transformation," "The 
Climatic Factor," etc. 



DIRECTORY OF PLACES 
GEOGRAPHICALLY CLASSIFIED 

OF 

THE WORLD VISUALIZED 
FOR THE CLASS ROOM 



{For c.cpl:i7i(i(ion of the ichole work see special descriptive 'pamphlet) 



1002 — 120714 



DIRECTORY OF lOOO PLACES 

TO BE SEEN THROUGH THE STEREOSCOPE 
AND IN LANTERN SLIDES 



GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION 

INCLUDING POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY 

By William E. Grady, Principal of Public School No. 65 

New York City, N. Y. 



There is given below a complete list of 1000 subjects ar- 
ranged geographically, following the usual order of school 
texts. It will be noticed that in the selection and arrange- 
ment of material, the largest and most important place is 
given to our own country and its possessions, although the 
rest of the world is covered in a thoroughly representative 
manner. The different headings and sub-headings are iden- 
tical with those on the index cards in the filing cases. The 
first numbers given below are the serial numbers; the large 
numbers are the negative numbers which serve as the most 
certain means of identifying each subject. On the stereographs 
and slides themselves, the serial numbers are found on the 
upper right-hand corner, preceded by the letter "S." Any 
other numbers should be ignored. 

In this classification, the titles are given in full and ex- 
actly correspond to the titles on the stereograph cards and 
slides; whereas in the cross-reference classifications following 
this geograpliieal arrangement, the titles are abbreviated and 
only serial numbers are used. 

Through the simplicity and convenience of this geographical 
arrangement of the stereographs and slides in the files corre- 
sponding to the classifications of the whole title list, the 
teacher will be able to gain a knowledge of all the different 
parts of the earth to which the stereographs or slides give 
access. It is an excellent plan to place the serial numbers on 
the regular school maps of the countries in their appropriate 
places. This will help the teacher to keep in mind the ma- 



2 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

terial for use as each country is studied and will fix in the 
minds of both teacher and scholars the location of each place 
seen in the stereoscope or by the lantern slide. 

When using the stereograph it is most important that the 
teacher should see these places for himself through the stereo- 
scope. Only in this way can one realize to what an extent 
the world can be reached from the classroom. It is important 
also that he should think as little as possible of the small 
apparatus and remember that the stereographed scenes through 
the stereoscope are life-size to the eye and mind, and, more- 
over, that it is natural and easy for children and adults, in 
using the stereoscope, to pass from the experience of seeing 
a picture to the experience of seeing and being in the presence 
of the place itself. 

In tlie following list the numbers preceded by a star (*) are 
the ones included in the SPECIAL 600 series. 



PuhlisJier's Note. — When further illustrations on any sub- 
ject or country are desired, reference should be be made to the 
extensive material in our general catalogue and to our regular 
complete country tours, full information about which will be 
promptly supplied on request. 



DIEECTORY OF PLACES 



NORTH AMERICA 

(439 stereograplis or lantern slides) 

UNITED STATES AND POSSESSIONS 

(363 steVeo graphs or slides) 

NEW ENGLAND STATES 
(28 stereographs or slides) 

MASSACHUSETTS — 25 stereographs or slides 

1 — 11155 Bunker Hill Monument, one of America's 
proudest memorials, Boston. 
*2 — 10740 The State House crowning historic Beacon Hill, 

W. from old Common, Boston. 
*3— 10742 Old South Church, Washington St., scene of 

"Tea Party," 1773 (N.), Boston. 
*4 — 11218 Faneuil Hall, Boston, looking west from Quincy 

Market to Beacon Hill. 
*5 — 5252 The Cradle of Liberty, Faneuil Hall, scene of 
historic assemblies, Boston. 
6 — 11156 Public Library, one of democracy's great insti- 
tutions, Boston. 
*7 — 5261 Stately old home of Longfelxow, once Washing- 
ton's headquarters, Cambridge. 
8 — 5259 Elmwood, birthplace of James Russell Lowell, 

Cambridge, Mass. 
9 — 10704 North Bridge and statue of the "Minute Man" 
on old battleground, Concord. 
*10 — 11499 In the desolate waste of sand dunes on Cape 
Cod, Mass. 
11 — 11498 How a forest planted as a windbreak is being 
buried by drifting sand. Cape Cod, Mass. 

12 — 5268 What "Captains Courageous" bring home; 

cleaning codfish on a Cape Ann wharf, 
Gloucester. 

13 — 5267 "Fish out of water," drying cod from Grand 

Banks on racks at a Cape Ann Wharf, 
Gloucester. 



4 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

14 — 10705 The Reef of Norman's Woe, scene of the 
"Wreck of the Hesperus," Cape Ann. 
*15 — 11158 Expert workmen cutting leather, Shoe Factory, 

Lynn, Mass. 
*16 — 11159 Workmen welting shoes by machinery, Mass. 
17 — 11219 Assorting wool into three grades prior to its 
manufacture into cloth. 
*18 — 10790 Feeding wool into a carding machine. 
*19 — 10793 Spinning machine, showing bobbins and spools. 
*20 — 11220 Twister at work in Assobat Woolen Mills, Mass. 
21 — 11221 Foster winding in Assobat Woolen Mills, Mass. 
*22 — 10796 Warping machine at work in a big up-to-date 
woolen mill. 
23 — 10797 Drawing in, preparatory to actual weaving of a 
woolen fabric. 
*24 — 10798 General view of largest weaving room in 

America. 
*25 — 11160 Falls on Merrimac providing power for New 
England Mills, Lawrence, Mass. 

NEW HAMPSHIUE — 3 stereograjjhs or slides 

26—11224 The home of Daniel Webster, Franklin, N. H. 
*27 — 5242 In the charming White Mountains — Mt. Pleas- 
ant, Mt. Stickney, and the winding Ammonoo- 
suc River, N. H. 
*28 — 11101 Granite quarries, with derricks, cars and fin- 
ished blocks, Concord, N. H. 



MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 
(99 stereograflis or slides) 



NEW YOUK STATE — 51 stereographs or slides 
Ncio York City — 24 stereographs or slides 
*29— 10709 Castle Garden (Aquarium), S. W. over Liberty 

Statue and Harbor, N. Y. 
*30 — 10708 Towering temples of trade crowding lower Man- 
hattan, N. from N. Y. harbor. 
*31 — 5291 From Brooklyn Bridge west — great skyscrapers, 

financial district of N. Y. City. 
*32 — 5289 The wonder of the age, Brooklyn Bridge from 
the World Building. N. Y. 



DIBECTOET OF PLACES 5 

*33 — 5277 Looking north up West Street over Ocean 

steamship docks and Hudson River, N. Y. 
34 — 10721 From Flatiron Building, N. E. past Madison Sq. 

Garden to Queensboro Bridge, N. Y. 
35 — 10723 Lower Manhattan, from Metropolitan Tower S. 

to Singer Building, N. Y. 
36 — 10168 Singer Building (47 stories) and City Investing 

Building (13 acres floor), N. Y. 
37 — 11403 — Woolworth Building, tallest in the world, prod- 
uct of five- and ten-cent pieces, N. Y. City. 
*38— 10713 Wall Street W. past U. S. Sub-Treasury to old 
Trinity Church, New York. 
39— 5308 Broad Street, north to the Stock Exchange, U. 
S. Sub-Treasury and Wall Street, N. Y. 
*40— 10724 Herald Sq. N. over 6th Avenue elevated R. R. 

and up Broadway to Times Building. 
41 — 5320 Palatial homes and hotels of upper Fifth Ave- 
nue, N. toward Central Park. 
*42 — 5313 Street peddlers' carts on Elizabeth Street — look- 
ing north from Hester Street, N. Y. 
*43 — 11162 Building one of New York's greatest sky- 
scrapers, showing steel framework. 
*44 — 5286 New Jersey ferryboat bringing morning business 

crowds into New York City. 
*45 — 11163 Where millions enter America, Immigrant Sta- 
tion, Ellis Island, New York. 
46 — 5288 Immigrants just arrived, awaiting examination, 
Ellis Island, New York Harbor. 
*47 — 11104 U. S. Inspectors examining eyes of immigrants, 

Ellis Island, New York Harbor. 
*48 — 10733 Warships and pleasure craft in the Hudson be- 
low Riverside Park (N.), New York. 
*49 — 11504 Work of a glacial age — 30-ton boulder left on 

glacier grooved native rock, Bronx Park. 
50 — 11471 Atlantic walrus ("whale horse") relative to seal 

and sea lion, Bronx Park, N. Y. City. 
51 — 11475 American beaver, busy craftsman of the woods, 

enjoying a breakfast of maplewood. 
52 — 11474 Beaver dam 40 feet long, built by beavers in 

Beaver Pond, Bronx Park, N. Y. 
(IS' GTE. — For other animals in Bronx Park, see East Africa 
and Congo.) 



6 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

Hudson Valley, N. Y. — 6 stereographs or slides 
(Note. — For Palisades, see New Jersey.) 
53 — 11225 Electric locomotive and train with overhead 
cables, N. Y., N. H. & H. K. R., New York. 
*54 — 5380 Looking N. up Hudson River from grounds of 

U. S. Military Academy, West Point. 
55— 5391 Volley Fire Drill— Cadets, West Point Military 

Academy. 
*56 — 11165 Washington's headquarters (1783) at New- 
burgh, New York. 
*57 — 11166 High Bridge across Hudson, from deck of river 
boat, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
58—11227 Splendid State Capitol (cost $23,000,000.00), 
looking west, Albany, N. Y. 

Long Island, N. Y. — 6 stereographs or slides 

59 — 11167 Digging potatoes by hand on a truck farm, Long 
Island, N. Y. 
*60 — 11228 Curtis, in his bi-plane, just ready for flight. 

Long Island, New York. 
*61 — 11230 Life-saving corps with boats, ready for action. 
Long Island beach. 
62 — 11231 Looking out on the boisterous waves of the At- 
lantic from Long Island. 
*63 — 11232 Skinning whale to get at blubber. Long Island 
beach. 
64 — 11233 Head of whale, showing great mass of whale- 
bone, Long Island beach. 

Central New York — i stereographs or slides 

65 — 5485 Fairy Cascade, Watkins Glen, New York. 
*66 — 10803 Milk in the separating room passing over re- 
frigerating pipes of a dairy. 
*67 — 10781 Churn that works and salts its own butter — a 
great invention for the dairy. 
68 — 10785 Making up butter in pound packages at a model 
dairy. 

Niagara Falls — 11 stereographs or slides 

*69 — 5451 "Niagara, thou eternal drop from God's right 
hand!" 



DIRECTOEY OF PLACES 7 

70 — 5400 Majestically grand, the falls from the Maid of 

the Mist, Niagara. 
*71 — 5407 Tireless Niagara — Horseshoe Falls from above. 
*72 — 5403 Marble whiteness of the seething waters — 

American and Luna Falls, Niagara. 

73 — 5404 An old Niagara Guide- — looking into the awe- 

inspiring Cave of the Winds. 

74 — 5402 Nature's everlasting smile (S. E.) in rapida 

above Niagara Falls. 

75 — 5425 Great mass of frozen spray and ice-bound 

American Falls, Niagara. 
*76— 5456 The Whirlpool Rapids from the Steel Bridge, 

Niagara Falls. 
*77 — 5408 Autumn beauties along Niagara's precipitous 

banks, looking up toward the Falls. 
*78 — 5466 Dynamos 5,000 horse-power, 25 revolutions per 

second, 2,200-volt current. 
*79 — 5419 A drive through a forest of crystal, Prospect 

Park, Niagara Falls. 



NEW J3IISEY — 26 stereographs or slides 

*80 — 11226 Looking north along the precipitous Palisades, 

Hudson Eiver. 
81 — 11237 Great escalator carrying wagon-loads of freight 

on Bergen Hill, New Jersey. 
82 — 10707 Palatial hotels and crowded promenade (S.) 
along the beach, Atlantic City. 
*83 — 5500 Life on the ocean wave, Atlantic City, N. J. 
84 — 6950 A glorious May-day among the daisies. 
85 — 11169 Fighting huge tire. Standard Oil Tanks, Bay- 
onne, New Jei'sey. 
*86 — 11238 White-robed workmen milking in model stable, 

Fairfield Dairy, N. J. 
*87— 11239 Milk bottles in great steam sterilizer, Fairfield 

Dairy, N. J. 
*88 — 11240 Filling and stopping twelve milk bottles at 

once, Fairfield Dairy. 
*89 — 11490 Sugar after leaving vacuum pan, before enter- 
ing mould. Sugar Kelincry, Jersey City. 
90 — 11491 Filled moulds standing 48 hours to crystallize, 
Sugar Refinery, Jersey City. 



8 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*91 — 11492 Moving drying pano, where each Domino sugar 
plate travels for two days, Jersey City Re- 
finery. 

Silk Manufacture — 13 stereographs or slides 

92 — 11436 Winding the fine raw silk in a large American 
Silk Throwing Plant, Paterson. 

*93 — 11437 Machines that double and spin threads for warp. 
Silk Throwing Plant, Paterson. 
94 — 11439 Reeling and lacing silk, preparing skeins for 
weavers or dyers, Silk Throwing Plant, Pater- 
son. 

*95 — 11442 Stripping and dyeing skeins in an immense silk 
dyeing works, Paterson. 

*96 — 11441 Weighting and washing silk skeins preparatory 
to dyeing in factory at Paterson. 
97 — 11443 Finishing silk skeins after dyeing and making 
into bales to send to weavers, Paterson. 

*98 — 11446 Warping view in a great silk weaving plant, 
Paterson. 

*99 — 11449 Weaving plain silk cloth — hundreds of auto- 
matic looms in a modern American silk mill, 
Paterson. 

100 — 11452 Dyeing silk in the piece, in a mammoth silk 
dyeing works, Paterson. 
*101 — 11453 Printing color designs on silk cloth — 10 colors 
at once — in a great silk dyeing works, Pater- 
son. 
*102 — 11456 Finishing processes for silk cloth, breaking, fold- 
ing and pressing in a silk dyeing works, 
Paterson. 
*103 — 11457 In the folding and making up room — rolls of 
finished silk ready for the market. Silk Works, 
Paterson. 

104 — 11460 Weaving soft taffeta ribbons with printed warp 
and plain woof, Paterson. 



105 — 11410 Cross section of Pennsylvania R. R. tubes under 
the Hudson River, showing concrete flooring. 



DIRECTORY OF PLACES 9 

PENNSYLVANIA — 22 stereograj^hs or slides 
106 — 5510 Independence Hall, where Declaration was signed 
in 1776, Philadelphia. 

*107 — 5561 "High-water mark" of Civil War and view 
south to Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa. 

*108 — 5516 The Delaware Water Gap — where the Delaware 
River cuts through a mountain range. 

*109 — 11241 Typical coal breaker with culm heaps, anthra- 
cite fields, Scranton. 

*110 — 11255 Coal strata and miner drilling for a blast in 
an anthracite mine, Scranton. 

*111 — 11257 Hauling out the cars of coal by electric motor, 
Anthracite Mines, Scranton. 

*112 — 11254 Coal on way to breakers to be broken into regu- 
lar sizes. Anthracite Mines, Scranton. 
113 — 11256 On the slope to the mine — empty cars return- 
ing to be filled, Anthracite Mines, Scranton. 

*114 — 11258 Boys picking slate in a great coal breaker, An- 
thracite Mines, Scranton. 

*115 — 11259 Coal breaker and automatic slate pickers in ac- 
tion. Anthracite Mines, Scranton. 
116 — 11260 Miners and breaker boj^s ready for home after 
day's work, Anthracite Mines, Scranton. 

*117 — 5540 Famous "Horseshoe Curve" ainong the Alle- 
gheny Mountains (2,571 feet long, 1,200 feet 
across, grade 89 feet). 
118 — 5532 Johnstown Calamity — wreck of the Day Express, 
P. R. R., Conemaugh, Pa. 

*119 — 5524 Steel works, famous source of gigantic fortunes. 
Homestead, Pa. 
120 — 5520 Red-hot iron fiowing from blast furnace, ready 
for making into pig-iron and steel. Pa. 

*121— 5523 Steel beam, red-hot, drawn out 90 ft. long- 
steel works at Pittsburgh. 
122 — 5525 Plate Glass Works, Tarontum, Pa. — modeling 
clay pots for molten glass. 

*123 — 5526 Glass-making — drawing pot of rcd-liot liquid 
from the glowing furnace. 

*124 — 5528 Glass manufacture — Tarentura, Pa. — casting 
and rolling sheets of plate glass. 

*125 — 5527 Glass making, Tarcntum, Pa., revolving iron 
disks grinding surface of plate glass. 



10 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*126 — 5529 Workmen finishing plate glass windows in pol- 
ishing room — Glass works, Tarentum, Pa. 

*127 — 5535 Source of gigantic fortunes — oil wells in Penn- 
sylvania. 

DISTRICT OF COLTJMBIA — 13 stereographs or slides 

Washington, D. C. — 13 stereographs or slides 

*128 — 11145 Down Potomac River from Washington, Wash- 
ington Monument at left. 

*129— 5581 From Monument N. to White House, Treasury 
and State Department, Washington. 

*130 — 5584 From Washington Monument (E.) over Agricul- 
tural Grounds to the Capitol, Washington. 

*131— 5605 From Navy Department (S. W.) past the White 
House to the Capitol, Washington. 

*132— 5585 United States Capitol from the N. E., most 
beautiful building in America. 
133 — 5587 The supreme moment, Chief Justice Fuller ad- 
ministering the oath to President McKinley, 
March 4, 1901. 

*134 — 5588 A joint session of Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, Washington. 

135 — 5590 Supreme Court Room in the Capitol-seat of 

Chief Justice, Washington. 

136 — 5592 Decorative splendor of entrance hall. Congress- 

ional Library, Washington. 
*137 — 5595 The White House, the historic residence of the 

Nation's Chief — north front, Washington, 

U. S. A. 
*138 — 11348 President Wilson and his Cabinet in regular 

session. Executive office, Washington, D. C. 
139 — 5601 Admiral Dewey and officers of the navy, at New 

Year reception, 1902, White House, Washing- 
ton. 
140 — 11146 Printing Millions of U. S. money. Bureau of 

Engraving, Washington. 

SOUTH ATLANTIC STAPES 

(29 stereographs or slides) 
VIHGINIA — 8 stereographs or slides 
141 — 5614 General Robert E. Lee's old home, Arlington, 
Va. 



DIEECTOEY OF PLACES 11 

142 — 5617 Christ Church, where Washington joined with 
his neighbors in worship, Alexandria, Va. 
*143 — 5618 Home of Washington preserved in memory of 
the Eepublic's founder, Mt. Vernon, Va. 

144 — 10577 The Wright aeroplane in flight, Fort Myer, Va. 

145—10051 U. S. battleships (Connecticut in lead) steam- 
ing out to sea, Hampton Roads, Virginia. 

146 — 5656 One of Nature's curiosities, the Natural Bridge, 
Rockbridge Co., Va. 

147 — 11209 Nature's fantastic decorations, picturesque 
Luray Caverns, Virginia. 
*148 — 11210 Mammoth stalagmites and stalactites, Luray 
Caverns, Virginia. 

NOKTH CAROLINA — 3 stereographs or slides 

*149 — 5658 In a great pine forest — collecting turpentine, 
North Carolina. 

*150 — 5662 "Sweating out" tar from pine wood in the turf- 
covered Tar Kiln, N. C. 

*151 — 5659 Distilling turpentine from the crude resin — in 
the Pine Forests of North Carolina. 

SOUTH CAROLINA — 7 stereographs or slides 

152 — 11211 Looking E. on great government dike, on coastal 

plain, Georgetown. 
*153 — 5669 Where the Civil War began — Fort Sumter in 

Charleston Harbor, S. C. 
*154 — 5671 The Carding Room, great Olympian Cotton 

Mills, Columbia, S. C. 
155 — 5674 Drawing Frames in the great Olympian Cotton 

Mills, Columbia, S. C. 
*156 — 5670 In a great spinning room (104,000 spindles), 

Olympian Mills, Columbia. 
*157 5672 Warping room in the great Olympian Cotton 

Mills, Columbia, S. C. 
*158 — 5673 Weaving room (2,400 looms), great Olympian 

Cotton Mills, Columbia, S. C. 

GEORGIA — ^ stereographs or slides 

*159 — 5680 The greatest resin market in the world — load- 
ing ocean vessels. Savannah, Ga. 



12 THE WORLD VlStTALIZED 

*160 — 5678 Cotton is king — plantation scene with pickers 
at work, Georgia. 
161 — 11147 Cotton seed delivered at mill where oil is ex- 
tracted, Georgia. 

FLORIDA — 8 stereographs or slides 

162 — 5682 Oldest house in the United States., built 'by the 

Spanish about 1564, St. Augustine, Florida. 

163 — 5697 "And the palm tree nodded to the mirror in 

the jungle," Ormond. 
*164 — 5709 Automobiles on the world's finest race track, 

Ormond-Daytona Beach. 
*165— 5703 Pelican Islands, Florida— "City of Eefuge" for 

pelicans — protected by Uncle Sam. 
*166 — 5710 Hauling logs over the pine-grown sand levels 

at Daytona, Florida. 
*167 — 5700 Cocoanut trees in the white sands at Palm 

Beach, Florida. 
*168 — 5698 Blossoms of the Cocoanut Palm — fruit in all 

stages. 
*169 — 11149 Enjoying life in wheel chairs amid tropical 

scenes. Palm Beach, Fla. 



GULF STATES 
(14) stereocfraphs or slides) 
ALABAMA — 2 stereographs or slides 
*170 — 11150 Colored students plowing at Tuskegee Institute, 

Tuskegee, Alabama. 
*171 — 11151 Booker T. Washington and distinguished guests, 
Tuskegee Institute. 

MISSISSIPPI — 1 stereograph or slide 
172 — 5743 Rapid Transit in Southern Mississippi. 

LOUISIANA — 3 stereographs or slides 

*173 — 5750 The sweetest spot on earth — sugar levee beside 

the Mississippi, New Orleans, La. 
*174 — 11212 Busy ship-crowded wharves on the Mississippi, 

New Orleans. 
175 — 11214 Great dike on the Mississippi along the delta, 

near New Orleans. 



DIEECTOBY OF PLACES 13 

TEXAS — 8 stereographs or slides 

176 — 11215 Acres of floating wreckage after the flood, Gal- 
veston, Texas. 

*177 — 7723 Cotton Gins — one of the greatest industrial in- 
ventions — separating fibre from seed, Texas. 

*178 — 7722 Baling cotton— a powerful press just releasing 
a 500-lb. bale — at a mill in Texas. 
179 — 8086 Shipping cotton from levee near growing dis- 
trict by cars to manufacturing centre, Texas. 

*180— 7721 A part of the 4,000,000 bale yearly cotton crop 
of Texas. 

*181 — 9797 Harvester cutting rice on a big plantation in 
Texas. 

*182 — 9796 Hauling rice to the thresher — showing canal 
from which growing crop is flooded. 
183 — 9798 Steam thresher at work in a rice field, prepar- 
ing crop for the mill. 



CENTRAL WESTERN STATES 

(11 stereographs or slides) 

TENNESSEE — 1 stereograph or slide 
184 — 5745 Confederate signal station. Lookout Mountain 
(view N.), Chattanooga. 

KENTUCKY — 2 stereographs or slides 
185 — 11216 Great havoc wrought by a tornado, Louisville, 

Ky. 
*1S6 — 10514 The birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, Hodgens- 

ville, Ky. 

MISSOURI — 5 stereographs or slides 

*187 — 11213 Typical cnd-wlioeler on the JMississippi, St. 
Louis, Mo. 

*188— 5813 On the bustling levee, St. Louis, where the 
products of the Mississippi Valley are dis- 
tributed. 

*189— 5811 Street scene (Broadway N. from Chestnut St.), 
St. Louis, Mo. 



14 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

190— 9446 The flood in Kansas City, Mo. 

191 — 11217 Tame deer on tlie U & U ranch, Missouri. 

OKLAHOMA — 1 stereografli or slide 

*192 — 11506 Home life of the Sax and Fox Indians, showing 
sleeping papoose, S. & F. Keservation, Okla- 
homa. 

XANSAS — 1 stereograph or slide 

*193— 5803 In the great cornfields of Osage Valley (N.), 
eastern Kansas. 

1TEBE,ASKA — 1 stereograph or slide 

*194 — 11505 Feathered and mounted braves of the warlike 
Sioux Indians, Nebraska. 



GREAT LAKE STATES 

(40 stereographs or slides) 

OHIO — 5 stereographs or slides 

*195 — 7962 Piles of iron ore between docks of Lake steam- 
ers and railways to mills, Cleveland. 

*196 — 7965 Unloading iron ore from lake vessels — old and 
new methods, Cleveland. 
197 — 7960 Docks, switchyards and one-ton buckets for lift- 
ing iron ore from ships to cars, Cleveland. 

*198 — 7963 Unloading an ore steamer at Cleveland, O. — 
lowering a 5-ton electric clam into the hold. 

*199 — 7964 Electric unloader lifting 5 tons of iron ore from 
vessel's hold to docks, Cleveland, Ohio. 

MICHIGAN — 13 stereographs or slides 

*200 — 5796 Twentieth Century harvesting machine, cutting 
and binding corn in a Michigan farmer's 
field. 

*201 — 5798 Prize winning sheep (Shropshires) in a Jack- 
son County pasture, Michigan. 
202 — 11154 Typical scene along the eastern shore of Lake 
Michigan, 



DIRECTORY OF PLACES 15 

*203 — 7958 Pockets of iron ore (160 tons each) on long 
dock ready for shipment, Escanaba, Mich. 

*20-4 — 7971 Shaft houses and machine shops above the rich- 
est copper mines on earth, Calumet, Mich. 
205 — 7973 Copper in bars and plates leaving the smelters 
of the Calumet and Hecla Mines, Mich. 

*206 — 7993 Looking W. toward Lake Superior over locks 
and vessels in ship canal, Sault Ste. Marie. 
207 — 7994 Whalebaclv freighters of ore and grain in canal, 
Sault Ste. Marie. 

*208 — 7996 "Down-Lockage" in canal (letting water through 
gates to equalize level), Sault Ste. Marie. 
209 — 7950 Gigantic crusher and spouts feeding it with iron 
ore from the mine, Escanaba, Mich. 

*210 — 9807 Diffusion batteries where juice is extracted 
from sugar beets, Menominee, Mich. 

*211 — 9808 Evaporators where purified beet juice loses 
water by cooking and becomes syrup, Mich, 

ILLINOIS — 7 stereographs or slides 

*212 — 5760 One of the busiest streets in the world — State 

Street, Chicago, 111. 
*213— 5709 Cattle in the great Union Stock Yards, the 

greatest of live-stock markets, Chicago. 
*214 — 5773 A half mile of pork in Armour's great packing 

house, Chicago, 111. 
*215 — 5785 Loading a great whalebaek ship at the famous 

grain elevators of Chicago. 
*216 — 5790 Ploughing on a prairie farm in Illinois. 
217 — 5791 How grass and sunshine are turned into beef — ■ 

steers grazing in green pastures, Illinois. 
*218 — 5793 Genuine corn-fed pork — feeding hogs in a 

prairie pasture, Illinois. 

WISCONSIN — 5 stereographs or slides 

*219 — 7981 Cutting logs ready for stripping and making 

into pulp, paper mill, INIarinette, Wis. 
*220 — 7982 Pulp made of wood from northern forests, 

ready to make into paper, mill at Marinette, 

Wis. 
*221 — 7983 Wood pulp in big sheets ready for making into 

paper, Marinette, Wis, 



16 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*222 — 7984 Making wrapping paper out of wood pulp, 250 

feet per minute, Marinette. 
*223 — 7987 Looking up beautiful Dalles of Wisconsin Kiver 

beyond Romance Cliff. 

MINlSrESOTA — 11 stereographs or slides 

224 — 7976 Scouring logs and hauling them up the slip 
into the saw-mill at Minneapolis, Minn. 

*225 — 7977 Enormous piles of lumber seasoning previous to 
shipment — yard at Minneapolis, Minn. 

*226 — 11104 St. Anthony Falls, where power is produced for 
great flour mills, Minn. 
227 — 7952 "Open pit" iron mining with 5-ton steam shov- 
els, Hibbing, Minn. 

*228 — 9802 Digging iron ore with steam shovel and dump- 
ing on train, open pit iron mine, Minn. 

*229 — 7953 A five-ton steam shovel and its crew in an 
"open pit" iron mine at Hibbing, Minn. 
230 — 7946 Miners far down underground in Sellers' Iron 
Mine, Hibbing, Minn. 

*231 — 7948 Dragging cars of iron ore through subterranean 
passages to the shaft, Hibbing, Minn. 

*232 — 7947 Iron miners at work in an underground "drift," 
Sellers' Mine, Hibbing. 

*233— 7957 Docks with two-mile frontage, holding 200,000 
tons of iron ore. Two Harbors, Minn. 

*234 — 7959 Aboard a Lake steamer loading with iron ore 
by chutes from gigantic docks, Duluth, Minn. 



ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATES 
(44 stereographs or slides) 

WYOMIITG — 9 stereographs or slides 

Yellowstone Park — 9 stereographs or slides 
235 — 6244 Six-horse tally-ho leaving mountain-walled Gar- 
diner for trip through Yellowstone Park, U. 
S. A. 

*236 — 6246 Fort Yellowstone, among the mountains, head- 
quarters of U. S. troops, Yellowstone Park. 



DIKrCTORT OF PLACES 



17 



*237— 6247 A Mountain of "Petrified Water"— Pulpit Ter- 
race and Mammoth Springs Plotel, Yellow- 
stone Park. 

*238— 6250 Wild Buffalo, one of America's "first families," 
at home on a sunny slope, Yellowstone Park. 

239 — 6255 Grizzly bear at home in the wooded wilderness 

of famous Yellowstone Park. 

240 — 6262 Peering into the mysterious crater of "Old 

Faithful" between its eruptions, Yellowstone 

Park. 
*241 — 6263 The most famous sight in Yellowstone Park — 

"Old Faithful" geyser in action (180 ft. 

high). 
242— 6269 From Pt. Lookout, 1,200 ft. above river, up 

canon to Lower Falls (308 ft.), Yellowstone 

Park. 
*243 — 6271 Ten miles of yawning chasm — down the canon 

from Inspiration Point, Yellowstone Park. 



COLOEADO- 

244—10617 

*245— 10623 
*246— 10736 

247— 6208 

248— 6224 
♦249—10029 
•250— 6218 

251—10631 
*252— 10644 
*253— 10045 
*254— 10653 



■13 stereographs or slides 

Gray's and Torrey's Peaks (over 14,000 ft. alti- 
tude) S. from Mt. McClellan, Colorado. 

Snow-streaked Mummy Range, W. N. W. from 
Prospect Mt., Estes Park. 

Gateway of the Garden of the Gods, west to 
majestic Pike's Peak, Colorado. 

The Tower of Babel, Garden of the Gods, Colo- 
rado. 

Weird forms of eroded rocks in the Garden of 
the Gods, Colorado. 

Nightingale Mine, Bull Hill, earth's richest gold 
field, Cripple Creek. 

Royal Gorge, where railway hangs over Arkan- 
sas River cafion, Colorado. 

Marshall Pass (10,856 ft.), Continental Divide, 
S. E. to Mt. Antero. 

Peering down into awesome depths of Box 
Cafion, Ouray, Col. 

Mt. Abram (S.) guarding stage road between 
Ouray and Red Mountain. 

ClifT Palace (S. S. E.), lai-gcst of prehistoric 
homes in Mesa Verde Park. 



18 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

255 — 10652 A canon where ancient cliff dwellers lived (S.) , 
Mesa Verde Park. 

UTAH — 1 stereografh or slide 
256 — 7653 Salt Lake City northwest from the Court House 
— the Temple at distant left, Utah. 

AmZONA — 22 stereografhs or slides 

*257 — 6156 Among the 30,000 cattle at Sierra Bonita ranch 

— roping a yearling. 
258 — 6155 Moving a herd, Sierra Bonita, the oldest ranch 

in Arizona, where 30,000 cattle range. 
*259 — 6158 Cowboys examining a yearling's brand to settle 

a dispute. Sierra Bonita Ranch, Arizona. 
200 — 6148 A long buried Chapter in the Tale of the Ages 

— Petrified Forest. 
*261 — 6186 South to picturesque mesa village of Wolpi, 

Hopi Indian Reservation, Arizona. 
*262 — 6167 At breakfast, typical desert home of Navajo 

Indians (S. W.), Arizona. 
*263 — 6178 Home duties of the Hopi Man, a scene at the 

Indian village of Oraibi. 
*264 — 6188 Blanket Weaving — a Hopi Indian at work, 

Arizona. 
*265 — 6140 Climbing the last loop on the Mountain Rail- 
way to Morenci Copper Mines. 
*266 — 6144 Inclines to the copper mines, Metcalf, Arizona. 
*267 — 6145 Loading Surface Ore, Metcalf Copper Mines, 

Arizona. 
268 — 6147 In the Mountain's Heart — -running out Copper 

Ore, Wilson Mine, Metcalf, Arizona. 
*269 — 6072 A wonder to the primitive inhabitants — Sante 

Fe train crossing Caiion Diablo, Arizona. 
*270 — 6073 From Red to San Francisco Mountain — a 

woody wilderness in Arizona. 
*271 — 6074 Blown asunder by volcanic energies — Red 

Mountain, an extinct volcano. Northwestern 

Arizona. 
*272 — 6075 Labyrinthine ways through the lava and ash 

formation. Red Mountain Crater, Arizona. 
*273 — 6162 A wilderness of sand, miles from human habi- 
tations. Painted Desert of Arizona. 



DIRECTORY OF PLACES 19 

Grand Cai'ion — 5 stereographs or slides 

*274 — 6076 "The sinuous Colorado yellow as the Tiber" — 
Grand Canon, Arizona. 

275 — 6079 Descending into Grand View Trail by a short, 

steep mining path. Grand Canon of Arizona. 

276 — 6080 Dendritic stalagmites in a limestone cave, 

Grand Canon of Arizona. 

277 — 6084 Prospecting for gold, Indian Gardens, Grand 

Canon of Arizona. 

*278 — 6088 Overlooking Nature's greatest Amphitheatre — 

from Rowe's Point N. W., Grand Cauon of 
Arizona. 



PACIFIC COAST STATES 

(37 stereographs or slides) 

CAIIFORNIA — 22 stereographs or slides 

*279 — 5956 Ptedlands and its wealth of orange groves from 
Smiley Heights, Cal. 

*280 — 5958 Picking oranges in one of the famous groves at 
Riverside, Cal. 

*281 — 6002 Flowers and fruit and winter sunshine on an 
orange tree, in a forty-acre grove, near Pasa- 
dena. 

*282 — 5959 Llagnolia Avenue, tropical beauties of Eiver- 
side, California. 

*2S3— 8373 A nest of ostrich eggs. 

*284 — 8189 After the earthquake in San Francisco, Cal. 
285 — 8201 Union Street, rent by the great earthquake, 
San Francisco, Cal. 

*286 — 5954 Paradise of the sea gulls — F. across San Fran- 
cisco Bay to Oakland. 

*287 — 5966 Young seals sporting on the beach, Santa Cata- 
lina Island, off California. 

Yosemite Valley — 5 stereographs or slides 

*2S8— 6017 From Inspiration Point (E. N. E.) through 

Yosemite Valley, showing Bridal Veil Falls, 

California. 
289— 6018 El Capitan (3,300 ft. high) cast to Half Dome, 

Y'oscmite Valley, Cal. 



20 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

290 — 6030 Nearly a mile straight down and only a step — 

from Glacier Point (N.), Yosemite, Cal. 
*291 — 6031 Overlooking Nature's grandest scenery — from 

Glacier Point (N. E.), Yosemite Valley, Cal, 
*292 — 6039 From Clouds Rest over Lake Tenaiya to the 

distant Matterhorn, Sierra Nevada Mts., 

California. 

Big Tree District — 9 stereographs or slides 

*293 — 5976 A majestic triumphal arch — cavalry passing 
through the great tree — "California" — Cal. 

*294 — 5985 A monster Sequoia just felled in grove at Con- 
verse Basin, Cal. 
295 — 5984 The stump where a forest giant stood, and the 
saw which felled it, big tree logging, Con- 
verse Basin, Cal. 

*296 — 5987 Big tree logging — blast rending a section of a 
great tree — Converse Basin, Cal. 

*297 — 5989 Big tree logging — Mules hauling enormous sec- 
tions of the great log on skids to the mills — 
California. 
298 — 6011 Flat car train loaded with sugar pine logs — 
starting for the mills, McCloud River, Cal. 

*299— 6009 Saw mill in the big tree districts and the 
stumps of some of the giant Sequoia, Mill- 
wood, Cal. 
300 — 6013 Poling logs in McCloud River Lumber Co.'s 
mill pond — looking toward magnificent Mt. 
Shasta, Cal. 

OREGOW — 7 stereographs or slides 

*301 — 10057 Crater Lake, a jewel marking an old volcano. 

Eagle Crags, N. W. to Glacier Park, Oregon. 
302 — 10019 Amidst everlasting snows — Mt. Hood and Eliot 

Glacier, from lateral moraine, Oregon. 
*303 — 9864 Irrigating a strawberry field (outlook N. to Mt. 

Adams ) , Hood River Valley, Oregon. 
*304 — 6233 Stupendovis log raft containing millions of feet 

of timber, Columbia River. 
*305 — 9859 Logs shooting down a mountain side through 

a 350-ft. flume to water. 
*306 — 6236 Seining Chenook salmon, largest variety known, 

Columbia River. 



DIEECTOBY OF PLACES 21 

*307 — 6237 Chenook salmon on the floor of a great can- 
nery, Astoria, Columbia Eiver. 

WASHINGTON — 8 stereographs or slides 
308 — 6229 Brailing — taking salmon from the trap for the 
great canneries, Puget Sound. 

*309 — 6227 Modern American Harvesting in the Great 
Western Wheat Fields, Walla Walla. 
310 — 9890 In the great fruit district — picking red rasp- 
berries, Puj'allup, Wash. 

*311 — 11242 Mt. Tacoma from camp, Longmire Springs, look- 
ing N. E., Washington. 

*312 — 9931 Perilous climbing over ice-crags of Stevens 
Glacier, Mt. Tacoma, Washington. 

*313 — 9928 Risky business! Peering into the awful depths 
of a crevasse, Stevens Glacier, Washington. 

*314 — 9929 The sun-scarred face of Nisqually Glacier, Mt. 
Tacoma, Wash. 

*315 — £r873 Seattle (distant) and harbor from Great North- 
ern Docks, Wash. 



POSSESSIONS OF UNITED STATES 

(48 stereographs or slides) 

ALASKA 

(4 stereographs or slides) 

*316— 4707 Kasaan Village, Alaska. 
317 — 10656 Far North metropolis of Juneau in a setting 

of mountains and sea, Alaska. 
*318 — 10G57 Among the icebergs in Taku Inlet, Alaska. 
*319 — 10655 Miners on the rim of the "glory hole" at the 

Treadwell Mine, Alaska. 

PORTO RICO 

(7 stereographs or slides) 

*320— 0G28 Columbus Square, City and Bay, from San Cris- 
tobal Fortress, San Juan. 

*321 — 6637 America's greatest gift to Porto Rico — the pub- 
lic school, Caguas. 
322 — 6659 Charming Porto Rico — a pretty suburban home 
near Mayagucz. 



22 THE "WORLD VISUALIZED 

*323 — 6660 Amidst the charms of Porto Kieo — delicious 
pineapple in the fields of Mayaguez. 
324 — 6661 Husking the crop in a Cocoanut forest, near 
Mayaguez, Porto Rico. 

*325 — 6663 Aguadilla — Columbus' first landing place on the 
isle of Porto Rico. 

326 — 6645 A holiday jaunt in a horseless carriage — 

Coamo, Porto Rico. 

PANAMA 

(14 stereographs or slides) 

327 — 6468 Government model (French) of the great Pan- 

ama Canal. 

328 — 6455 Soldiers going to the cathedral on Sunday morn- 

ing — finest structure in Panama City. 

329 — 6473 Pounding rice — native life in the interior of the 

Isthmus, Panama. 
*330 — 9366 Palm-shaded buildings of Ancon Hospital, best 

equipped in the tropical world, Panama. 
*331 — 6471 Indian "dug outs" on the Chagres River, bring- 
ing bananas, the chief export of Panama, to 

Gatun. 
*332 — 6453 From the old Spanish fort S. E. to islands, 

guarding Pacific entrance to canal, Panama. 
333 — 11482 Through famous Culebra Cut — Gold Hill on the 

right, Contractors Hill on the left, Panama. 
*334 — 11479 Steam shovel and tripod drills deepening canal 

■ — 70-foot embankment, Culebra Cut, W. 
335 — 11480 Looking south from Obispo toward Lascadas, 

over finished Canal, Panama. 
»336 — 1 1481 Looking north from west embankment, Mira- 

flores, showing inclines from lower to upper 

locks. 
337 — 11477 East chamber of lower locks, from construction 

trestle toward Panama City, Miraflores. 
»338 — 11478 South over upper guard gate of west chamber, 

Upper Locks, Mirafiores. 
339 — 1 1502 East chamber of Gatun lock after filling, show- 
ing Gatun lighthouse, Panama. 
*340 — 11501 S. over Gatun Lake, showing approach-wall, and 

mechanism for towing boats through the locks, 

Panama Canal. 



DIEECTOBY OF PLACES 



23 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 

(7 stereographs or slides) 
341 — 10688 Honolulu's Executive Building and cloud- 
wreathed mountain background. 

*342 — 10686 Every-daj' business on Fort Street, outlook N. 
to Pacific Heights, Honolulu. 

*343 — 10694 Ferns and cocoanut palms of a Pacific Paradise, 
Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands. 

*344 — 10697 In the heart of a banana plantation, Hawaiian 
Islands. 
345 — 4678 In the crater of Kilauea Volcano — a gorge in 
the old lava, Hawaiian Islands. 

*346— 4679 Looking into the Lake of Fire, Crater of Vol- 
cano Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands. 

*347 — 4680 Stones and lava thrown upward, eruption of 
Mokuaweoweo Volcano, Hawaii, July 4, 1899. 



*348- 



SAMOA 

(1 stereograph or slide) 

-10390 Some of our Pacific Island cousins and their 
home, Tutuila, Samoan Islands. 



*349— 


4544 


350— 


4560 


*351— 


4561 


*352— 


4564 


353— 


4545 


354— 


4557 


*355— 


4580 


*356— 


4579 


*357— 


4628 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 

(15 stereographs or slides) 

Manila Bay from within the breakwater, across 
to cathedral, P. I. 

Steamships and local river craft on the lower 
Passig, Manila, P. I. 

Escolta, the principal business street in Manila, 
Philippine Islands. 

Camp of the American Army at Manila, Philip- 
pines. 

On the Luneta beach during a typhoon — looking 
south — Manila, P. I. 

Filipino school girls and their native teachers, 
Manila, P. I. 

Making rope from the famous native lu'mp, Ma- 
nila, Philippines. 

A workingman's home and family, ICrmita, P. I. 

Typical Filipino farming scene, a Rice Field 
and Water Buffalo, Luzon, P. I. 



360- 


- 4645 


*361- 


- 4656 


362- 
*363- 


-10683 
- 4650 



24 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*358 — 4636 Filipino wagons drawn by carabao, Iloilo, 

panay, Philippines. 
*359 — 4639 Weaving the famous pina cloth at Molo, Panay, 
Philippines. 

A street in Cebu and its holiday crowds, Cebu, 
P. I. 

Drying hemp on the Island of Cebu — the prin- 
cipal export of the Philippines. 

Filipino saw-mill of a primitive sort, Cebu, P. I. 

Carting manila hemp to the wharf, Cebu, P. I. 



OTHER COUNTRIES IN NORTH ABIE RICA 

(76 stereographs or slides^ 

CANADA 

(25 stereographs or slides) 

EASTERN CANADA— 10 stereographs or slides 

*364— 8042 Yarmouth Harbor at high tide, Nova Scotia. 

*365— 4785 Village of Grand Pre, in its "fruitful valley," 
Nova Scotia. 

*366 — 4783 Perce Bay, Perce, Quebec. 
367 — 4782 The famous Perce Rocks, Perce, Quebec. 

*368 — 4780 Gannet Ledges, the homes of the Gannets — on 
the St. Lawrence River near Perce Village, 
Canada. 

*369— 8048 The best fortified town in the Western world- 
Quebec, from Levis across the St. Lawrence, 
Canada. 
370 — 8533 Looking up the St. Lawrence from Laval Uni- 
versity — citadel ahead beyond hotel, Quebec, 
Canada. 

*371 — 4756 Bird's-eye view of Montreal from Mount Royal, 
Quebec. 

372 — 4721 Ottawa Park and Government Grounds, Ottawa, 

Canada. 

373 — 4749 Amidst the island gems which adorn the St. 

Lawrence, Thousand Islands. 

WESTERN CANADA — 15 stereographs or slides 
374 — 11097 Carrying canoe (portage) past rapids on the 
Muskoka river, Canada. 



DIEECTOEY OF PLACES 25 

*375 — 4806 Bird's-eye view of Winnipeg — looking West — 

Manitoba, Canada. 
*37G — 11099 Great modern thresher at work, Manitoba, 

Canada. 
*377 — 11100 Sacking wheat by the side of great modern 

thresher, Manitoba, Canada. 
*378 — 11101 Grain elevator. Fort William, Lake Superior, 

one outlet for Manitoba wheat. 
379— 4818 The "Three Sisters" from the Bow River Valley, 

Canmore, Alberta, Canada. 
*380— 4822 Beautiful Valley of the Bow, Banff, Alberta, 

Canada. 
*381 — 4827 The placid waters of Lake Louise and Mt. Vic- 
toria, Rocky Mts., Alberta, Canada. 
382— 4831 At the base of Mt. Stephen, Field, British Co- 
lumbia, Canada. 
*383 — 4845 Roger's Pass from Hermit Mountain, British 

Columbia, Canada. 
*384— 4842 The great Illicillewaet Glacier of the Selkirks, 

Glacier, British Columbia. 
385— 4712 Mouth of the "Thron Duick" (plenty fish) river, 

Yukon, Canada. 
*386 — 4852 Gold miners at work in the Klondike country, 

Yukon district, Canada. 
*387 — 4853 The Mine where a single pan of gravel yielded 

$400 gold, Eldorado Creek, Klondike. 
388 — 11102 Where train and steamship meet — Canadian 

Pacific Station, Vancouver. 



ARCTIC REGIONS — 9 stereographs or slides 

*389 — 4()8G Arctic Explorers, preparing for the long winter. 
Cape Sabine and Baffin Bay (79 deg. N. Lat.). 
390 — 4088 InLcrior of Fort Magnesia, Cape Sabine, Elles- 
mere Land. 

*391 — 4090 Cape Sabine and Baffin Bay, the Peary ship 
"Diana" putting into winter quarters. 
392 — 4G92 During the Arctic's long Summer day — Esqui- 
maux homes, Peteravik, Ellesmere Land (79 
deg. N. Lat.). 

*393 — 4093 Esciuiniaux Belles and their garb in the frigid 
Arctic, Cape York, Greenland. 



26 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*394— 4696 West coast of Greenland (Lat. 76 deg. north), 
little Auks covering the sea. 

*395 — 4697 The world's most unique inhabitants, Esqui- 
maux with summer tents, Greenland. 

*396 — 4698 Whalers "Diana" and "Nova Zambia" cruising 
in the Arctic — Dexterity Harbor and Baffin 
Land. 
397 — 4701 Whaling in Baffin Bay — taking out the whale's 
bone (worth $8,000). 

MEXICO 
(19 stereographs or slides) 

*398 — 6305 The Cathedral, greatest of Mexican churches. 

City of Mexico. 
399— 6320 Floods of "Sombreros"— a hat store, City of 

Mexico, Mexico. 
*400 — 6324 Chapultepec Castle, residence of the President, 

site of Montezuma's Palace, Mexico City. 

401 — 9424 Gathering the luscious fruit of a heavily laden 

mango tree, Cuernavaca, Mexico. 

402 — 6343 Over Amecameca, N. E. to Ixtaccihuatl (woman 

in white) from Sacre Monte, Mexico. 
*403 — 6339 A Mexican country scene — looking west from 

Puebla to Popocatapetl. 
*404 — 6360 Extracting pulque from the maguey plant, 

Mexico's favorite drink, San Juan, Teotihau- 

can, Mexico. 

405 — 6362 Pulque gatherers and fuel vender, in a Cactus 

lane, San Juan, Teotihaucan, Mexico. 

406 — 6368 Making jute coffee bags in Santa Gertrude fac- 

tory, near Orizaba. 

*407 — 6375 Drying coffee, on a coffee plantation near Cor- 
doba, Mexico. 

*408 — 6380 Crude native method of husking coffee at Amat- 
lan, near Cordoba. 

409 — 6390 The public washing fonts, Jalapa, Mexico. 

410 — 6357 Hall of Mosaics, marvelous relic of prehistoric 

builders, Ruins of Mitla, Mexico. 
*411 — 6426 In a rubber tree grove on the Ubero plantation 
— native extracting rubber, Tehuantepec, 
Mexico. 



DIBECTOKT OF PLACES 27 

*412 — 6427 Homes and home occupations of the natives of 

Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico. 

413 — 6391 A water vender, typical of Mexico's mountain 

cities, Guanajuato, Mex. 

*414 — 6441 Farming with poorly paid native help, Mexico. 

415 — 6418 JS'atives making rope from the maguey plant, 

Monterey, Mexico. 
*416 — 6419 Natives weaving matting from the fibre of the 
maguey plant, Monterey. 

COSTA RICA 

(4 stereographs or slides) 
*417 — 6445 Looking (W.) over largest banana field in the 

world — United Fruit Company's Plantation, 

Zent, C. R. 
418 — 6447 Opening the pods and drying the cocoa beans on 

a plantation near Port Limon, Costa Rica. 
*419 — 6448 Gathering cacao pods — one of Costa Rica's most 

valuable products — near Port Limon. 
*420 — 6449 Bread-fruit trees in a grove near Port Limon, 

Costa Rica. 

CUBA 

(12 stereographs or slides) 

*421 — 11134 Beautiful Plaza and Palace, Havana, Cuba. 

*422 — 6529 The wrecked "Maine," Havana, Cuba — decorated 
May 30, 1902, by order of President Palma. 

*423 — 6549 Morro Castle, Santiago — from across harbor en- 
trance. Through here passed Hobson and 
Cervera. 
424—11135 Where Spain's fleet was destroyed, July 3, 1898, 

coast (W. ) from Santiago, Cuba. 
425 — 5161 The gallant Cervera's magnificent flagship 
"Colon," where the great chase ended, Cuba. 

*426— 6519 The Cuban Republic's birth— noon. May 20, 
1902 — General Wood, President Palma, Gen- 
eral Gomez and guests, Governor-General's 
palace, Havana, Cuba. 

*427 — 6554 The Jiills — south from Santiago — sliowing en- 
campment of American Arnjy, Cuba. 

*428 — 6545 The courtyard of a typical Cuban homo, Rcme- 
dios, Cuba. 



28 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

429 — 6586 A Sugar Plantation, Caracas, Cuba. 

*430 — 6587 Hauling car loads of sugar cane into the mill, 
Sugar Plantation, Caracas. 

*431 — 6590 Cutting tobacco — a typical plantation — Province 
of Havana, Cuba. 

*432 — 6509 Cuban cigarmakers at work in tlie largest fac- 
tory in Havana, Cuba. 

JAMAICA 

(3 stereographs or slides) 

433— 6619 Citron tree, Jamaica, W. I. 

*434 — 8138 Gathering bananas at the famous Cedar Grove 
plantation — under the sunny skies of Jamaica. 

*435 — 8139 Crude method of grinding sugar cane (product, 
25 gallons daily) — mill near Kingston, Ja- 
maica. 

MARTINIQUE 

(4 stereographs or slides) 

*436 — 6683 A terrible volcanic explosion — Mont Pelee in 
eruption, June, 1902. 

*437 — 6685 St. Pierre, its roadstead and Mont Pelee, before 
terrible eruption. May 8, 1902, Martinique. 

*438— 6687 From Orange Hill (N. E.) over dead St. Pierre 
to Mont Pelee — once beautiful and verdure 
clad. 
439 — 6689 Scientists and Naval Officers exploring the ash- 
covered ruins of St. Pierre, Martinique. 

SOUTH AMERICA 

(55 stereographs or slides) 

VENEZUELA 

(7 stereographs or slides) 

*440 — 11190 Overlooking Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, 

South America. 

441—11139 Statue of Bolivar, the Washington of South 

America, Caracas, Venezuela. 

*442 — 11191 The bread mule on a typical street in Caracas, 

Venezuela. 



DIEECTORY OF PLACES 29 

*443 — 11192 Typical view of the people of Caracas in the 

Market Place, Venezuela. 
*444 — 11193 Typical scene on Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, 
South America. 
445 — 11194 Loading steamer for United States ports, Mara- 
caibo, Venezuela. 
446 — 11195 Timber yard — poles, palms, vine fibre — no metal 
used, Maracaibo. 

COLOMBIA 

(4 stereo graphs or slides) 

*447 — 11493 Looking southeast over Santa Marta in the 
centre of the banana industry of Colombia. 
448 — 11495 A street in Santa Marta, where game cocks are 

tied in front of each house, Colombia. 
449 — 11494 A fine residence and typical street scene in Bar- 
ranquilla, Colombia. 
*450 — 11496 Water carriers and thatched roof homes in Bar- 
ranquilla, Colombia. 

BRAZIL 

(5 stereographs or slides) 

*451 — 11140 Eio de Janeiro — S. E. over Botafoga suburb, 

Sugarloaf and bay entrance. 
*452— 11196 Central Avenue, "the $11,000,000 boulevard," 

north to bay, Rio de Janeiro. 
453 — 11197 Rio de Janeiro's 5-mile quay, encircling world's 

largest land-locked bay. 
*454 — 11198 Magnificent municipal theatre, San Paulo, 

Brazil. 
455 — 11199 Packing crude rubber. Para, Brazil, centre of 

Amazon river-system trade. 

ECUADOR 

(10 stereographs or slides) 

*456 — 9183 Future citizens of equatorial America — a school- 
room full of boys at Guayaquil, Ecuador. 

*457— 9192 Material for 224,000 pounds of chocolate bon- 
bons — cacao beans curing at La Clementina, 
Ecuador. 



30 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*458 — 11141 Native home, made of bamboo boards — no race- 
suicide here, Ecuador. 

*459 — 9196 Up-country hospitality among the natives — din- 
ner in preparation, Riobamba, Ecuador. 

*460— 9197 Ice-crested Chimborazo towering 20,498 feet to- 
ward the sun, north from road to Quito, 
Ecuador. 

*461 — 9198 Traveling up among the Andes — natives on trail 
between Ambato and Riobamba, Ecuador. 
462 — 9209 One of the massive aisles in La Compania 
church — wall decorations of gold, Quito, 
Ecuador. 

*463 — 9214 The centre of the equatorial Andes, Quito, look- 
ing W., Ecuador. 

*464 — 9216 Ice dealers of Quito collecting snow near sum- 
mit of Pichincha, Ecuador. 
465 — 9217 Where Pichincha's peak rises 15,706 feet on the 
equator — smoking crater at right. 

PERU 

(19 stereographs or slides) 

*466— 9219 Lima from hill at N. E.— Rimac River, twin- 
towered cathedral, bull ring, shops and homes, 
Peru. 
467 — 9227 Weaving home-grown cotton for the S. Ameri- 
can trade in a fine, modern mill at Lima, 
Peru. 

*468 — 9234 Picking cotton with Chinese labor on irrigated 
land at the foot of the Andes, Vitarte, Peru. 

*469 — 9235 Irrigating plains, otherwise sterile, and plant- 
ing sugar-cane on a farm at Santa Clara, 
Peru. 

*470 — 9236 Harvesting sugar-cane on a great plantation be- 
tween Lima and the Andes, Santa Clara, Peru. 
471 — 9238 In the heart of the awesome Andes — peering 
from Oroya R. R. into Rimac River gorge, 
Peru. 

*472 — 9239 Chaupichaca bridge, where Oroya R. R., 9,472 
feet above sea, assaults Nature's barrier, Peru. 

*473 — 9248 Pack train of Llamas, unique Andean beasts of 
burden, with Indian driver, Cerro de Pasco, 
Peru. 



DIRECTORY OF PLACES 31 

474 — 9250 ^^'ol■k to-day at a silver mine that enriched the 
Spanish centuries ago, Cerro de Pasco, Peru. 

*475 — 9251 Squaws in tlie mining country carrying water 
from Lake Paparoocha, Cerro de Pasco, Peru, 

*476 — 9254 Where the Pacific waves dash high on the rock- 
ribbed S. American coast at Mollendo, Peru. 
477 — 9261 Pack train of donkeys and llamas on way to 
Arequipa — Chachina Mountains in distance, 
Peru. 

*478 — 9256 Prosperous and beautiful Arequipa, 8,000 feet 
above sea, E. to Pichapicha Mts. (21,000 ft.). 

479— 9262 Threatening majesty of El Misti (20,013 feet), 

a volcano of terrible fame, seen from Are- 
quipa, Peru. 

480 — 9263 Coming down a rough trail over El Misti, vol- 

cano's peak showing beyond steam of crater, 
Peru. 
481—11142 On Lake Titicaca, Peru. 
*482 — 92G4 Straw boats on Lake Titicaca two vertical miles 
above sea level, on the Andean plateau, Peru. 
*483 — 9265 Sheep-raising in a sunny valley among the 
Andes near Cuzco, farm buildings at right, 
Peru. 
484 — 9268 Cuzco, once the richest city in America, S. E. 
from fort of the Inca Kings, seized by Pizarro, 
Peru. 

CHILI 
(2 stereo grajjhs or slides) 

485—11200 Pounding Cape Horn (N. E.), French sailing 

vessel in distance. 
*486— 11201 In the Strait of Magellan, looking S. E. to 
snow-covered Mt. Sarmiento. 

ARGENTINE 

(5 stereographs or slides) 
*4S7 — 11202 Most costly docks in the Western Hemisphere, 

Buenos Ayres, S. A. 
*488 — 11203 Government I'uilding and Plaza, Buenos Ayres, 

South America's largest city. 
*489 — 11204 Avenida de Mayo, Buenos Ayres, Argentine, the 

second Latin city in the world. 



Sa THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*490 — 11205 Cog railroad, climbing through a great cut in 
the Andes, Argentine. 
491 — 11206 Passengers boarding train that climbs the 
Andes, Cochenta, Argentine. 

URUGUAY 

(3 stereographs or slides) 

*492 — 11118 Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay, from the 

harbor, showing shipping. 
*493 — 11186 Beautiful buildings on the principal street of 

Montevideo. 
*494 — 11187 Public Square and Cathedral, Montevideo. 



EUROPE 

(390 stereographs or slides) 

BRITISH ISLES 

(77 stereographs or slides) 

ENGLAND AND WALES 

(43 stereographs or slides) 

LONDON — 14 stereographs or slides 

*495 — 9791 Ocean-liners at Albert docks on the Thames, 

below the world's greatest city, London. 
*496 — 10767 London Bridge from Surrey Side. 
497 — 10768 The new Tower Bridge with Tower of London 
beyond. 
*498 — 121 Tower of London, famous old palace and prison 

of royalty. 
499 — 11311 London's financial centre — Royal Exchange and 

Bank of England (left). 
500 — 113 Cheapside, west, past Bow Church, London, 
*501 — 11314 Fleet Street, rich in literary associations, east 

past St. Bride's to St. Paul's, London. 
*502 — 104 Houses of Parliament and towers of the Abbey, 
W. across the Thames. 
503 — 105 House of Peers, showing seats of the King and 
Lord Chancellor, London. 



DIEECTOKY OF PLACES 33 

*504 — 11412 Westminster Abbey, south to Victoria Tower of 
Parliament Buildings, London. 

*505 — 261 Their Majesties, Edward VII. and Queen Alex- 
andra, Coronation Procession, London. 

*506 — 265 Governors of an Empire of Nations — Hon. Jos. 
Chamberlain and Colonial Officials, London. 

*507 — 327 Trim First Pioneers awaiting inspection, 
Hampton Court Palace, London. 
508 — 11323 Regent Street, one of the favorite shopping dis- 
tricts, N. W. toward Oxford Street, London. 

SOUTHEEN ENGLAND— 18 stereographs or slides 

*509 — 144 \Mndsor Castle, from across the Thames, Eng- 
land. 

510 — 150 The course filling in after the boat races, Hen- 

ley, England. 

511 — 158 At Oxford, north to picturesque tower of Mag- 

dalen College, England. 
•512—10600 Cathedral choir E. past altar of the Corona, 

Canterbury, England. 
*513— 11188 Shakespeare CliflF, famous chalk cliflfs (S. W.), 

Dover, Kent, England. 
*514 — 10599 Holiday throngs on the sands at Southsea, 

England. 

515 — 234 The quaint cottage homes of Shanklin, Isle of 

Wight, England. 

516 — 196 After a hard run witli the otter pack — a bit 

of favorite sport in Wiltshire, England. 
*517 — 182 Ancient Elizabethan house used by Raleigh and 

Drake, Exeter, England. 
*518 — 211 The boundless ocean from the wild and dreary 

cliflfs at Land's End, England. 
*519 — 11189 Taking clay from great pit for fine English 

porcelain. Bugle, England. 
*520 — 10998 Grinding and mixing clay for making fine porce- 
lain ware, Worcester. 
*521 — 10999 Dipping plates in glaze preparatory to firing, 

Porcelain Works, Worcester, England. 
*522 — 11000 "Throwing" plates on a potter's wheel — Royal 

Porcelain Works, Worcester. 
523 — 11001 Turning and trimming a cup on the lathe — • 

Royal Porcelain Works, Worcester. 



34 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*524 — 10012 The river Teme at Ludlow — The ancient seat of 
the Lords' President of Wales, England. 

*52o — 165 The living room in Shakespeare's house, Strat- 
ford-on-Avon, England. 

*526 — 170 Anne Hathaway's cottage at Shottery, England. 

NORTHERN ENGLAND— 8 stereographs or slides 

*527 — 11497 Among England's thrifty farmers, unloading and 
stacking hay near Boston, Lincolns. 

528—11500 Turning up the soil of "Old England" with a 
modern motor plow. 
*529 — 10607 Solemn length of the Cathedral nave, Durham, 
England. 

530 — 203 "Dove Cottage," for years the home of Words- 
worth, in poetic Grasmere. 

531 — 10608 Romantic beauty of ruined Furness Abbey (12th 
century), England. 

532 — 10013 Narrow streets and quaint old houses of Shrews- 
bury, England. 

533 — 10155 Song thrush sitting — male bird by the nest — 
England. 

534 — 10123 Goldfinch, its nest and eggs, England. 

WALES — 3 stereographs or slides 

535 — 388 The Bridge and Castle, strong and noble, of 

medieval fortress at Conway, Wales. 

536— 385 Fairy Glen, Bettws-y-Coed, North Wales. 

SCOTLAND 
(17 stereographs or slides) 

*537 — 7461 National Gallery, Scott Monument, Princes St. 
and Calton Hill, N. E. from Edinburgh Cas- 
tle, Scotland. 

*538 — 7466 Princes Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. 
539 — 7472 Holyrood Palace, old home of ill-fated Mary, 
Queen of Scots, Edinburgh. 

*540 — 7486 Melrose Abbey, the shrine of heroic tradition 

and romantic story. 
541 — 7489 Tantallon Castle, where Earl Douglas and Lord 
Marmion faced each other, North Berwick, 
Scotland. 



DIEECTORY OF PLACES 35 

Scotland's pride — the great Forth Bridge and 
the Highland Kilt. 

Bargains in sheep at the Georgemas Fair, near 
Thurso, Scotland. 

Highland cattle in pasture at Thurso, Scotland. 

Scotch herring, the best in the world — thousands 
of kegs ready to ship, Wick, Scotland. 

The birthplace of Robert Burns, Ayr, Scotland. 

Stirling Castle, the seat of old-time kings, Scot- 
land. 

Where the Forth "in turnings intricate through 
these rich fields doth run," Stirling, Scotland. 

Looking from Stirling Castle on the cliffs, 
northward toward the rugged Highlands, 
Scotland. 

From Stirling Castle west up the beautiful 
Forth Valley toward the Trossachs, Scotland. 

Ben Venue, veiled in Highland mists — seen from 
across Loch Achray in the Trossachs, Scot- 
land. 

The "Brig O'Turk" over the glassy stream at 
Glenfinlas in the Trossachs. 

Ellen's Isle, the peaceful retreat of Scott's "Lady 
of the Lake," Loch Katrine, Scotland. 



IRELAND 

(18 stereographs or slides) 

*554 — .39.5 Quecnstown, its quay and big Cathedral N. W. 

from the harbor, Ireland. 
*555 — 420 Over beautiful Enniskerry, S. to Sugar Loaf 

Mt. near Dublin, Ireland. 
*556 — 410 Trinity College (right) and Bank of Ireland — 

old Parliament House (left) N. Dublin, Ire- 
land. 
*557 — 44G Bleaching field near Linen mills (S. E.), Lis- 

burn, New Belfast, Ireland. 
*558 — 438 Hatcheling llax — first process in making the fa 

mous Irish linens, Belfast, Ireland. 
*559 — 439 Plain weaving room (1,000 looms), in a great 

linen mill at Belfast. 



*542— 


7492 


*543— 


7500 


544— 


7501 


545— 


7503 


*546— 


7521 


*547— 


7530 


♦548— 


7533 


*549— 


7535 


550— 


7536 


551— 


7537 


552— 


7538 


*553— 


7542 



36 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*560— 9109 Building an ocean liner, Harland & Wolflf's 
Works, Belfast, Ireland. 

*561 — 436 Royal Avenue, N. W. from Donegal Place, most 
important street of Belfast. 

*562 — 441 Looking S. W. over the famous Giant's Cause- 
way, Northern Ireland. 

563 — 516 The "Honeycombs," Giant's Causeway (N.), re- 

markable basaltic formations. 

564— 442 The "Organ," Giant's Causeway, (E.) a cliff of 

columns, 120 feet high, north coast of Ire- 
land. 

565 — 471 The splendid cliffs of Menawn, S. E. across 

Keem Bay, over Keel village, Achill Island, 

Ireland. 
*566 — 472 Harvesting on the island of Achill, N". W. to 

Sleivemore, northwestern Ireland. 
*567 — 428 Cutting peat, the vegetable substitute for coal, 

near Kiltoom, Roscommon (N. W. ), Ireland. 
568 — 429 Fireplace for burning peat, where all family 

cooking is done — a home in Ireland. 
*569 — 493 The picturesque home of a prosperous farmer — 

County Kerry, Ireland. 
*570 — 9118 Magnificent cliffs at Loop Head, a bulwark 

against the Atlantic (N. E.), County Clare, 

Ireland. 
*571 — 487 Diadem of the Emerald Isle, Lower Lake, S. W. 

from Lord Kenmare's mansion, Killarney, 

Ireland. 

NORWAY 

(24 stereographs or slides) 

*572 — 609 Leaving old home and friends — waving good- 
byes to emigrants starting for America, 
Christiania, Norway. 

*573— 601 Karl Johan Street, W. N. W. to the Royal Pal- 
ace, Christiania, Norway. 

574 — 608 Old Viking ship, explorer of northern seas and 

burial boat of Norse chief, Christiania, Nor- 
way. 

575— 619 Snowy heights of Mt. Gausta (6,180 feet), tow- 

ering over quiet homes in the Maan Valley, 
Norway. 



DIEECTORY OF PLACES 37 

*576 — 620 Imposing beauty of spray-enshrouded Ejukan- 
fos, the "foaming fall" in the 800-ft. leap, 
Norway. 

*577 — 624 Steamboat climbing a hill beside the Vrang 
waterfall, by locks in Bandak Nordsjo Canal, 
Norway. 

*578 — 632 A farmer's family making hay in a sunny field 
between the mountains, Roldal, Norway. 

*579 — 636 Village roofs and sunny fields of Odde, N. up 
the narrow mountain-walled Sorfjord, Nor- 
way. 

580 — 736 Odde, and southern end of mountain-walled 

Sorfjord — north from above the rapid Aabo 
river, Norway. 

581 — 639 A humble mountain home at the foot of the 

cliffs where the Skiaeggedals Falls leap 525 
feet. 

*582 — 743 Herd of reindeer, hardy creatures of the north- 
ern wilds, and Hardanger glacier, Norway. 
583 — 646 Stream of solid ice (Hardanger glacier) and 
lake where it melts. 

*584 — 648 Bergen, west from the Floifjeld, over the har- 
bor (right), and Puddefjord (distant), Nor- 
way. 

*585 — 660 Gudvangen's outlook over the Naerofjord, where 
the sea reaches far in among the mountains, 
Norway. 

*586 — 667 Grytereids glacier glittering above drifting 
clouds, seen across placid Lake Olden, Nor- 
way. 

'587 — 666 On sombre Lake Olden, lying deep between 
cloud-covered mountains to Maelkevold Gla- 
cier, Norway. 
588 — 671 Rustoen Falls, as they seem to come out of the 
sky, above Rustoefjeld's rugged heights, Nor- 
way. 

*5S9 — 672 Perilous crevasses of the Brigsdal Glacier, one 
of the grandest in all Norway. 

*590 — 762 Ragged ice-masses of Kjendal glacier at lower 
end, Norway. 

•591 — 674 Among mountains and chasms of ice — enormous 
crevasses of Brigsdal glacier, Norway. 



38 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*592 — 681 From the mountain inn at Vidde saeter down 
the Vidde valley, Mt. Skaala, Norway. 

*593 — 696 People of the frigid north — Lapp home and 
family, near Tromsoe, Norway. 

*594 — 665 A Nordfjord bride and groom with guests and 
parents at their house door, Brigsdal, Nor- 
way. 

*595 — 7943 The Midnight Sun in July over cliffs of Spitz- 
bergen and Arctic Ocean, 78° 15' N. latitude. 

SWEDEN 
(8 stereographs or slides) 

*596 — 800 Palaces, homes, churches and busy streets of 
beautiful Stockholm, N. W. from the Mose- 
back, Sweden. 
597 — 829 Every-day life and traffic on one of Stockholm's 
busy streets, Vasagatan, Sweden. 
*598 — 823 "O, stately stand thy palace walls. 

Thy great ships ride the Baltic seas." 
599 — 812 In the gorgeous reception rooms of King Os- 
car's palace at Stockholm. 
*600 — 861 Dalecarlian maidens strolling through the fields 

on a hillside overlooking Rattvik, Sweden. 
*601 — 867 A farmer's family harvesting oats in a sunny 

field at Lerdal, Sweden. 
*602 — 885 Happy crowds celebrating the Vorfest (Spring 
Festival) in the city park, Jonkoping, Swe- 
den. 
603 — 892 The Toppo Falls, Trollhattan — watching the 
mad race of the struggling waters, Sweden. 

DENMARK 

(3 stereographs or slides) 

*604 — 1005 Busy harbor of Copenhagen, a famous port of 
old times, Denmark. 

*605 — 1024 Queen Louise Bridge and its gardens, with 
handsome streets at its eastern end, Copen- 
hagen. 
606 — 1040 Packing prize butter for the European mar- 
kets in the biggest dairy in the world, Den- 
mark. 



DIRECTOR Y OF PLACES 39 

RUSSIA 

(14 stereo grai^lis or slides) 

*607 — 1054 Nevsky Prospect, the principal street of St. 

Petersburg, Russia. 
*608— 1064 St. Isaac's Cathedral, St. Petersburg— the 

largest church in Russia. 
*609 — 1074 Making hay in Russia. 

610 — 1075 The Avenue of Fountains, Imperial Palace of 

Peterhof, Russia. 

611 — 1079 Their IMajesties, the Empresses of Russia and 

Germany, driving through Peterhof Park, 
Russia. 
G12 — 1082 Russian Imperial yacht Alexandria passing 
German cadet ship Charlotta, St. Petersburg. 
*613 — 1099 The Moskwa River and the shimmering spires 
of "Holy Moscow." 

614 — 1105 Tower of Ivan and Cathedral of Archangel 

Michael, Kremlin, Moscow. 

615 — 1112 Central entrance to the Great Bazaar, Kitai 

Gorod, Moscow. 

616— 1125 Russian Cloth Market in "the Fair" of Nijni- 

Novgorod, Russia. 

617 — 1127 Siberian hides, and Village of the Tartars, 

Nijni-Novgorod. 
*G18 — 1128 A characteristic country house in the heart of 

Russia. 
619 — 1130 Alexandrofski slope and winding Dnieper River, 

Kief, Russia. 
*620 — 1145 A reservoir after evaporation — turning up the 

salt — salt fields, Solinen, Russia. 

GERMANY 

(18 stereographs or slides) 

*621— 1330 Home of Kaiser Wilhelm, head of the vast Ger- 
man Empire — Palace, Berlin, W. from City 
Hall. 

022 — 1300 One of the world's famous streets — W. along 

Unter den Linden, Berlin. 

023 — 1310 Convenience and arcliitectural boauty — elevated 

R. R. along Biilow Strassc, Berlin, Germany. 



40 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*624 — 1324 Ship canal connecting the Baltic and North 
Seas — E. toward terminus at Kiel, Germany. 

■'625 — 1273 The Zwinger, Dresden, with stately galleries and 
charming courtyard. 

*626 — 11171 Sturdy women hoeing sugar beets in the rich 
fields of Germany. 
627 — 10436 Dressing dolls for European and American 
trade, factory at Sonneburg. 

*628 — 10442 Stitching shoes in a busy factory — a growing 
industry — Nuremberg. 

*629 — 11173 Trimming and polishing heels in a large shoe 
factory, Nuremberg. 
630 — 10438 Growing hops and harvesting barley on a Ba- 
varian farm, near Bamberg. 

*631 — 1260 The great Watzmann — on the Konigs See, Ba- 
varia, Germany. 

*632 — 1254 Neuschwanstein from the heights. Bavarian 
Alps, Germany, magnificent creation of Lud- 
wig II. 

*633 — 10448 Upper valley of the Danube cut through the 
Bavarian Mountains, E. N. E. 

*634 — 1245 Heidelberg and Neckar Kiver, Germany. 

*635— 1240 Ehrenfels Castle (XllI Cent.), S. W. across 
the Rhine to Bingen. 
636 — 1237 Lorelei Rocks where the siren lured boatmen to 

destruction — The Rhine, Germany. 
637 — 10460 Fortress of Ehrenbreitstein seen N. N. E. across 
the Rhine from Coblenz. 

*638 — 10463 Cologne's Cathedral, Town Hall and bridge of 
boats, N, W. across Rhine. 



HOLLAND 

(8 stereo graphs or slides) 

*639 — 1502 Amsterdam, S. E. from Zuider Kerk, over 
shady streets and glassy Canals, Holland. 

*640 — 1506 Looking N. up a tree-lined canal to the old 
Weigh House, Zuider Kerk at right, Amster- 
dam, Holland. 

641 — 1514 Church at Delfthaven where the Pilgrim fa- 
thers prayed before embarking for America, 
Holland. 



DIEECTOEY OF PLACES 41 

•642 — 1515 Industrious peasants and milk-cart passing a 

■windmill on a dyke road west of Dordrecht, 

Holland. 

643 — 1516 Substantial dignity of a Dutch matron with her 

dog team — outskirts of Enkhuysen, Holland. 

*644 — 1521 Quaint costumes of village girls on the wharf 
beside the fishing boat Marken, Zuider Zee, 
Holland. 

*645 — 1528 Picturesque and thrifty countrywomen with 
milk pails balanced on wood yokes, Goes 
(Zeeland), Holland. 

*646 — 1531 Miles on miles of peaceful pastures where wind- 
mills beckon to each other, Holland. 

BELGIUM 

(5 stereocjrafhs or slides) 

*647 — 1471 Magnificent palace of Justice, S. E. from Notre 
Dame de la Chapelle, Brussels, Belgium. 
648 — 1473 Town Hall, beautiful with sculptures, gables 
and clustered spires, Brussels, Belgium. 

*649 — 1482 JN'orth along the Kiver Seheld, where shipping 
once made Antwerp Europe's richest commer- 
cial port, Belgium. 

*650 — 1491 Flax in great stacks curing in sunny fields near 
Courtrai, centre of Belgium's linen industry. 

*651 — 1492 Flax taken from stacks and soaked in river 
Lys, preparing for spinning, Courtrai, Bel- 
gium's linen market. 

FRANCE 

(21 stereographs or slides) 

652— 9563 "Field of the Cloth of Gold," where kings met 

(1520), Balinghem. 
*653 — 1555 The Arch of Triumph, built to coniniomorate 

victories of Napoleon I, Paris. 
*C54 — 1562 Eiffel Tower and the Trocadero Palace, south 

from the Arch of Triumph. 
•655 — 9736 The favorite drive, Champs ElysC^es, from Arch 

of Triumph to Place de la Concorde, Paris. 
*656 — 9572 The old City Island and the Seine, S. E. from 

the Louvre, Paris. 



42 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*657 — 1563 Palace of Justice and Sainte Chapelle, west 

across the Seine, Paris. 
658 — 9574 Making Gobelins tapestry (weavers behind loom 

see results in mirrors), Paris. 
*659— 9576 The old historical Cathedral, most celebrated 

in France — Notre Dame on City Island, Paris. 
660 — 1595 Gallery of Battles, memorial museum in Palace 

of Versailles, France. 
*661 — 9583 Vineyards covering sunny fields at Ay near 

Epernay (champagne district), France. 
662 — 9584 West front of the superb old Cathedral, a mar- 
vel of Gothic art, Rheims. 
*663 — 9586 Cathedral interior, from choir where kings were 

crowned, to W. end, Rheims, France. 
664— 9588 Battlelield of Sedan (N. K) , where 11,000 

French fell before surrender, France. 
*665 — 1600 JS'ice, southern France, a favorite winter resort 

on the Riviera. 
666— 1601 The Port of Nice, France, from the Chateau. 
*667 — 9595 Glacier-covered heights of the Pyrenees, 8. from 

road to Gavarnie. 
*668 — 9601 Vast salt fields with children collecting salt for 

stacks, Le Croisic. 
*669 — 9604 At grandmother's house — interior of a Breton 

village home, Crach. 

670 — 9606 Where Atlantic surges beat on the rock-bound 

coast of Finistere. 

671 — 9607 Autumn in Brittany — peasants threshing grain 

on a farm near Carhaix. 
*672 — 9623 A boat-builder and boy customers — E. along 
sea-beach at Dieppe, France. 

MONACO 

(1 stereograph or slide) 

673 — 1718 Monaco, the Capital of Monaco — the smallest 

principality on earth. 

SPAIN 

(19 stereographs or slides) 

674 — 2272 Harvesting wheat in the Basque Province of 

Guipuzcoa, Northern Spain. 



DIBECTOEY OF PLACES 



43 



675 — 2265 The old Aqueduct (of Trajan's time), the most 
important Roman structure in Spain, Segovia. 
*676 — 2180 Guard Mount in the Plaza de Armas, Royal 
Palace, Madrid, Spain. 

677 — 2183 Cibeles fountain, Bank of Spain and Calle de 

Alcala, one of Madrid's best streets, Spain. 

678 — 2276 The Viscaya Bridge across Nervion River and 

its Flying Ferry at Portugalete, Bilbao, 

Spain. 
*679 — 10412 How the cow goes around delivering milk to 

housekeepers in Valencia. 
*680 — 10411 A water-seller on his daily round, filling a jar 

of primitive design, Valencia, Spain. 
*681 — 9779 Cork oaks partially stripped of bark, in a grove 

at Almoraima, Southern Spain. 
682 — 9777 Boiling bark from cork-oaks, preparatory to 

scraping and pressing, Almoraima, Spain. 
*683 — 9778 The cork-industry — scraping the oak bark and 

pressing it flat, Almoraima, Spain. 
*684— 2203 The Alhambra and snowy Sierras, S. S. E. from 

San Christobal Church, Granada, Spain. 
*685 — 2209 Court of the Lions — magnificent testimony to 

departed grandeur, Alhambra, Granada, 

Spain. 
*686 — 11175 Picking great bunches of dates from luxuriant 

date palms, Elche, Spain. 
*687 — 9782 Shipping on the Guadalquiver, S. E. from 

Bridge of Isabel II to Golden Tower, Seville, 

Spain. 
688 — 10510 The Espada giving a bull his death-blow — end 

of a bull-flght at Seville. 
689— 2238 Cadiz and its Cathedral, S. E. from Watch 

Tower to the open Atlantic. 
690—10394 Work at the snowy salt stacks of San Fer- 
nando, on marshy levels near Cadiz, Spain. 
*691 — 2247 Under a canopy of grapes — picking, sorting and 

packing the famous "Malagas," Malaga, 

Spain. 
*692 — 10422 Gibraltar, once the landniark of civilization's 

end, seen from the north. 



44 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

PORTUGAL 

(4 stereographs or slides) 

693— 2305 The Castle of St. George and City from the 

Tagus, Lisbon, Portugal. 

694 — 2322 The court and beautiful cloisters, the glory of 

Sao Jeronymo Convent, Belem, near Lisbon, 
Portugal. 

695 — 2317 The vs^ater course inside the Aqueduct (1729- 

1749) which brings water from fifteen miles 
away, Lisbon, Portugal. 

MADEIRA ISLANDS (Portugal) 

(1 stereograph or slide) 

696 — 11177 Sleighing in summer time, unique ox-sledges, 
Funchal, M. I. 

SWITZERLAND 

(28 stereographs or slides) 

697 — 1736 The Falls of the Rhine and Laufen Castle, 

Switzerland. 
*698 — 1744 Lucerne and the lofty Pilatus, Switzerland. 
*699 — 1745 An Alpine elevator to the clouds, Mt. Pilatus, 

Switzerland. 
*700 — 1747 The backbone of Europe, from the summit of 

Pilatus (7,000 feet). 
*701— 1749 Sisikon and the mighty Ur-Rothstock (9,020 

feet). 

702 — 1751 Tunnels of the Axenstrasse, overhanging Lake 

Lucerne. 

703 — 1752 The river Aare at Berne and distant Alps. 
*704 — 1754 Principal street and old clock, Berne, Switzer- 
land. 

*705— 1764 Jungfrau (13,670 feet) from the summit of 
Scheldegg. 
706 — 1768 A country road, Switzerland — "Old summer pic- 
tures of the quiet hills." 

*707 — 17 rO "Youthful years and maiden beavity" — the same 
in all the world, Switzerland included. 



DIEECTORY OF PLACES 45 

708 — 1771 The wonderful gorge of the River Aare, Switz- 

erland. 

709 — 1779 The descent to Italy — road winding down from 

the Maloja Pass, Engadine. 
*710 — 1785 Huge ice river — Fiescher Glacier and Oberaar- 
horn N. E. from the Eggishorn, Switzerland. 

711 — 1786 The great Aletsch Glacier and Marjelen Lake, 

west from the Eggishorn, Switzerland. 

712 — 1787 Edge of Aletsch Glacier, showing the treach- 

erous crevasses and Marjelen Lake (looking 
west). 
*713 — 1790 The Alpine Spirit's sanctuary — the charming 
Zermatt and the Matterhorn, Switzerland. 

714 — 1796 Breithorn, Monte Rosa group, from the Gorner- 

grat, Switzerland. 

715 — 1805 World-famed monastery and dogs — Great St. 

Bernard Pass. 
*716 — 1809 Lake Geneva and the Dent du Midi, from vil- 
lage of Glion. 

717 — 1814 Frightful Alpine precipices — looking from 

Aiguille Rouge (Brevent) to Mt. Blanc, Alps. 

718 — 1815 Mont Blanc, monarch of European mountains, 

from the Brevent, Alps. 
*719 — 1828 Descent of Mt. Blanc — enormous crevasses near 
the summit — Alps. 
720— 1831 Ascent of Aig du Tacul— S. W. to Aig du Geant 
(left) and Tour Ronda (right), Alps. 
*721 — 1834 Mer de Glace with Aig du Geant, Charmoz and 
Montanvert in distance, Alps. 
722 — 1835 Great Ice Falls at the end of the Mer de Glace, 

Alps. 
723 — 11115 Boulders and dangerous crevasses on the Mer 
de Glace, Switzerland. 
*724 — 18G1 The picturesque Cliamonix Valley — mountain 
hamlets at the foot of Le Brevent, Alps. 

ITALY 

(25 stereographs or slides) 

725 — 19G5 The Tiber and its island from the southeast, 

Rome. 
*72G — 19G8 Rome, the Eternal City, from St. Peter's Dome. 



46 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

727 — 1980 The Library of the Vatican, Rome, Italy. 
*728 — 1991 The Roman Forum, southeast from the Capitol, 

Rome, Italy. 
*729 — 1994 A mighty monument to pagan brutality — the 

Coliseum (E. ) at Rome. 
*730 — 2011 Bird's-eye view (east) of Naples and Vesuvius, 

Italy. 
*731 — 2018 In tlie wilderness of lava, at base of Vesuvius 

(E.), Italy. 

732— 2024 Beautiful home of the Vetii, buried A. D. 79, 

Pompeii, Italy. 

733 — 2031 Amalh and the sea, east from the Capuchin Con- 

vent, Italy. 
*734 — 2037 The world-famed marble quarries at Carrara, 
Italy. 
735 — 11116 Huge blocks of world's finest marble in quar- 
ries, Carrara, Italy. 
*736 — 2041 Florence and the Arno northwest from San 
Miniato, Italy. 
737 — 2044 The Duomo, "the very great heart" of Florence 
(A. D. 1296-1462). 
*738 — 2052 Milan's Cathedral, one of the finest temples on 
earth, Italy. 
739 — 2053 The Cathedral of Milan — up among its myriad 
spires, Italy. 
*740 — 2056 Venice — "white swan of cities," N. from S. 
Giorgio Island. 
741 — 2060 Bridge of Sighs, between a palace and a prison 
(North), Venice. 
*742 — 2064 Palazzo Ca d'Oro, home of an old merchant of 
Venice (N. E.). 



SICILY (Italy) 
(7 stereographs or slides) 

*743 — 8558 Goats milked while you wait — in a crowded 
market place in old Palermo, Sicily. 

*744 — 8565 Picking lemons in a grove on the Conca d'Oro 
(Golden Shell), outside Palermo. 
745 — 8585 Greek Theatre, of 5th century B. C, with mod- 
ern Syracuse, and harbor, Sicily. 



DIEECTOBY OF PLACES 47 

74G — 8601 Mount Etna smoking svbove its cloak of snow, 
N. from St. Nicolai Church tower, Catania, 
Sicily. 

*747— 8607 From Charybdis to Scylla, E. N. E. from Faro 
Point, Sicily, across Messina Strait to Main- 
land. 
748 — 8606 Messina, west between harbor and mountain — 
Italy's busiest commercial port — Sicily. 

*749 — 10495 The once beautiful water-front after the earth- 
quake, digging for bodies, Messina, Sicily. 

AUSTRIA 
(11 stereographs or slides) 

750— 1872 Salsburg and the winding Salzach from the 

castle. 
*751 — 1883 The Franzens-Ring, Vienna, Austria, architec- 
turally the finest street in Europe. 
*752 — 1884 The Imperial Museums, from the Hofburg 

Theatre, Vienna, Austria. 
753 — 1886 Imperial Armory, Vienna, Austria. The largest 
and finest collection in existence. 
Lofty reception hall, Rathhaus, Vienna, Austria. 
The Imperial Opera, Vienna, Austria. 
School children's morning devotion — Val Am- 
pezzo from Toblach, Austria. 
757 — 1917 The Drei Zinnen from Lago Misurina, Tyrol, 
Austria. 
An Austrian hamlet, Val Ampezzo. 
The Ortler (12,800 feet), from Franzen-Shohe 

(7,180 feet), Tyrol. 
Marie Theresienstrasse — principal street of 
Innsbruck, the beautiful Tyrolian capital, 
Austria. 

GREECE 

(16 stereographs or slides) 

*761— 9278 Athens, old and new, S. W. from Lykabettos 
past royal palace (left). 
762— 2372 The Acropolis of Athens, Lykabettos and Royal 
Palace, from Philopappos monument. 



754— 


1890 


755— 


1904 


756— 


1910 



•758— 


1920 


759— 


1935 


760— 


1944 



48 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

763 — 2378 Exquisite Temple of Nike on the parapet of the 
Acropolis and view northwest over Thesion, 
Athens. 

*764 — 9282 Looking east from Propylaea across ruin-strewn 
Acropolis to west end of Parthenon, Athens. 

*765 — 9285 From W. wall of the Parthenon over modern 
city E. N. E. to Lykabettos, Athens. 

*766 — 9288 Lysikrates monument, temple of Zeus and Sta- 
dion, E. S. E. from Acropolis, Athens. 

*767 — 2371 Splendid columns of temple of Olympian Zeus — 
Acropolis at W. N. W., Athens. 

*768 — 9300 "The mountains look on Marathon and Mara- 
thon looks on the sea" (N. E.), Greece. 

769 — 9305 An old dream realized at last — ship canal 

through isthmus E. S. E. Corinth, Greece. 

770 — 9309 Agamemnon's council hall in "the innermost 

corner of Argos," Mykense, Greece. 

*771 — 9324 Looking over modern homes in ancient Sparta, 

west to famous Taygetos mountains, Greece. 

772 — 9328 Grim dehle of Langada Gorge from N. E. end, 

Sparta's warpath, toward the west, Greece. 

773 — 9349 Looking from mountain heights over Delphi 

and W. across Sacred Plain to distant sea, 
Greece. 

774 — 9354 "Go tell to Sparta, thou who passest by, that 

here, obedient to her laws, we lie." — Ther- 
mopylae. 

775 — 2461 North over Phersala and the plain where Ctesar 

defeated Pompey (B. C. 48), Northern 
Greece. 
*776— 2459 Mt. Olympus (9,754 feet), on whose summit 
dwelt the gods of ancient Greece. 



TURKEY 

(8 stereo graphs or slides') 
(Note. — See also Turkey in Asia.) 

•■777 — 11178 From Stamboul (N.) over bridge across Golden 

Horn to Galata, Constantinople. 
778 — 10572 From firemen's watch tower, over St. Sophia 
and Bosphorus into Asia, Constantinople. 



DISECTORY OF PLACES 49 

779 — 112G3 Turks at prayer in St. Sophia Mosque (orig- 
inally a church), Constantinople. 
780 — 11179 From Asiatic side across Bosphorus — Constan- 
tinople in distance. 
*781 — 11180 Southeast across Bosphorus from first Turkish 

citadel of Europe. 
*782 — 11297 "Step" Street — climbing up from the Bosphorus 

— of Constantinople. 
*783 — 11469 Making costly Persian rugs by hand in a Persian 
rug factory, Constantinople. 
784 — 11476 Persian design artists bringing out design of 
old faded Persian rug. 



AFRICA 

(54 stereograiihs or slides) 

EGYPT 

(20 stereographs or slides) 

*785 — 11117 Splendid view of Suez Canal, showing ships 

passing each other. 
*786 — 2521 Cairo, looking S. VV. across city to pyramids, 

Egypt. 

787 — 2619 A crowded street in Cairo, Egypt. 

788 — 2522 A "ship of the desert" passing tombs of bygone 

Moslem rulers, Cairo, Egypt. 
*789 — 2533 The road to the Pyramids — westward toward 
Gizeh from near Cairo. 

790 — 2535 King Khufu's tomb, the great Pyramid of 

Gizeh (from N. W.). 

791 — 2536 Looking up JSi. E. corner of Great Pyramid 

, where tourists climb. 

*792 — 2537 From summit of the Great Pyramid E. over 
Nile Valley, Egypt. 

793 — 2538 Second Pyramid with crown of original casing 

masonry, S. W. from summit of Great Pyra- 
mid, Egypt. 

794 — 2541 Looking down passage to Khufu's sepulchre 

within the Great Pyramid. 
*795 — 2543 Ruins of the Granite Temple, the Sphinx and 
Great Pyramid (N. W.). 



50 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*796 — 2551 Watching a sand whirlwind from top of Ha- 

wara Pyramid (view S. B.). 
*797 — 2552 An Egyptian Shaduf, the oldest of well-sweeps, 

lifting the Nile waters to the thirsty fields. 
*798 — 11121 Irrigation of Nile Valley, and circular thrash- 
ing floors. 
*799 — 2554 "Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth 

out the corn" (threshing), Egypt. 
800 — 2567 The most beautiful colonnade in Egypt — S. 

across a temple court at Luxor, Thebes. 
*801 — 2603 The Nilometer (measurer of inundations) on 

island at first cataract, Egypt. 
802 — 2607 Looking down (N. E.) upon the island of 

Philse and its temples, from the island of 

Bigeh, Egypt. 
*803 — 2695 The great dam across the Nile at Assuan — the 

most gigantic masonry of modern times, 

Egypt. 
804 — 2613 Looking up the Nile (B.) across front of Abu 

Simbel temple. 

ALGERIA 

(4 stereographs or slides) 

*805 — 10660 Algiers, and its zig-zag viaduct from the Medi- 
terranean water-front. 
806 — 11181 Algiers, general view of city and busy quay, N. 
Africa. 
*807 — 11182 Elegant buildings on leading street, Algiers, N, 
Africa. 
808 — 11183 Typical Moorish shop with proprietor and pa- 
trons, Algiers. 

BRITISH EAST AFRICA 
(7 stereographs or slides) 

809 — 10482 Ivory on the way from the jungle to America, 
main street, Mombasa. 

810 — 10486 Zebras favorite game of men and of lions, S. W. 
toward Mt. Meru. 
*811 — 10551 Kikuyu women with water vessels (gourds) 
beside village storehouses. 



DIBECTOEY OF PLACES 51 

812 — 11123 JStrange dress of Masai tribe, married women 

wear wire collars. 
813 — 10542 Sunrise exodus of tlie cattle from a Masai 

kraal at the base of Mt. Kenia. 

TTGANDA — 1 stereograph or slide 

*S14 — 10559 The beginning of the historic Nile — flowing from 
Victoria Nyanza. 

ZANZIBAR — 1 stereograph or slide 

*815 — 11073 Throne room of Sultan's palace, Zanzibar, East 
Africa. 

GERMAN EAST AFRICA 
(5 stereographs or slides) 

*816 — 10479 A Wachagga village on the slopes of Kiliman- 
jaro — East Africa. 

*817 — 10481 Picking coft'ee in Moschi province. East Africa. 

*818 — 10475 Climbing through a tropical jungle, gorge of 
Rau River. 
819 — 11470 Pair of Nubian (three horned) giraffes, from 
German East Africa, Bronx Park, N, Y. City. 
820 — 11473 Bulky hippopotamus over a ton in weight in 
Bronx Park, N. Y. City. (Native of German 
E. Africa.) 

RHODESIA 

(1 stereograph or slide) 

*821— 11124 Great Victoria Falls and Gorge (W.), Zambesi 
River. 

BELGIAN CONGO 
(6 stereographs or slides) 

*822 — 9947 Leopoldville on Stanley Pool, most important 

trade centre of the Congo Free State. 
823— 9953 Lukoicla Wood Post, a new river settlement al- 
most on the equator. 

*824 — 9970 Canoes at ^akusu near iiead of Congo steam;T 
navigation. 



52 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

825 — 9972 Forest trail in the heart of Africa, between 

Stanley and Tchopo Falls, Congo Free State. 

826 — 5846 Pigmies from the Congo and huts — Man whirl- 

ing sticks to make fire, World's Fair at St. 
Louis, U. S. A. 
827 — 11472 Chimpanzees, most man-like of the apes (na- 
tives of the Congo), Bronx Park Zoo, N. Y. 
City. 

BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA 

(11 stereographs or slides) 

*828 — 11127 Cape of Good Hope, swept by waves from the 

Atlantic and Indian Oceans. 
*829 — 2711 Cape Town and Table Mountain, west from foot 

of Signal Hill. 
*830 — 2773 South Africa Light Horse, coming down Adder- 

ly Street, to entrain for the front, Cape Town. 
*831 — 11126 Sheep grazing on the great veldts of British 

South Africa. 
832 — 2837 Looking into the Orange Free State — over 12th 

Brigade Camp and Signal Hill, Slingersfon- 

tein, S. A. 
*833— 11058 Some of the 4,000 employees in the De Beers 

Diamond Mines, Kimberley. 
834 — 2734 Sorting the rough diamonds, De Beers Mines, 

Kimberley. 
*835 — 2932 Lord Roberts' army advancing toward Johannes- 
burg — 84th Battery and Balloon Corps, S. A. 

836 — 2738 In the great ore-crushing mill of the Robinson 

Mine-^the richest gold mine of Johannes- 
burg, S. A. 

837 — 2737 Precipitating vats, extracting gold from the ore, 

Robinson Mine (the world's richest gold dis- 
trict), Johannesburg, S. A. 

838 — 2762 Training for war — a Zulu rush — Zululand, South 

Africa. 



DIEECTOEY OF PLACES 53 



ASIA 

(143 stereographs or slides) 

TURKEY IN ASIA 

(44 stereographs or slides^ 

ASIA MINOR — 1 stereograph or slide 
839 — 10993 Smyrna, chief city of Asiatic Turkey and its 
harbor, north from Mt. Pagus. 

SINAI PENINSULA— 3 stereographs or slides 
840 — 10806 JMount of Moses, where the Law was given to 

Israel's leader, Sinai Wilderness. 
841 — 11184 Oasis of Firan, largest in Sinai Wilderness, S. 
to Mt. Serbal. 
*842 — 11185 Oasis of Elim, where the Israelites found water 
— halt of a caravan to Sinai. 

PALESTINE — 13 stereographs or slides 
843—10852 Relief map of Palestine by the Pal. Ex. Soc— 
vertical scale, 3^^ times greater than hori- 
zontal. 

*844 — 3081 The bazaar of Jaffa on a market day, Palestine. 

845 — 3242 Plowing in the fertile Plain of Sharon, Lydda, 

Palestine. 

846— 3098 Christian Street— motley life in the Holy City's 

bazaar district, Jerusalem. 

847 — 3250 Jerusalem, "beautiful for situation" from S. E., 

showing Temple site. 

848 — 3276 A caravan of camels, in the narrow road ap- 

proaching Jaffa, Palestine. 

849 — 3123 Picturesque Palestine — the Wilderness of the 

Scapegoat, Judea. 

850 — 3124 On the north shore of the Dead Sea — looking 

S. W.— Palestine. 
*851— 3139 Women grinding at the mill— Palestine (St. 
Matt. xxiv:41). 
852— 3144 "Joscpli's well"— Dothau, Palestine (Gen. 
xxxvii: 12-36). 



54 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

853 — 3163 Life on the shore of Galilee, at Tiberias, Pales- 
tine. 

854 — 10884 Plain of Gennesaret and the Sea, N. from above 

Magdala to Upper Galilee, Palestine. 
*855 — 3167 The Jordan's main source — one of the world's 
largest springs, at Dan, Palestine. 

SYRIA — 17 stereographs or slides 
856 — 3175 Colossal remnants of the Sun Temple — the 

grandest of antiquity, Baalbek, Syria. 
*857 — 3177 The covered street called "straight" fron< the 

east, Damascus (Acts ix: 10-17). 
*858 — 3178 The inner court of a Damascus home, Syria. 
*859 — 3409 A caravan camp at old Damascus, Syria. 
*860 — 3412 A swordmaker of Damascus, whose swords were 

once considered the finest in the world, Syria. 
*861 — 3416 Bread-making in the court of a Syrian home, 

Palestine. 
*862 — 10921 Bedouin women churning milk — typical interior 

of a big tent. 
*863 — 10898 A Bedouin camp in the mountains of the Aba- 
rim, highlands of Moab. 
Silk Culture and Primitive Manufacture — 8 stereographs or 

slides 
*864 — 11432 Feeding silk worms their breakfast of mulberry 

leaves, Mt. Lebanon, Syria. 
*865 — 11128 Silk cocoons woven in the mulberry branches 

(near view), Antioch. 
*866 — 11130 Deadening worms in silk cocoons by steam, An- 
tioch, Syria. 
867 — 11133 Purchasing cocoons for export, Syria. 
868 — 11433 Boiling cocoons to loosen liber ends in Syria's 

largest silk reeling plant, Mt. Lebanon. 
*869 — 11434 Gathering the silk ends tine spun as cobwebs, 

and connecting with reels, Syria. 
*870 — 11435 In a Syrian silk plant, examining and weighing 

raw silk, ready for export. 
*871 — 11467 A skilled Arab weaver and his primitive loom, 

weaving the finest of Syrian silk. 



872 — 11468 Cedars of Lebanon, scions of mighty groves that 
supplied wood for Solomon's Temple, Syria. 



DIEECTOEY OF PLACES 55 

MESOPOTAMIA — 10 stereographs or slides 

Euphrates Valley — 4 stereographs or slides 
873 — 11487 Desolate ruins of mighty Babylon, showing pal- 
ace of Nebiichadnezzar (sixth century B. C.)- 

*874 — 11503 The traditional "Garden of Eden," looking east 
over the Euphrates Valley, 250 miles N. W. 
of Babylon. 

*875 — 11245 Irrigation on the Euphrates, where men have 
toiled since Adam left Eden. 

*876 — 11248 "The waters assuaged" (Gen. 8:1), great plains 
left after floods in Euphrates. 

Tigris Valley — 6 stereographs or slides 

877 — 11488 S. E. over site of Nineveh, showing Tomb of 
Jonah, Mesopotamia. 

878 — 11489 East over Tigris to mound of Nineveh, showing 
wool-laden keleks and arched bridge, Mosul. 

879 — 11484 A brick factory near Nineveh — making sun- 
dried bricks, Mesopotamia. 
*SSO — 11486 Building the peculiar round boats called 

"Kufas," on the Tigris River, at Bagdad. 
*881 — 11485 Pontoon bridge and odd round boats called 
"Kufas," on the Tigris River, at Bagdad. 

882 — 11483 Peculiar double-decked horse cars on a suburban 
street, Bagdad, Mesopotamia. 

INDIA 

(35 stereographs or slides) 

*883 — 3421 The most magniticent railway station in the 

world, Bombay. 
*884 — 3458 India of to-morrow, handsome schoolboys of 

Amritsar, at the Golden Temple. 
*885 — 3449 An earthly Paradise, famous Vale of Cashmere, 

watered by the winding Jhelum, India. 
*886 — 3452 Shelling rice, and gossiping with the neighbors 

— home life of contented citizens of Cash- 
mere. 
*887 — 3453 Humble shawl-woavcrs at Cashmere patiently 

creating wonderful harmonies of line and 

color. 



56 



THE WOELD VIStTALIZED 



889- 
890- 



3463 
3519 
3622 



*891— 3520 



Inflating bullock skin boats — for crossing the 

swift Himalayan River, Sutlej, N. India. 
Twenty-woman team on Darjeeling highway 

(N.). Who would not be a man in India? 
Bhutanese milkman with curious bamboo jars, 

at the public water fountain, Darjeeling, 

India. 
Up to the everlasting snows of Mt. Kinchin- 

janga (28,156 feet), north from Darjeeling, 

India. 
Clean and airy Chowringhee Road (Esplanade 

at left), looking N. over Calcutta, India. 
Welcome fellows in thirsty India — Bheestis 

(water carriers), Calcutta. 
Street showmen exhibiting superbly handsome 

snakes, Calcutta, India. 
How Hindu cows enjoy life in Calcutta, side- 
walk scene on Harrison Street, India. 
Famous "man eater" at Calcutta — devoured 200 

men, women and children before capture, 

India. 
Among the aerial roots of a single banyan tree, 

1000 ft. in circumference, Calcutta, India. 
Benares, religious centre of India., N. E. down 

Ganges from minaret, Aurangzib Mosque. 
A marvel of beauty — looking Isl. to Taj Mahal^ 

Agra, India. 
Most beautiful marble screen in the world, Taj 

Mahal, Agra, India. 
Great Durbar Hall in palace of H. H. the 

Maharaja of Gwalior, one of India's richest 

princes. 
902 — 3465 Curiously rigged camel wagons, E. side of 

largest Mohammedan Mosque in the world, 

Delhi, India. 
Devout Mohammedans prostrate at prayer time 

— Jumma Musjid, India's greatest mosque. 
The fabulous wealth of India — native Princes 

in the grand state entry, Durbar, Delhi. 
How beauty takes the air — Indian "reet" or 

bullock carriage used by ladies of rank, Ul- 

>var. 



892— 


3496 


893— 


3495 


894— 


3500 


*895— 


3499 


896— 


3504 


*897— 


8453 


898— 


3490 


*899— 


3473 


900— 


3474 


901— 


3484 



*903- 


- 3467 


*904- 


- 3468 


905- 


- 3443 



DIEECTORY OF PLACES 57 

*906 — 3510 Substantial elegance of modern IMadras — Law 
Court Buildings, view from Bank, India 

BTTRMA — {India) — 11 stereographs or slides 
907 — 9014 Elephant laborers piling timber in one of the 

great riverside yards at Rangoon, Burma. 
*908 — 9016 Freight handlers and the thousands of tons of 

rice which they have unloaded, Rangoon, 

Burma. 
909 — 9024 Towering images of Buddha, symbolizing the 

serenity of self-renunciation, Pegu, Burma. 
*910 — 9027 450 pagodas treasuring copies of Buddhist 

scriptures, Mandalay, Burma. 
911 — 3820 fSplendid honors to a dead Buddhist — -elevating 

coflBn to car to a gilded shrine, Mandalay, 

Burma. 
*912 — 9035 Burmese natives dredging the river-bed and 

searching dried gravel for rubies, Mogok, 

Burma. 

913 — 9040 Gokteck Gorge, the old haunt of jungle beasts, 

with railway 1,000 ft. overhead. North 
Burma. 

914 — 9047 Hauling timber with buffaloes and bullocks 

from Irrawaddy river near Pagan, Burma. 
*915 — 9051 Oil we]ls worked with American machinery at 
Yanangyet, Burma. 

916 — 9052 Timber raft coming down the Irra\taddy river 

— the floating home of a group of natives, 
Burma. 

917 — 3829 Washing plant of the Burma Ruby Mining Co. 

washing gravel from the rich mines of Mogok, 
Burma. 

CEYLON 
(27 stereographs or slides) 

918 — 3735 Beautiful work from crude tools — native gold- 

smiths at work, Kandy. 

919 — 3736 Grinding moonstones in Kandy, where are 

found the llncst in the world. 

*920 — 3742 Country home with paddy licld and natives har- 
vesting rice, Ceylon. 

*921 — 3740 Charming valleys and mountains of Interior 
Ceylon — at Katugastota, near Kandy., 



So THE WORLD VISITALIZED 

*922 — 3743 Coolies picking coii'ee on Sir Tliomas Lipton's 
estate, at Dambutenne, Interior Ceylon. 
923 — 3745 An elephant "kSiesta"— basking in the sun in 
their beautiful native home, Interior Ceylon. 

*924 — 3749 JSIative farming in tropical Ceylon — plowing a 
paddy field. 
925 — 3751 Tame elephants breaking down timber in stock- 
ade after "drive in" Kraal — 1902, Ceylon. 

*926 — 3755 An elephant mother six months after capture, 
and her babe one month old, Ceylon. 

CHINA 

(27 stereographs or slides) 
927 — 4111 Looking across the Bay to Kowloon and main- 
land, from Bowen Road, above Hong Kong. 
*928 — 4112 Looking down the Chukiang River into the 
homes of the 400,000 boat population of Can- 
ton, China. 
*929 — 4121 Mission children, with one little American girl. 
Canton, China. 
930— 4125 From the Imperial Bank of China (N.) along 
Whangpoo River, Shanghai, China. 
*931 — 4127 Rich native bazaars on JSIankin Road— principal 

Chinese street of Shanghai, China. 
*932 — 4144 Coolies unloading tea at Hankow — the great 
Tea Market of interior China. 
933 — 4147 Paddy fields and group of jeering natives, at 
Matin, 700 miles inland, Kiangsi Province. 
*934 — 4151 Cultivated Bamboo — a plantation at Nankin, 
China. 

935 — 4173 Wheelbarrow transportation— China's best and 

cheapest freighters, Tientsin. 

936 — 4177 Junk Flotilla on the Pei-ho River — transport- 

ing U. S. Army stores from Tientsin to Pe- 
king, China. 

937 — 4178 West from Ha-ta-men (gate) along huge an- 

cient Wall between Tartar and Chinese Pe- 
king, China. 
*938 — 4181 One of the typical "freight trains" of China — 
Caravan from Tientsin, China. 
939 — 4223 A bvisy thoroughfare — from Drum Tower (east) 
to Tung Chi-men Gate, Peking, China. 



DIBECTOEY OF PLACES 69 

940 — 4188 Looking south over the Palaces of the Forbid- 

den City, from Mei-shan, Peking, China, 

941 — 4189 Count Von Waldersee, escorted by officers of the 

Allied Armies through lines of U. S. Infantry, 
toward Sacred Gates, Peking, China. 

942 — 4205 Grand Porcelain Tower — one of the splendid 

buildings of the Imperial Summer Palace, 
near Peking, China. 
*94.3 — 4234 Bride and groom in China. 

MANCHURIA — (China) 10 stereographs or slides 

*944 — 4367 China's old barrier against Tartar hordes — 

Great Wall crossing the mountains, Shan- 

hai-kwan. 
945 — 4376 Clumsy Chinese junk under full sail on the 

Yellow Sea — coast of Manchuria in distance. 

Russo-Jap War — 8 stereographs or slides 

*946 — 4381 Doorway for a great power — entrance to one of 
Asia's best harbors — Port Arthur, Manchuria. 
947 — 4399 Japanese war balloon reconnoitering the Rus- 
sian position at Port Arthur (looking north). 

*948 — 7582 A 500-lb. death-laden shell from a Japanese 
gun, starting over the hills into Port Arthur. 

949 — 7585 History's greatest bombardment — shells from 

200 Japanese guns shattering E. Keikan fort. 
Port Arthur. 

950 — 7716 Explosion of a Russian earth-mine seen from 

Ehrlungshan — W. over Port Arthur. 

951 — 8108 Japanese soldiers overlooking the town and 

harbor captured by their heroism. Port 
Arthur. 
*952 — 8112 Expecting an attack from Russian cavalry — 
alert Japanese near Tehling, Manchuria. 

953 — 7744 Working for peace — President Roosevelt and 

envoys of Mikado and Czar on the May- 
flower. 

JAPAN . 

(28 stereographs or slides) 

954 — 3849 East over JMississippi P.ay, where Perry came 

(1854) near Yokohama, Japan. 



60 THE WORLD VISTJALIZED 

*955 — 3847 Peasants cutting millet, view east across field 
to farmhouse near Yokohama, Japan. 

*956 — 11110 fSacred Mount Fujiyama, Japan — the world's 
most perfect volcanic cone. 

957 — 3856 Peering from the lava-encrusted rim down into 

Fujiyama's crater, Japan. 

958 — 3857 Two miles above the clouds — from Fujiyama 

N. E. over Lake Yamanaka, Japan. 

959 — 3953 A part of Tokyo's 100 square miles outlook 

N. W. from Amgo tower near Shiba Parkj 

Japan. 
*960 — 3860 Burden bearers of Japan — a street scene in 

Tokyo. 
*961 — 3861 Under the cherry blossoms — N. E. in Shiba 

Park, Tokyo, Japan. 
*962 — 3864 Serene simplicity of home of Count Okuma, one 

of the Mikado's richest subjects, Tokyo, 

Japan. 
963 — mil A Japanese hostess serving dinner in a typical 

Japanese home. 
*964 — 3881 "The groves were God's first temples" — avenue 

of noble cryptomerias, Nikko, Japan. 
965 — 3883 Japanese lady in a yama-kago (mountain 

chair) crossing Dalya river, Nikko, Japan. 
*966 — 3903 W. side of Yasaka Pagoda, 300 years old, tow- 
ering over narrow street, Kyoto, Japan. 
*967 — 3904 "Under the bamboo trees" — looking S. W. 

through the famous avenue near Kiyomizu, 

Kyoto. 
968 — 3906 A potter and his wheel — fashioning a vase; 

Kinkosan works, Kyoto. 
*969 — 3908 Expert workmen creating exquisite designs in 

cloisonne, Kyoto. 
*970 — 3909 (South over gardens from home of Mr. Y. Nami- 

kawa, Kyoto, Japan. 
*971 — 9775 Pulling up young rice ready for transplanting — 

Spring work on a Japanese farm. 
*972 — 3914 Patient laborers transplanting rice-shoots on a 

farm in beautiful interior of Japan. 
*973 — 3915 Girls picking tea on a plantation at Uji, among 

the sunny hills of old Japan. 



DIRECTORY OF PLjVCES 



61 



*974 — 3933 Flailing barley beside a fishing beach on the 

Inland Sea, looking S. E. to Oshima Island, 

Japan. 
*975 — 3935 Looking VV. toward Kumamoto across fertile 

rice-fields in the old crater of Aso-San, Japan. 
976 — 3936 Watching an eruption of steam and boiling 

mud halfway up the volcano of Aso-San, 

Japan. 
*977 — 3937 Gazing through sulphurous vapors into the 

crater's frightful depths, Aso-San, Japan. 

978— 3939 Coaling the Pacific Mail S. S. "Siberia," Naga- 

saki, Japan. 

KOREA — (Japan) — 3 stereographs or slides 

979 — 4486 Among the queer Koreans — a pack train in the 

suburbs outside Seoul, Korea. 
*980 — 4505 House-building in Korea — wall of stone and 

mud against a framework of grass-ropes and 

sticks, Seoul. 
*981 — 4511 The "Hermit Kingdom" awakening — boys' 

school, Seoul, Korea. 



OCEANIA 

(19 stereographs or slides) 

AUSTRALASIA 
(15 stereographs or slides) 

AUSTRALIA 
(10 stereographs or slides) 

*982 — 11112 Melbourne, capital of Victoria and largest city 
in Australia. 

'983—10238 The fasliionable shopping district, Collins Street 
at Swanston Street, Melbourne, Australia. 

984 — 10245 A boxing kangai-oo, one of Australia's famous 
"old men," in the Zoo, Melbourne. 

*!)85 — 10254 Where a sheep is shorn in live minutes by elec- 
trical machinery, Newmarket, Australia. 
980 — 10255 Dalgetty's salesrooms, where wool-buyers come 
from all parts of the world, Australia. 



62 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*987 — 10258 One of the most fertile valleys in the conti- 
nent — S. E. from Tower Hill over Koroit, 
Australia. 

988 — 10263 A gold mine in the heart of a beautiful city — 
view W. across Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. 

989—10268 The General P. 0., one of Sydney's finest mu- 
nicipal buildings, N. S. W., Australia. 
*990 — 10275 Sons of Australia's aboriginal huntsmen and 
warriors, with their boomerangs. 

991 — 10285 Drink for 5,000 thirsty sheep on a big ranch at 
Warrah, Australia. 

TASMANIA 

(1 stereograi^h or slide) 
*992 — 10294 Acres of hop vines on a prosperous farm at 
New Norfolk, Tasmania. 

NEW ZEALAND 
(4 stereograflis or slides) 
993 — 10308 Girls of the old Maori race, as they are to-day 
under British training, Auckland, New Zea- 
land. 
*994 — 10315 The geyser basin and Eotorua Lake from the 
mountain at Whakarewarewa, New Zealand. 
995 — 10316 Where the world's fiery heart still burns — boil- 
ing pool of Pohutu geyser, New Zealand. 
996 — 4666 Mount Elliot and Jarvois Glacier, from Mc- 
Kinnon's Pass (6,200 feet), New Zealand. 

J A VA 

(4 stereographs or slides) 
*997 — 9083 Sudanese, the native inhabitants of West 
Java, near Hotel Villa Dolce, Garoet, Java. 

998 — 9076 Avenue of canary trees, covered with gigantic 

creepers, botanical gardens, Buitenzorg, Java. 

999 — 9093 Boro Boedeor, "the most remarkable and mag- 

nificent monument Buddhism haa ever 
erected," Java. 

FIJI ISLANDS 

(1 stereograph or slide) 
*1000 — 8098 Feast day in the Fiji Islands — natives gaily be- 
decked for their national dance. 



AGRICULTURE 

EDITED BY 

PROFESSOR HOMER C. PRICE, 

DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, 
COLUMBUS, OHIO. 

272 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 314 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM. 

The stereographs or sHdes in this group have been 
selected to show the different phases of agriculture 
in the various countries of the world. The classifi- 
cation that has been followed is the natural one that 
would be used in teaching the subject. 

Beginning with soil formation, followed by drain- 
age and cultivation, then with crop production, fol- 
lowed with live stock production and the manufac- 
ture of agricultural products, the natural course of 
agricultural activities is followed. 

Modern and primitive methods as practised in 
different countries are shown, giving an insight into 
the agricultural life of the people. The series will 
be especially valuable in giving the student a definite 
and a correct idea of the character of the agricul- 
ture of different nations. 

Much supplemental material will be found under 
63 



64 THE "WOELD VISUALIZED 

cross reference heads; as, for instance, "Geology," 
"Industries," "Transportation," "Animals," "Phys- 
ical Geography," and "Zone Life." 

The numbers here used refer to the serial num- 
bers in the upper right-hand corner of the stereo- 
graphs and on the slides. The starred numbers are 
the ones included in the 600 series. 

Note. — Teachers desirous of additional material on agri- 
culture are advised to write for further lists. — The Pub- 

LISHEKS. 

SOIL FORMATION 

Our soils have been formed by the breaking down 
of rocks due to erosion, glacial action or the slower 
process of weathering as the result of exposure to 
air, frost and other natural phenomena. The more 
important methods of soil formation are shown in 
the stereographs or slides following. For more ex- 
tensive material see the Physical Geography Classifi- 
cation. 

THE EROSION OF ROCK 

289 The talus slopes of El Capitan, Yosemite Valley. 

Qo Shale in Watkins Glen, New York. 

277 Indian Gardens, Grand Canyon of Arizona. 

*472 Oroya Eiver, Peru. 

382 At base of Mt. Stephen in British Columbia. 

588 Eustoen Falls, Norway. 

872 Vicinity around Mt. Lebanon, Palestine, showing the 
early stages of erosion. 

*876 The upper Euphrates. 

*792 The Nile delta. 



AGRICULTUEE 65 

175 Delta of the Mississippi Eiver. 

*483 Fan delta in Peru. 

*716 Fan delta on Lake Geneva. 

*724 Fan delta at foot of La Brevent, Switzerland. 

ERODED LAVA 

*272 Lava ash formation in Eed Mt., Arizona. 

*975 A rice field in the crater of Aso-San, Japan. 

*403 "West from Pueblo, Mexico. 

*731 Lava beds that may some day be alluvial soil, Italy. 

GIACIAI WASH 

*721 Eoeks on Mer de Glace, Switzerland. 

*590 At lower end of Kjendal Glacier in Norway. 

UPLIFTED SANDY SEA BOTTOMS 
*150 Soil of an uplift plain in North Carolina. 
59 A truck farm in Long Island. 
152 Sea marsh in South Carolina. 
*166 Pine-grown sand levels at Daytona. 
*170 Plowing at Tuskegee. 
*10, 11 Sand dunes of Capo Cod, Mass. 

SOIL DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION 

Control of the water supply is the fundamental 
to successful agriculture. Examples of natural 
drainage are shown in the stereographs or slides as 
well as ancient and modern methods of irrigating 
growing crops. 

DRAINAGE 

*524 The River Tcme, which drains the country about Lud- 
low, England. 
*548 The winding Forth River in Scotland. 



66 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



619 The Dnieper Eiver in Eussia. 

*633 In the Valley of the Danube, Germany. 

*651 In the flax fields of Belgium. 

*885 The Vale of Cashmere in India. 



(General) 



(For Rice) 



(Strawberries) 



{Sugar=Caae) 



IRRIGATION 

*803 The great dam at Assuan, Egypt. 

*797 Egyptian well sweep lifting the waters of 

Nile to the farms on its bank. 
*875 Irrigation on the Euphrates Eiver in Meso- 
potamia. 
*798 Irrigation in the Nile Valley, Egypt, 
675 An old aqueduct at Segovia, Spain. 
695 An old aqueduct in Portugal. 
*182 Irrigation in the rice fields of Texas. 
*357, *972 and 933 Flooded rice fields in the 
Orient, showing dikes built to separate 
one portion of the field from another, 
^303 Irrigating a strawberry field, Hood Eiver 

Valley, Oregon. 
*469 Irrigating a sugar-cane field in Peru. 



SOIL PREPARATION 

Showing methods used in the different countries 
of the world and the different kinds of animals 
used for motive power. 

845 Plowing with crooked sticks, an ox-team and a camel, 
in Palestine. 
*460 Plowing with oxen in Ecuador. 
*414 Farm hands spading soil in Mexico. 
*357 Plowing a rice field in Luzon, with a water buffalo. 
*924 Elephant used to plow a field in Ceylon. 



AGRICULTURE 



67 



*216 Plowing on a prairie farm in Illinois. 
528 Plowing with a modern plow drawn by a gasoline motor 
in England. 

PLANTING AND CULTIVATION OF CROPS 

Showing the planting and cultivation of some of 
the tropical and subtropical crops. 

*971 Pulling up young rice shoots ready for 
transplanting, Japan. 

*972 Transplanting rice in Japan. 

*469 Planting sugar-cane in Santa Clara, 
Peru. 

*626 Hoeing the sugar beet crop in Ger- 
many. 

*975 Hoeing rice in a field in Japan. 



{Sagar-Caae) 
{Sugar Beets) 

(Rice) 



FARM CROPS 

The stereographs show a great variety of farm 
crops, including fruits growing under diverse con- 
ditions. These stereographs will be especially valu- 
able in giving the student a correct impression of 
the character of the agriculture in different nations. 

GRAINS 
*549, 550 Fields of waving grain in the beautiful 
Forth Valley, Scotland. 
A great corn field, Kansas. 
In a great wheat field, Washington. 
Overlooking large field of growing rice in 

Ceylon. 
A field of rice in the interior of Cliiun. 
975 Eice growing on the cone of an extinct vol- 
cano, Japan. 



(Maize) 


*193 


(Wheat) 


*309 


(Rice) 


*921 



933 



68 
(Oatt) 



THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

*601 A field of oats in Sweden. 
477 Corn and other growing crops in the Plateau 
land of Peru. 



SUGAR 
429 A sugar-cane plantation at Caracas, Cuba. 
*626 Sugar beet field in Germany. 



(Orange) 



*279 
*280 

*281 



FRUITS 

Eedlands and its wealth of orange groves. 
Close view of an orange grove in Eiverside, 

California. 
Close view of the flowers and fruit of the 

orange tree in California. 
A lemon grove in Sicily. 
Close view of citron trees showing the fruit, 

Jamaica. 
Breadfruit on the trees in Costa Eica. 
Mango trees in fruitage, Mexico. 
Heavily laden date palms at Elche, Spain. 
Grape vineyards in France. 
Terraced vineyards on the Ehine in Ger- 
many. 
Overlooking the largest banana plantation 

in the world. 
A large banana plantation in the Hawaiian 

Islands. 
In a field of luscious pineapples in Porto 

Eico. 
A field of red raspberries in Washington. 
In a great strawberry field in Washington. 



NUTS 
*167 Cocoanut palms loaded with nuts in the white sands of 
Florida. 



(Lemoa) 
(Citron) 


*744 
433 


(Breadfruit) 
(Mango) 
(Date Palms) 
(Grape) 


*420 
401 
*686 
*661 
*635 


(Banana) 


*417 




*344 


(Pineapple) 


*323 


(Raspberries) 


310 


(Strawberries)* ^^^ 



AGRICULTURE 69 

*168 Nuts and blossoms of the cocoanut palms, Florida. 
*330 Cocoanut palms in Panama. 
341, *343 Cocoanut palms in Hawaiian Islands. 



MISCELLANEOUS 
*431 In a tobacco field in Cuba. 

630 A great field of hops in Bamberg, Germany. 
*992 Hops grown on a large scale in Australia. 

HARVESTING AND PREPARING CROPS FOR 
MARKET 

A greater range is found in the amount of human 
labor expended in the harvesting and preparing 
crops for market than in any other operation of 
agriculture. The stereographs illustrate this point 
by showing the most modern and most primitive 
methods in use. 



PRIMITIVE METHODS OF CUTTING GRAIN 

674 Cutting wheat with a sickle, Spain. 

*566 Cutting grain with a sickle in the Island of Achill, Ire- 
land. 
*601 Cradling oats in Sweden. 
*920 Harvesting rice by hand in Ceylon. 
*955 Gathering the heads of millet in Japan. 

MODERN METHODS OF CUTTING GRAIN 
*309 Modern American harvester in great wheat fields of 

Washington. 
*181 Harvester cutting rice on a big plantation in Texas. 
*200 20th Century harvester cutting corn in Michigan, 



70 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

HAULING GRAIN FROM FIELD 

630 Drawing barley from the field in Germany. 
652 Harvest time on the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," 
France. 
*182 Hauling rice to the thresher in Texas. 
*376 Hauling wheat to the thresher in Manitoba. 
*566 Women carrying the grain from field — Island of Achill, 

Ireland. 
*527 Drawing, unloading and stacking hay in England. 

METHODS OF THRESHING GRAIN 

(Primitive) 

*974 Flailing barley in Japan. 

*798, *799 Treading out the grain by ox and camel, and the 
circular threshing floors, Egypt. 

671 Winnowing the grain in France. 
*886 Shelling rice in Cashmere, India. 

329 Pounding rice in the Isthmus of Panama. 

(Modern) 

*376 Threshing wheat in Manitoba. 

*377 A modern thresher in the wheat fields of Manitoba, 
showing sacking of the grain. 
183 Steam thresher at work in a rice field in Texas. 

CURING HAY 

*578 Hay hung up to receive the direct rays of the sun, 

Norway. 
*609 Hay curing in Eussia. 
*527 Stacking hay in England. 

CURING FLAX AND HEMP 

*650 Flax in great stacks curing in the field, Belgium. 
*651 Flax taken from the stacks and soaked in the river, 

Belgium. 
*361 Drying hemp on the Island of Cebu, P. I, 



AGRICULTURE 71 

HARVESTING SUGAR-CANE 

*470 Cutting and hauling the sugar-cane in Peru. 

*430 Hauling carloads of sugar-cane to the mill, Cuba. 

*435 Crude method of grinding sugar-cane in Jamaica. 

POTATOES 

59 Digging potatoes by hand on a large truck farm on 
Long Island. 

TOBACCO 

*431 Cutting tobacco in Cuba. 

COFFEE 

*922 Picking coffee in Ceylon. 

*817 Picking coffee in East Africa. 

*408 Crude native method of husking coffee, Mexico. 

*407 Drying coffee on large drying floors. 

TEA 

*973 Girls picking tea in Japan. 

CACAO 

*419 Gathering the cacao beans in Jamaica. 

418 Drying the cacao beans in Jamaica. 
*457 Drying cacao beans in Ecuador — material far 224,000 
lbs. of chocolate. 

COCOANUTS 

*168 Nuts and blossoms of the cocoanut, Florida. 
324 Husking the crop of cocoanuts in Porto Rico. 

GATHERING FRUITS 

*686 Picking dates at Elchc, Spain. 

*280 Picking oranges at Eiverside, California. 



72 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*281 Flowers and fruit of an orange tree, California. 

*744: Picking lemons in Palermo, Sicily. 

*434 Gathering bananas on a plantation in Jamaica. 

310 Picking red raspberries in Puyallup, Washington. 

*691 Gathering the famous malaga grapes, Spain. 

433 Picking citron in Jamaica. 

*420 Picking breadfruit in Costa Eica. 

401 Gathering the fruit of the mango in Costa Eica. 

HARVESTING COTTON 

*160 Picking cotton with colored help in Georgia. 
*468 Chinese laborers picking cotton in Peru. 
*177 Gin cleaning the cotton at a mill in Texas. 
*178 Baling the cotton at a mill in Texas. 
161 Hauling the cotton seed to the factory — Georgia. 

GATHERING OTHER PRODUCTS 

*404 Extracting pulque from the maguey plant — Mexico. 

*411 Gathering the gum from the rubber tree in Mexico. 

*149 Collecting resin in a pine forest of North Carolina. 

*150 Sweating out the tar from the pine wood, North Caro- 
lina. 

*151 Distilling turpentine from the crude resin. North Caro- 
lina. 

MARKETING FARM CROPS 

Showing methods of marketing farm products in 
the different countries of the world. 

GRAINS 

*908 Handling tons of rice in Eangoon, Burma. 
*215 Grain elevators in Chicago. 

*378 Grain elevators in the great wheat fields of Manitoba. 
*375 Overlooking Winnipeg, the great wheat mart of the 
Northwest. 



AGRICULTURE 73 

FRUITS 

*331 Boatloads of bananas on the Chagres Eiver, Panama. 
808 Market in Algiers. 
*844 The bazaar of Jaffa on a market day, Palestine. 

OTHER CROPS 

*932 Unloading tea at Hankow, China. 

935 Wheelbarrow freight handlers in China. 

*173 Sugar levee at New Orleans. 

*188 Levee at St. Louis, Missouri. 

162 Two-wheeled cart in St. Augustine, Fla. 

455 Shipping rubber. Para, Brazil. 

*159 The greatest resin market in the world. Savannah, Ga. 

*363 Hauling hemp in the Philippine Islands. 

(Note. — For further study along this line, see series of 
"Transportation,''' also the one on "Industries.") 

LIVE STOCK 

The stereographs and shdes show the live stock 
industry as it is carried on for different purposes. 
For example, dairying in Holland, cattle ranching in 
Canada, sheep ranching in Australia, and live stock 
kept in general farming in the corn belt of North 
America. 

The teacher will find the stereographs and slides 
especially valualjle in fixing in the student's mind the 
sources of our animal products and the contrast be- 
tween intensive systems of farming as practiced in 
the European nations and the extensive systems 
practiced in western Canada and United States, as 
well as Australia and South America. 



74; THE WORLD VISUALIZED ^ 

CATTLE 
{For Beef) 

217 Fine steers grazing on the Illinois prairie. 
*257 Amidst the 30,000 head of cattle on the Sierra Bonita 
Eanch, Arizona. 
258 Moving the herd on the Sierra Bonita Eanch, Arizona. 
*259 Cowboys examining a yearling's brand on a ranch in 
Arizona. 
813 Cattle kraal in Africa. 
*213 The cattle in the great Union Stock Yards at Chicago, 
111. 

{For Dairying) 
551 Cows in a pasture in the Highlands, Scotland. 
544 Highland cattle in pasture in Scotland. 
*569 A country home in Ireland. 
*592 Stock on a farm in Norway. 

*585 Cows wading in the shallow waters of the Naerof jord, 
Norway. 
664 Fine cows in pasture on the battlefield of Sedan, 
France. 
*646 Miles on miles of peaceful pasture, where windmills 
beckon to each other, Holland. 
757 Splendid stock — cows in pasture in Austria. 

{Milk) 

*86 Milking large numbers of cows in a modern sanitary 

dairy at Fairfield, N. J. 
*87 Sterilizing the bottles, Fairfield, N. J. 
*88 Filling the bottles by machinery, Fairfield, N. J. 
*679 The cow delivering the milk on the street in Valencia, 

Spain. 
*645 Milkmaids of Goes, with their pails of milk, Holland. 
*642 Peasant women with their milk carts on a dike road in 
Holland. 
890 Bhutanese milkmen in Darjeeling, India. 



AGRICULTXJEE 75 

(Bntter) 

*66 Milk passing over refrigerating pipes in the separating 

room of a large dairy in Delhi, N. Y. 
*67 Butter being delivered from the large circular churn 
where great quantities are churned, worked and salted 
at one time, Delhi, N. Y. 
68 Butter being put up into pound packages at Delhi, N. Y. 
606 Packing prize butter for European market in the largest 
dairy in the world, Hasley, Denmark. 
*862 Bedouin women churning in a primitive skin churn, 

Syria. 
(Hides) 
445 Loading hides at Maracaibo, Venezuela. 
617 Siberian hides at Nijni Novgorod, Eussia. 

GOATS 

*586 Goats in Norway. 

575 A family goat — Maan Valley, Norway. 
*743 Goats milked in the streets of Palermo, Sicily. 

SHEEP 

*201 Prize-winning Shropshires in pasture in Michigan. 
*543 Fine specimens of sheep in pasture in the Scotch High- 
lands. 
*547 Sheep grazing in the fields below Stirling Castle, Scot- 
land. 
*483 Sheep grazing in a sunny valley in Peru. 
*831 Sheep on the great veldt of South Africa. 

991 Drink for 5,000 thirsty sheep in Australia. 
*985 Sliearing sheep by electricity (five minutes), Australia. 
986 The largest wool salesroom in the world, Australia. 
878 Shipping wool in bags, on the Euphrates Eiver, Meso- 
potamia. 

HOGS 
*2]8 Hogs in pasture in Illinois. 
*214 A half mile of dressed pork in Armour 's, Chicago. 



76 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

HORSES 
*987 Fine horses in a pasture in Australia. 
*309 26-horse team in wheat fields of Washington. 
*216 Pine farm horses in the harness in Illinois. 
*200 Fine team on a Michigan farm. 
*182 Horses in the rice fields, Texas. 

OTHER STOCK 

*569 Donkeys and ducks at a country place in Ireland. 
*283 Ostrich farm in California. 
*473 Llamas in Peru. 
565 Donkeys on the Island of Achill, Ireland. 

WOODLAND AND FOREST PRODUCTS 

The different ways in which lumbering is carried 
on in the forests of the world is illustrated in the 
stereographs and slides, and they show the magni- 
tude of the industry in a way that cannot be de- 
scribed in words. 

LTJMBERING 
300 Big tree lumbering in California. 
*305 Shooting logs down a mountainside to the water, Ore- 
gon. 
385 Logs in the Klondike Eiver, Alaska. 
*304 Stupendous log-raft on the Columbia Eiver, Oregon. 
*384 Fallen timber on the mountainside in British Columbia. 
*383 In a clearing in British Columbia. 
*166 Hauling logs in Florida. 
914 Hauling timber in Pagan, Burma. 
907 Elephants piling timber in Eangoon, Burma. 
224 A sawmill at Minneapolis, Minn. 
*219 Cutting logs with a circular power saw at Marinette, 
Wis. 



AGRICULTURE 77 

362 Sawing timber in Cebu, P. I. 
*225 Great stacks of lumber at Minneapolis, Minn. 
*186 A typical log cabin such as were built in the early 
part of the 19th Century. 

FIREWOOD 

*219 Sawing off logs with a circular power saw. 

823 Transporting firewood in the Congo. 

405 Fuel gatherers in Mexico. 
*525 An old-fashioned fireplace for burning logs, in Shake- 
speare 's home in Stratf ord-on-Avon, England, 

CORK 

*681, 682, *683 The growth of cork oaks, and preparation of 
the bark, Spain. 

BAMBOO 
*934 Cultivated bamboo at Nanking, China. 
*967 Under the bamboo trees in Japan. 



MANUFACTURING AGRICULTURAL 
PRODUCTS 

The manufacture of agricultural products is as 
important as their production, and the stereo- 
graphs or slides show some of the more important 
agricultural manufacturing industries. All human 
clothing is made from agricultural products and the 
manufacture of fiber into cloth is especially illus- 
trated in this series. 

SILK CULTURE 

*864r Feeding silk worms nuillioiry leaves. 

*865 Hatching silk cocoons on nuilbcrry branches. 



78 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*866 Deadening worms in silk cocoons. 

867 Purchasing cocoons. 

868 Boiling the cocoons to loosen fiber ends. 
*869 Gathering the silk ends and reeling the silk. 
*870 Examining and weighing silk for export. 

SILK MANUFACTURE 

Shown very completely in the stereographs Nos. 
92 to 104 and 871. For details see Products and In- 
dustries list. 

MAKING WOOL INTO CLOTH 

17-24 inclusive. For details, see Products and Industries list. 

MAKING COTTON INTO CLOTH 

154-158 For details, see Products and Industries list. 

MAKING WOOD INTO PAPER 

220-222 For details, see Products and Industries list. 

SUGAR FACTORY PROCESSES 

89-91 and 210, 211 inclusive. For details, see Products and 
Industries list. 

FARMS AND FARM BUILDINGS 

Showing the character of the farm homes and 
buildings used in the different parts of the world. 

26 A pretty country place in New Hampshire. 

*56 Fine old stone farmhouse on the Hudson Eiver, N. Y. 

202 Farmhouses on Lake Michigan, Mich. 

382 At the base of Mt. Stephen, British Columbia, 

*458 A country home in Ecuador. 

*526 A snug country home in England. 



AGRICULTURE 79 

*569 The home of a prosperous farmer in Ireland, 

575, *579, 581 Country places, Norway. 
*618 Country house in Eussia. 

706, *724 Farm life in Switzerland. 
*758, 759 Neat and tidy farms in Austria. 

WELLS, WINDMILLS, ETC. 

852 Joseph's well on the Plains of Dothan, Palestine. 
*642, *646 Windmills in Holland. 
*797 An Egyptian shaduf or well sweep, Nile Valley, Egypt. 

575 A well sweep on a farm in the Maan Valley, Norway. 



COUNTRY ROADS 

Good public highways are vital to a successful 
agriculture. The stereographs' show some typical 
roads under different conditions. 

26 Country road near Franklin, New Hampshire. 

*166 A typical country road in Florida. 

235 Country road at Gardiner, Montana. 

*253 A mountain road in Colorado. 

*273 A road of shifting sand on the great Painted Desert, 

Arizona. 

*282 Magnolia Avenue at Eiverside, California. 

*576 A country road in Norway. 

*632 Eoads in the rural districts of Germany. 

*756 A country road in Austria. 

*768, 774, 775 Country road in Greece. 

889 Making roads near Darjeeling, India. 

*473 A country road in the Peruvian Highlands. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 



The Publishers can supply on application beautiful 
photographs suitable for wall decoration of any sub- 
ject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



ANIMALS 

EDITED BY 

JOHN BTJRIIOIIGHS, 

AUTHOR AND NATURALIST. 

134 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 143 
REFERENCES TO THEM. 

One hundred and forty-three stereographs or 
sHdes selected to show various animals from the dif- 
ferent parts of the world, both domestic and wild. 
Intended primarily for use in the lower grades. 

Natural History, as a science, has never been 
given a place in the public school curriculum. As a 
rule, the lower grades are the only ones which give 
children any chance to make acquaintance with the 
two-legged, four-legged and no-legged creatures 
that share this world with us. The subjects of 
animal life included in this series have been chosen 
with a view to their interest for young boys and 
girls. They give a chance for pupils with the most 
restricted personal environment to know: 

1. Some animals that are the habitual com- 

panions or fellow-workers of man. 

2. Some animals that supply man with funda- 

mental necessities of life. 
81 



82 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

3. Some animals that figure largely in familiar 

stories and legends. 

4. Some animals whose form or habits are spe- 

cially picturesque and impressive. 

Publishers' Note: 

The notes below are supplemented by the descriptions on 
the backs of the stereographs. 

The numbers refer to the serial numbers in the upper right- 
hand corners of the stereographs and on the slides. Those num- 
bers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included in the Spe- 
cial 600 series. 

The animals listed below are simply those included in our 
1,000 series. The teacher is referred to the much wider and 
richer treatment of animals and birds which we are able to 
give in our general catalogue. 

ALLIGATORS AND CROCODILES 

These reptiles of the crocodile family are at home both on 
land and in water. They have short legs for walking and 
long, flexible tails for swimming, with an extraordinarily tough 
scaly hide, parts of which are thickened and hardened like 
protective plates of bone. They breathe air into lungs, but 
have cold blood. They live in tropical and semi-tropical coun- 
tries, laying eggs in nests of sand, to be hatched by the 
warmth of sunshine. Crocodiles and alligators are near rela- 
tives; both are found in Florida. 
163 la the Florida Jungle. 

APES 

Creatures that have all four limbs finished more like hands 
than like feet form a class by themselves, including a wide 
variety of apes, monkeys and kindred animals. The apes have 
no tails. American monkeys have tails. Most of them can, 



ANIMALS 83 

if necessary, walk upright like men, though they are much 
more inclined by habit to go on all fours. Chimpanzees are 
West African apes that grow to a height of about four feet, 
and have exceptionally long arms, with tremendous muscular 
strength. Their bodies are covered with short, dark-brown 
hair, but the skin of their hands is practically bare and nearly 
flesh-color. Thej live mainly on fruits and nuts. Chimpan- 
zees have a fair amount of intelligence, and can be trained to 
do many things as human beings do them, but, so far as our 
experience with them has yet gone, their rudimentary minds 
do not seem to be closely related to our human minds by any 
bond of instinctive sympathy and affection, such as we often 
find conspicuous in dogs and horses. 
82/ A pair of trained cliimpanzees ia tlte Bronx Zoo, New York City. 

AUKS 

These birds of cold countries live on sea food and get sup- 
plies by diving. They make comparatively short journeys in 
the air, for they have less wing power than our familiar sing- 
ing birds, but they can swim, float and dive in water. Auks 
are numerous in Arctic seas off Alaska and Greenland. 

*394 Little auics covering ttie sea - west coast of Qreenland. 

BEARS 

Bears have warm blood, and are carnivorous, i. e., live on 
flesh foods, though not exclusively. They are flat-footed, tread- 
ing on the whole foot, and not, like dogs, on the toes only. 
They bring up families as dogs and cats do, the mothers nurs- 
ing the young. Bear cubs usually come as twins, and many 
species take about seven years to grow to full size. The sil- 
ver-tip grizzly (stereograph 239) reaches eight feet in length 
and 800 pounds in weight. It can swim, but cannot climb a 
rock or tree. Most species of bears live in northern countries, 
where winter is long and severe, and they spend several weeks 



84 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

of the winter sleeping in caves, burrows or hollow tree trunks, 
vvithout coming out for food or drink. Polar bears, in Arctic 
countries, are excellent swimmers and live chiefly on fish and 
seals. 

239 Big grizzly bear at borne in tbe wooded wilderness of Yellowstone 
Park. 

BEAVERS 

The gnawing animals — rats, mice and their numerous rela- 
tives — are equipped with teeth so strong and sharp and so 
generously renewed by nature, that they can do an immense 
amount of cutting and filing without being worn out. The 
North American beaver is one of the most interesting members 
of this family. It lives mainly on vegetable foods — berries, 
roots, leaves and bark; but it is so constructed as to be quite 
at home in the water as well as on land. Its large hind feet 
are webbed somewhat like a duck's, making them good, ef- 
fective paddles. Its broad, flat tail is partly covered with 
scales. The beaver makes its home beside fresh water — a com- 
fortable hollow, protected from other animals by thick walls 
of earth and sticks — and its doorway is below water-level, con- 
sequently inaccessible for land enemies. It often builds a dam 
of tree trunks, mud, moss and bits of driftwood, to hold back 
the adjoining water and keep it sufficiently deep. 

St An American beaver, industriously gnawing a piece ot wood, 

Bronx Park, N. Y. City. 
52 An excellent view of a beaver dam. 



BISON AND BUFFALO 

These belong to a group of animals having hoofs (i. e., few 
toes, and those with extraordinarily developed nails). They 
are near relatives of our common cattle ind sheep, belonging 
to the same ox family — BovidaB. They have simple (i. e., not 
branching) horns, and do not shed them as a deer does. They 
have no upper front teeth, but use cheek teeth for chewing a 



ANIMALS 85 

cud. The bison or American buffalo, common fifty years ago 
on Western plains, is now extremely rare. (Stereograph 238.) 

*358 Filipino wagon drawn by caraboa, P. I. 

*357 Plowing a rice field ia the Philippine Islands with a water buffalo. 

363 A water buffalo drawing a load, P. I. 

914 Hauling timber with buffalo in Pagan, Burma. 
*238 Wild buffalo - one of America's first families - at home on a 
sunny slope ia Yellowstone Park. 

BURROS 

Animals like these are usually called asses or donkeys. The 
name ' ' burro " is of Spanish origin, and is often used in our 
Eocky Mountain districts and in the Southwestern States, ad- 
joining Spanish-speaking Mexico. 

Donkeys are closely related to horses. They belong to the 
same order of Ungulata or hoofed animals, having but one toe, 
with a very large, thick nail. They have longer ears than the 
horse and a shorter mane; the hair on a donkey's tail is short 
near the body and long only toward the tip. The hairy hide 
usually shows a strip of darker color along the backbone. 
Donkeys (asses) are found wild in certain parts of western 
Asia and northern and eastern Africa. They are fed more 
cheaply than horses (i. e., are satisfied with poorer and scan- 
tier food), are extraordinarily hardy and very strong in pro- 
portion to their size. 

27S The sure-footed little burros on a treacherous trail la Qraad Can- 
yon, Arizona. 
277 The prospector and his burro la Indian Gardens, Grand Caayoa, 

Arizona. 
449 A little burro ia Barranquilla, Colombia. 
*450 Burros used to carry water la Barranquilla, Colombia. 
477 Pack train of donkeys In Peru. 
*403 Pack burros in Mexico. 

*404 A neglected but patient little burro, Mexico. 
*46l Traveling among the Andes, Ecuador. 
*464 Gathering Ice on summit of Mt. PIchlncha, Ecuador. 
565 A friendly little fellow on the Island of Achlll, Ireland. 
'*S69 Two little donkeys and one baby doakey, part of the family oa 
a farm ia Ireland. 



86 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

74S Donkey at modern Syracuse, Sicily. 

800 A baby donkey amid strange surroundings, Luxor, Egypt. 

CAMELS 

These are hoofed animals with two toes on each foot, the 
nails developed into the extraordinary thickness which makes 
"hoofs." Unlike cows, they have upper front teeth. They 
eat grass, grain and many sorts of leaves. Their exceptionally 
long legs and humped backs make them conspicuously different 
from other kinds of animals that perform the same service of 
carrying burdens. The Arabian camel (dromedary) has one 
hump, the Bactrian camel two. At the present time there are 
no really wild specimens, but the domesticated animals are 
common in northern Africa and southern and western Asia. 
An average camel can travel 70 to 80 miles a day, carrying a 
burden of 200 pounds and more. The structure of its stomach 
enables it to store up drink ahead of immediate need, and the 
fatty substance of its hump can be partially absorbed into the 
system to remedy temporary scarcity of food. 

788 A "ship of the desert" outside east wail of Cairo, Egypt. 

*789 Camels on the road to the Pyramids from Cairo, Egypt. 

790 Camels by the Great Pyramid of Oizeb, Egypt. 

*842 Camels in an oasis in the Sinai Wilderness. 

848 A caravan of camels on the road near Jaffa, Palestine. 

845 Camel used to draw a plow in Palestine. 

852 Camels resting by Joseph's well on the plains of Dothan, Pales- 
tine. 

*859 A caravan camp at old Damascus. 

867 Bringing in silk cocoons for export, Syria. 

902 Camels hitched to curious wagons at Delhi, India. 

*938 A caravan on Legation St., Tientsin, China. 

CARABAO 

See Buffalo 

CATS 

The familiar household pet has almost precisely the same 
structure and the same instincts as the tiger, differing fro-m 



ANIMALS 87 

the tiger more in dimensions and strength than in any other 
way. 

*S6 The bouse cat at Washlagtoa's Headquarters, Newburgb, N. Y. 

CATTLE 

Oxen and cows belong to the same family (Bovidse) as the 
bison and the buffalo. All are ruminant or cud-chewing ani- 
mals, with the peculiarly developed toe-nails which we call 
hoofs. The hoofs of cattle differ from those of horses in be- 
ing divided, while a horse's hoof is all in one piece. The 
horns of cattle, unlike those of deer, are hollow sheaths with- 
out branches, and they are not shed and renewed like a deer's 
horns. Cattle have no upper front teeth. As civilization has 
advanced men have learned how to treat cattle in such a way 
as to make them grow faster, put on more flesh, give more or 
richer milk, and have more strength for carrying or hauling 
loads. The result is now a very large number of distinct 
breeds. 

*86 Cows in a model dairy at Fairfield, N. J. 

*213 Cattle in the great Union Stock Yards, Chicago. 

217 Steers grazing in green pastures, Illinois. 

*2S7 Among the 30,000 cattle on Sierra Bonita Ranch, Arizona. 

258 Moving a herd. Sierra Bonita Ranch, Arizona. 

544 Highland cattle in pasture at Thurso, Scotland. 

*569 The picturesque home of a prosperous farmer, Ireland. 

*585 Cows wading in the shallow waters of the Naerofjord, Norway. 

*592 Cows in the Vidde Valley, Norway. 

*646 Cows in pasture on the flat lands of Holland. 

664 Fine specimens of cows in a pasture in France. 

*679 A cow being milked in the street little calf by her side, at Val- 
encia, Spain. 

688 End of a bull fight in Seville, Spain. 

757 Fine looking cows in a Tyrolean pasture, Austria, 

813 East African cattle in a kraal. 

*895 How Hindu cows enjoy life in Calcutta, India. 

*92l A cow In Ceylon. 

*166 Eight-ox team hauling loj^s In Florida. 

172 Rapid transit In southern Mississippi. 

326 A holiday jaunt in a horseless carriage, Porto Rico. 



88 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*430 Oxen hauling cars of sugar-cane in Cuba. 

*460 Oxen plowing in Ecuador. 

696 The bullock sledges of Funchal, Madeira Islands. 

845 Plowing with oxen in Palestine, 

*883 Bullock cart at the R. R. station, Bombay, India. 

905 Indian reet or bullock carriage at Ulwar, India. 

914 Hauling timber in Pagan, Burma. 



BEER 

Deer are, like cattle, cud-chewing (ruminant) animals, with 
divided hoofs. Their horns (antlers) are distinctly different 
from those of cattle, being solid, and they divide into spread- 
ing branches. They are shed and renewed every year. There 
are a great many species of deer, most of them in northern 
latitudes, living mainly on grass, roots and leaves. (Stereo- 
graph 191.) 

Eeindeer, found only in the far north (Norway, Lapland, 
Siberia, Alaska), have broader hoofs than other deer, specially 
adapted to treading on marshy ground and snow. Both male 
and female grow antlers. They pick up a living in places for- 
lornly barren, eating mosses, grass roots and seaweeds. Peo- 
ple of far northern lands use them like cattle for hauling 
sledges. Their milk and flesh are standard food supplies and 
their hides are made into clothing. 

191 Little girls feeding tame deer and fawn on a ranch in Missouri. 
*582 Herd of shy reindeer in their native haunts in far north Norway^ 
*S93 A family reindeer in far north Lapland. 

DOGS 

All the many species of more or less domesticated dogs are 
descended from wolves, or from other wild creatures closely 
resembling known kinds of wolves. Like most (not all) of the 
other flesh-eating animals, their feet and legs are so con- 
structed that they walk on their toes, their ' ' heels ' ' having 
the effect of a mere knuckle at the ankle. Dogs have five toes 
on the forefeet and four on the hind feet. Unlike members of 



ANIMALS 89 

the cat family, they cannot draw in their claws. Long before 
men built cities they had tamed dogs, using them to help in 
hunting and to guard cattle and sheep. In far north lands, 
where draught animals are few or none, dogs are trained to 
haul heavy loads, but, as a rule, dogs have been simply men's 
companions, fellow w^orkers and playmates. Dogs differ from 
most other animals in having no sweat glands, hence, when 
heated, they seek relief in rolling. About two hundred va- 
rieties are now recognized by specialists in dog breeding. 

*S6 The pet dog of an old soldier, Newburgh, N. Y. 

*I08 A little girl and her faithful dog at the Delaware Water Gap. 

*389 A dog at far north Cape Sabiae, Baffin Bay. 

*395 Esquimaux sledge dogs, Greenland. 

516 After a hard run with the otter pack, England. 

SSI The little dog is always on hand, - a humble home la Norway. 

*593 A dog in far north Lapland. 

*642 A dog drawing a milk cart on a dike road in Holland. 

*643 Dignified Dutch matron with her dog team, Bakhuysea, Holland. 

*704 A dog in the street at Berne, Switzerland. 

715 World-famed monastery and dogs at the Great St. Bernard Pass, 
Switzerland. 

*760 A helpful dog la Innsbruck, Austria. 

DONKEYS 

See Burros 



ELEPHANTS 
Their size, their strength and the extraordinary development 
of their noses distinguish elephants from all other living crea- 
tures. The long and marvelously strong, flexible muscles of 
the trunk make that member almost as useful as an arm and 
hand. By drawing the breath inward through the nostrils 
while they are in contact with an object, the thing can 
readily be lifted on the principle of suction. By winding the 
trunk around a bulky object, the thing can be lifted as if 
inside a loop of rope. Elephants are still found wild in parts 
of Africa, India and Ceylon. They live on strictly vegetable 



90 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

foods, and take nearly twenty years to reach full growth, at- 
taining 6,000 to 9,000 pounds weight. Two incisor teeth in 
the upper jaw, called tusks, are very conspicuous in most spe- 
cies, sometimes growing 9 to 10 feet long; they furnish 
beautifully fine-grained bone known as ivory. Elephant hide 
is extraordinarily tough and durable, and has often been used 
in the industrial arts. Elephants were tamed and used as 
beasts of burden far back in the early days of Oriental civili- 
zation. Their impressive bulk and the expense of their 
' ' keep ' ' have usually limited their ownership to chiefs and men 
of exceptional wealth. 

*904 Fabulous wealth of India — Durbar procession, Delhi. 
923 Elephants basking In the sun In their native home, Ceylon. 
*924 Native farming In Ceylon; plowing a paddy field with elephants. 
925 Tame elephants breaking down timber stockade, after drive in 

kraal, Ceylon. 
*926 An elephant mother and her babe one month old, Ceylon. 
907 Elephant laborers piling timber In one of the great riverside yards, 
Rangoon, Burma. 

FISHES 

The known species and varieties of fishes are almost in- 
numerable. The salmon family forms a typically interesting 
group of fishes that are of special economic importance to 
humankind. The Chenook salmon of our north Pacific coast 
is one of the most abundant of all edible fishes. At the pres- 
ent time it leads all our American fishes in commercial value. 

Through the winter the Chenook salmon live in deep ocean 
waters. Every spring they seek fresh waters in which to raise 
their young, swimming sometimes a thousand miles for this 
express purpose and making their way up-stream against 
rapids. They even leap up over low waterfalls. The eggs are 
left on the gravelly beds of upland streams, and the old fish 
die. When about six weeks old the young fish begin their sea- 
ward journey. In and about the Columbia Elver they are 4 
to 6 inches long when they reach the sea. At maturity they 
often weigh 20 to 30 pounds. 



91 



*307 Cheaook salmon on the floor of great cannery, Oregon. 
308 Beautiful salmon in a trap at Puget Sound, Washington, 



GANNETS 
These are swimming birds, about the size of geese, i. e., 
nearly three feet long, with very strong muscular wings. They 
feed wholly on fish, and make their homes on steep seaside 
cliffs overlooking the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay of Fundy 
and neighboring waters. They soar above the water until they 
have located some fish, then drop suddenly (sometimes 50 or 
even 100 feet), dive and seize their prey. 

*368 Oaaaets at borne on tbeir ledges along the Si. Lawrence. 

GAME COCKS 
The fighting instinct is strong in most cocks, but those of 
certain breeds have the instinct so overdeveloped that it 
amounts almost to a mania. Such cocks are raised in large 
numbers in parts of Spain and in lands where Spanish taste in 
sport is particularly influential, e. g., in Mexico, in South 
America and in the Philippine Islands. 

448 Game cocks in Santa Marta, Colombia. 

GEESE 

Geese are so constructed as to be good both at flying and at 
swimming. They are near relatives both of swans and of 
ducks. Their muscular wings have a broad reach and the wild 
species take extremely long flights (in spring and fall) with- 
out rest. Geese were apparently among the very first feathered 
creatures that men undertook to tame and control. 

*569 A flock of plump geese on a farm in Ireland, 

GIRAFFES 
Giraffes (camelopards) are the tallest of living animals. 
In many respects they are closely related to deer. They live 
on the leaves of trees; they have hoofs and they chew the cud. 



92 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

But their horns are so little developed as to have the effect of 
mere knobs on their foreheads, while their necks are so ex- 
traordinarily developed as to length, that full-grown animals 
can feed comfortably 0n tree branches 15 to 20 feet above 
the ground. Giraffes, in fact, very seldom take anything from 
the ground level. Their tongues differ from those of other 
cud-chewers in being peculiarly long and flexible, capable of 
use almost like a finger. 
819 Two Nubian giraffes ia Bronx Park, N. Y. City. 

GOATS 

Goats and sheep are closely related to fiach other and to 
cattle. They have divided hoofs, permanent horns, and they 
chew a cud as oxen and cows do. The mother animals produce 
milk in quantities large enough to be useful as a food supply 
for human beings. 

Goats have been found wild in the hilly or mountainous dis- 
tricts of many countries, and have been tamed for domestic 
service. Wild species still roam about parts of northern 
Africa and North America and western and central Asia, and 
a few are still wild in extreme southwestern Europe. They can 
pick up a living in pastures too poor for cattle. Their flesh is 
eaten by people in Egypt, Syria, Arabia and Asia Minor, and 
in those same countries their hair is mixed with sheep's wool, 
spun and woven into coarse cloth. The hair of the Angora 
goat, a native of Asia Minor, is so long, flexible and lustrous 
as to be valuable in fine textile industries. It is the ' ' mohair ' ' 
of commerce.- 

S75 The typical surroundings of a little house ia the Maan Valley, 

Norway. 
*S86 A herd of agile goats by the side of placid Lake Olden, Norway. 
*743 Goats milked In the streets of Palermo, Sicily. 

GOLDFINCH 

The goldfinch is a familiar friend in the English country- 
side, and, with the other finches to which it is closely related. 



ANIMALS 93 

has figured many times in English verse. Its cousin, which is 
familiar to the eastern United States, and is usually known as 
the yellowbird or thistle-bird, is one of the many perching 
song birds that help put color, airy life and music into our 
northern summertime. Matthews describes its gay song as 
having a "metallic, cut-glass jingle." It sings both at rest 
and upon the wing. In early spring the goldfinches have a 
song festival or musical reunion in the treetops; a score or 
more of the birds gather in the top of a tree and sing in a 
low, twittering, chirping manner for hours at a time, return- 
ing to the treetops day after day. It is their manner of be- 
ginning the season of love and song. Later the male often 
sings a brief ecstatic song on the wing, flying in a peculiar 
level manner. During the nesting time in midsummer the 
male bird circles about the nesting place in a long, billowy 
flight, with alternately opened and closed wings, uttering a 
cheery note of four syllables in each arc of its flight. Other 
finches from the Canary Isles, called by the name of their an- 
cestral home, are among the best known of our caged singers. 

S34 Goldfinch, Its aest aad eggs. 



GTJLLS 

Gulls belong to a group of peculiarly long-winged sea birds, 
built for extraordinary powers of flight. They are sociable 
creatures, often choosing to live close by busy harbors and 
river ports where there is much commotion and noise of traffic. 
They follow vessels hundreds — even thousands — of miles, 
partly for discarded food, and partly for the pleasure of com- 
panionship. These extreme amounts of exercise so toughen 
their muscles as to make them valueless for human food, but 
in some parts of the world their eggs are very desirable for 
eating. 

*i86 Sea gulls on Saa Francisco Bay, Cailifornia, 



94 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

HOGS 

The swine family of hoofed animals, to which hogs belong, 
is distinguished by its peculiar development of the nose. A 
pig's snout is as effective as an extra limb for digging and 
handling food. All the modern varieties of domesticated pigs 
are descendants of wild ancestors, the boars that were hunted 
in ancient and medieval times. The commercial importance 
of swine has steadily increased as uses have been found for 
practically every part of the carcass. A large variety of food 
can be used in raising this kind of stock, but Indian corn 
(maize) is one of the best and cheapest, so it naturally comes 
about that a corn-growing district is likely to be a hog-raising 
district. 

*218 Feeding the bogs on a prairie farm, Illinois. 

HIPPOPOTAMUS 

This native of Africa has the special distinction of a mar- 
velously thick and strong hairless hide. On its back and sides 
tough protective skin develops like armor to the thickness of 
two inches, though some other parts of its body have a more 
ordinary weight of hide. Its short, thick legs have four toes, 
their nails developed into hoofs. Its habit is to spend a large 
part of the time in the water, where, in spite of its clumsy 
build, it swims and floats. It is fond of wallowing in mud. Its 
huge bulk (full-grown males are sometimes 5 feet high and 12 
to 14 feet long) is developed and kept in repair on vegetable 
diet — largely water plants and the herbage of swamps. Certain 
of the teeth in its lower jaw, used for digging and cutting, 
grow to exceptionally large size and furnish bone as fine of 
grain as an elephant's tusks. Some African tribes kill hippo- 
potami with skillfully directed spears, and eat the creatures' 
flesh raw or smoked. 
820 A huge Itippopotamus in tlie Zoo at Bronx Park, N. Y. City. 



ANIMALS 95 

HORSES 

The horse and his nearest relative, the donkey and zebra, 
are hoofed, but, unlike the other hoofed animals, these have 
only one toe for each foot. The hoof, with which we are all so 
familiar, is its enlarged and thickened nail. The space between 
a horse's front teeth and cheek teeth (so convenient for bits!) 
is another peculiarity of the species. Wild horses used to be 
numerous in the steppe or prairie lands of eastern Europe and 
central Asia, and there is even now a wild species in Tibet; 
but men in the most ancient times saw helpful possibilities in 
the strength and speed of horses, and began to tame and train 
them. The specimens seen in these stereographs are excellent 
examples of animals broken to the saddle, for carriage service 
and for heavy teaming. 

Draft and Farm Horses 

*I82 Farm horses ia the rice field, Texas. 

*188 A team of draft horses la St. Louis, Mo. 

*189 Draft horses ia maia street of St. Louis, Mo. 

*200 A fiae team of horses oa a farm ia Michigan. 

*212 A big team of draft horses ia Chicago. 

*216 Some fiae specimeas of horses plowiag oa the Illiaois prairie. 

*22S Faithful old horse employed ia a lumberyard ia Mlaaeapolis. 

*309 Tweaty-six horse team ia the harvest fields of Walla Walla, 

Washingtoa. 

*987 Fiae horses ia a field ia Australia. 

Road and Saddle Horses 

26 A pretty road horse ia New Hampshire. 

84 A little pony aad cart ia a daisy field. 

*I94 ladian saddle horses. 

183 A saddle horse in Texas. 

235 Six horse tally-ho at Gardlaer, Montana. 

*262 Aa Indian pony on the sandy deserts of Arizona. 

*2S9 Cowboys in the saddle oa the Arizona plalas. 

*505 Splendid horses in the coronation procession, London, 

*S84 A carriage pony at Bergen, Norway. 

*676 Military horses la Madrid, Spain. 

*830 Eaglisb military horses ia South Africa. 



96 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

850 Splendid Arabian horses by the Dead Sea, Palestine. 

890 Horses at Darjeeliag, India. 

*293 U. S. cavalry horses in California. 

*83S English cavalry horses in South Africa. 

KANGAROOS 

A very few mother animals are equipped by nature witli a 
sort of pocket (pouch) in the skin, where the young may be 
carried for a time, somewhat as the women of certain savage 
tribes carry a baby in the looped folds of a blanket. The 
kangaroo, a native of Australia, is the largest of all such 
pouched creatures. Both mother and father kangaroo have 
their hind legs developed to very much larger size and greater 
strength than their forelegs. The forelegs seem almost like a 
poor sort of arms, useful only in climbing or clutching. Kan- 
garoos do not walk nor run, but hop, using both hind legs in 
the same way at the same moment, and not alternating. A 
full grown male is often 6 feet tall, and can leap from 10 to 
30 feet in a single spring. It lives on vegetable food, mainly 
leaves, twigs and roots. 
984 A boxing kangaroo in the Zoo at Melbourne, Australia. 

LLAMAS 

See Camels. They belong to the same zoological family, but 
differ from their Arabian and Bactrian relatives in having no 
humps, and in being much smaller. They are found only in 
certain Andean districts of South America, where they per- 
form the work done in other lands by pack-horses and donkeys. 

*473 Pack train of llamas - unique Andean beasts of burden, Peru. 
477 Llamas on the road to Arequipa, Peru. 

MULES 
See Donkeys. The mule is a hybrid, i. e., of mixed an- 
cestry. Its father was a horse, its mother a donkey. 

*273 A mule team on the great sand wastes of Arizona. 
*442 The bread-mule in Caracas, Venezuela. 



97 



OSTRICHES 



The largest birds now living lack the usual bird-like ability 
to fly. They make up for it by having extraordinarily de- 
veloped legs that can stride twenty-five feet and outdistance 
any horse. Males of the African species are sometimes eight 
feet tall, and weigh 250 to 300 pounds. The long neck and 
legs are bare, but the body is covered with feathers, and 
wings and tail produce the exceptionally long, soft plumes 
which are so valuable. 

Ostriches in a wild state are found in parts of northern and 
southern Africa, Arabia and Mesopotamia. They are being 
systematically raised for profit in those countries, also in 
Australia, Florida, southern California and Mexico. Their 
eggs are edible. 

*283 Ostrich tarm In California, showing fine specimens ot the birds 
and their eggs, 

PELICANS 

These big, heavy birds belong to the same family as the 
Gannets. They dive and swim quite as well as they fly. Their 
legs are short and clumsy — their walk awkward. A full-grown 
pelican is about four feet long, and his outspread wings meas- 
ure six feet or more from tip to tip. The bill of a pelican ia 
developed to remarkably great size, and a special pouch or 
pocket at its base makes it possible for it to carry large 
quantities of unswallowed food. They dive from mid-air, 
seizing fish with the beak and pack crops and necks with prey, 
then fly back to drop the food into the throats of their big, 
clumsy chicks. 

*16S Pelicans protected by Uncle Sam - Pelican Island off coast ot 
Florida. 

REINDEER 

See Deer 



98 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



SEALS AND SEA XIONS 



These are not fishes, but animals, with some markedly fish- 
like characteristics. The fact that they are warm-blooded 
flesh-eaters and air-breathers, with typically animal-like hides, 
makes them related more closely to carnivorous animals of am- 
phibious habit than to fishes. On the other hand, their fish- 
shaped bodies and their small fin-like legs make them curiously 
different from their four-legged cousins on land. 

The so-ealled ' ' seals ' ' of the California coast are more prop- 
erly sea lions, a species merely hairy and not actually furry. 
(Stereograph *287.) True fur-bearers live in waters farther 
north. 

*287 Close view of seals on the beach, Saata Catalina Island, California. 



SHEEP 

These are all cud-chewing, hoofed animals belonging to the 
same large family as cattle and goats, but with some differ- 
ences in build, and very marked differences in the nature of 
their hairy pelt. Nobody now knows from what wild stock our 
numerous domestic breeds of sheep are descended. The edible 
qualities of the mutton and the length and fineness of wool 
have been enormously improved by systematic breeding. There 
are now sheep whose wool-producing skin has been made to 
increase in area till it lies in big puffs and folds all over the 
body and from nose to hoofs. Eussia, Australia, New Zea- 
land, Argentina and the United States are the largest sheep- 
raising countries, because they have immense tracts of pas- 
ture land good enough for grazing sheep while nearly worth- 
less for any other purpose. Shearing is now usually done by 
machinery. 

*20l Genuine prize^wlnnlng Shropshires in a Michigan pasture. 

*483 Sheep in the sunny fields of Peru. 

*83l Sheep grazing on the veldt in South Africa. 

991 Drink for 5,000 thirsty sheep on a big ranch In Australia. 



99 



SILK WORMS 

The silk worm is one of the forms assumed by an insect 
called the bombycine moth. It is hatched in this caterpillar 
guise from an egg laid by the winged moth. The species of 
most value feeds almost entirely on mulberry leaves. Within 
its body the food thus secured is transformed into a fluid 
stuff that "strings" when expelled from the abdomen, form- 
ing a very fine, delicate thread of two strands. (The material 
is given out at the same moment from two openings, as we 
breathe through two nostrils at once.) Of this fine fibre it 
makes a cocoon about the size of a pigeon's egg, and pale 
yellow in color. In the natural course of events, the creature 
inside the cocoon would' in due time undergo a transformation 
similar to that of our common butterflies, and come out in 
true insect form with wings; but its cocoon fibre is so valuable 
that most of the chrysalides are not allowed to live through 
the full period. Their exit would damage the silk. They are 
killed by a. process which leaves the cocoon fibres uninjured 
and the silk is then carefully unwound by hand. Threads of 
such raw silk have been secured 1,000 feet long. It takes 
about 1,600 cocoons to produce a pound of silk. The creature 
was originally a native of China, but it is now raised also in 
various parts of Asia, Europe and the United States, 

See also "Silk" under Products and Industries. 
*S64 Peeding the silk worms their breakfast of mulberry leaves. 
*865 Cocoons as woven in the mulberry branches. 
*866 Deadening the worms in the cocoons by steam. 

SNAKES 
Snakes are legless reptiles, air-breathing, but cold-blooded. 
Their shape and their peculiar mode of locomotion differen- 
tiate them from nearly all other creatures. The scales that 
cover the under side of a snake 's body are set at right angles 
to the extremely flexible spine, and one edge of the scale is 
free enough and sharp enough to get a "purchase" against 



100 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

a surface of earth or stone while the elastic muscles of the 
body push it forward. A snake's teeth are for seizing and 
holding prey, not for chewing; food is swallowed whole. The 
tongue is usually long, slender and forked, used chiefly for 
feeling, like an insect 's antennas. Snakes have no movable eye- 
lids. The epidermis (skin) covering the head is transparent 
where it covers the eye, forming a sort of window. The whole 
skin is shed at intervals, a new one being in process of forma- 
tion under the old and ready for use when the other is cast. 
All snakes are carnivorous, some eating insects, others frogs, 
toads, fish and birds. The largest species feed on animals 
suited to their appetites — goats, deer, etc. 

Certain snakes of South America and India are especially 
famous for their size, their beauty and the deadly effect of 
their poison fangs. The hooded cobra of India is the most 
dangerous member of the family. No antidote for its bite is 
known. (Stereograph 894.) 

894 Street showman exhibiting superbly handsome snakes before an 
admiring crowd, Calcutta, Jndia. 



SONG THRUSHES 

The thrushes are many. America has several species differ- 
ing in plumage and in song, and Europe has still others. They 
are all famous for the wonderfully beautiful musical qualities 
of their song. English and American poets and bird lovers 
have many times tried to put into words and into conventional 
notation the strains that are such a delight to the ear. It has 
been suggested (Schuyler Matthews) that the overtones which 
give characteristic charm to our American wood thrush or 
Bong thrush may be accounted for by the possession of "ex- 
tremely short and extremely long vocal cords — ^the latter vi- 
brated along with the former, thus producing a singular effect 
of harmony. ' ' 

The stereographed bird (533) is of an English species. 

S33 Song thrush setting; male bird by the nest. 



ANIMAXS 101 

SWINE 
See Hogs 

TIGERS 

The tiger resembles so closely our common domestic cat that 
it gives particularly good material for study of its type — per- 
haps the perfection of carnivorous creatures. Its strength of 
structure, its grace of movement and its beauty of contour, 
texture and color, are all worth studying as features of the 
highest development which this line of creation has ever 
reached on our earth. The lion divides this questionable honor 
with the tiger. 

A man-eating tiger (stereograph 896) is exceptional. Most 
animals of its species live oh wild pigs, deer, monkeys and 
cattle. 

The puma, jaguar, ocelot and lynx are the tiger's nearest 
wild relatives in North America. 

896 Famous "man-eater" at Calcutta - devoured 200 men, women 
and children before capture, India. 

WALRUS 

The walrus belongs to the same animal family as the seal 
and the sea lion. It is a warm-blooded creature, but is 
adapted by nature to living mainly in and by the water, usu- 
ally in Arctic latitudes. It uses smaller sea creatures for food. 
A full-grown male is 8 to 10 feet long, and may weigh over 
a ton. Its body is covered with short brownish hair, and the 
hide has a thick lining of fat quite similar to the blubber of 
a whale. It has flapper or fin-shaped legs, very serviceable as 
paddles, but of limited help in moving over the ground. Two 
front teeth in its upper jaw grow very long and sharp. It 
uses them like a mountain-climber's alpenstock when it needs 
to climb a rock or a mass of ice, and again it uses them like 
spades and pitchforks when it needs to dig in the sand for 



102 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

clams. The coasts of Labrador, Greenland, Spitzbergen and 
Nova Zembla are its favorite home districts. 

SO Atlantic walrus with Its eyes on a tempting morsel. 
WHALES 

Whales are warm-blooded, air-breathing, tlesh-eating animals, 
not fishes; but they are specially adapted to life in the water. 
Their enormous bodies are so shaped as to divide water easily. 
Their legs are transformed into mere flappers used to help 
the tail in propelling and steering. Their flesh is swathed in a 
thick layer of fat, which prevents it from being chilled in 
Arctic waters, and protected from chance injury by a tough, 
hairless hide. They live on other sea creatures. It is possible 
for them to hold their breath under water for an excessively 
long time — more than an hour, if necessary. Emptying the 
lungs of moisture-laden air (spouting) gives the effect of a 
playing fountain. 

Two kinds of whales are of marked commercial value. The 
baleen whale is hunted for its fat (blubber), from which oil is 
extracted and for peculiar horny growths (whalebone) that 
curtain the sides of its gigantic, toothless mouth. The sperm 
whale is hunted for its blubber, for the spermaceti and oil 
from its head, and for its large teeth which are almost as 
fine-grained as an elephant 's tusks. 

*63 Whale oa a Long Island beach. New York. 
64 Head of a huge whale on a beach of Long Island. 

ZEBUAS 
The zebra is closely related to horses and donkeys, but it has 
almost never been satisfactorily domesticated. Herds of wild 
zebras are numerous in East Africa, and some natives eat their 
flesh. They are smaller than our domesticated horses and dis- 
tinguished by a conspicuously striped hide-— black on cream- 
color. The force of their kick and their speed in running, 
give them fair protection against human hunters, but great 
numbers of them are seized and eaten by lions. 

§10 Zebra, favorite game of man and of lions, Bast Africa, 



ARCHITECTURE 

EDITED BY 
JAMES KNOX TAYLOR, F.A.I.A., 

DIEECTOE OF DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, MASSACHUSETTS 
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 

358 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 366 
REFERENCES TO THEM. 

In no way is the old saying, "Seeing is believing" 
more strongly emphasized than in the continually 
increasing use of the lantern slide, the cinemato- 
graph or moving picture in all branches of educa- 
tional work. One very prominent scientist in a re- 
cent article on this subject stated as his belief that 
future generations will be almost, if not entirely, 
instructed in this manner. The federal government 
in its work for the Agriculturalist and in its Good 
Roads department has adopted the film as the most 
satisfactory way of disseminating the results of the 
experiments in a number of directions. 

Architecture and the allied arts, more than any 
other educational work, furnish opportunities for 
the use of such a method that are almost unlimited. 
In the education of an architect, the training of the 
eye, and through the eye the mind, forms a most im- 

103 



104 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

portant element in producing the final result. Un- 
like the training in those professions that depend 
largely, if not altogether, on pure reasoning and 
whose practice is governed by formulas and rules 
from the application of which all problems can be 
solved, the architect must train himself to instinct- 
ively choose those forms that will, when combined, 
produce the most harmonious and beautiful whole, 
not only in mass, detail and line, but utility as well. 

This means that a student of the arts must so fill 
his mind with what has been or is being done under 
similar conditions in his particular line, that when 
a problem is presented to him he can from that store 
of knowledge at once grasp its salient points, and 
avoiding the faults shown in existing work produce 
a solution that, while it may suggest other solutions, 
still is of itself new and original. 

To acquire the ability to do this necessitates not 
so much a training on hard and fast rules as it does 
a development of all the artistic perceptions, includ- 
ing the senses of beauty, of proportion and of 
utility. 

There is no better means whereby such a develop- 
ment can be advanced than by the inspection and 
study of the work of others in similar problems. 
This can be secured in three ways. First, by means 
of extensive and costly travel which unfortunately 
few can afford; second, by the study of ordinary 



ARCHITECTURE 105 

photographic prints, drawings and lantern sHdes; 
and, third, far more effectively, as educators are 
'now realizing, by the study of stereographs or binoc- 
ular photographs. 

All actual architectural structures exist in three 
dimensions or as solids. The great defect of draw- 
ings and ordinary photographs is that they show 
things in only two dimensions. Moreover, because 
of this lack of the third dimension, drawings and 
ordinary photographs, through foreshortening and 
in other ways, give inaccurate and distorted impres- 
sions. This is due to the fact that the ordinary pho- 
tograph is made by a single camera, like a person 
with one eye (and all drawings are made on the 
same principle). The stereograph alone is made on 
the principle of two-eye seeing — that is, with a 
double camera, with the two lenses set about as far 
apart as a person's two eyes. Such a camera gives 
the two different views that our two eyes would get 
on the spot, and when these two views are properly 
combined in the stereoscope we see an object or 
structure standing out the same as we would if we 
stood where the camera stood before the object or 
building itself. The ordinary photograph really ap- 
pears far better than it is. It is very deceptive. 
What it fails to give, as well as its inaccuracies in 
what it does give, are far greater than is generally 
realized. This is brought out in a startling way 



106 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

when we compare in the stereoscope ordinary photo- 
graphs and stereographs of the same subject. There 
can be no question of the great importance of the 
difference between the two forms of representation. 
Especially is this true in the study of architecture, 
where accurate impressions of form are so essential. 

Manifestly it would be impossible to cover and 
exhaust the entire field of architecture in the limited 
number of subjects that could be included in a col- 
lection of this character; therefore, in making the 
selection the effort has been to have it cover as 
many types and characteristics as possible, hoping 
thereby to create an interest that would induce 
further study. 

Moreover, this selection has not been made for 
the professional student, but rather for the use of 
those who have a general interest in architecture 
from a less confined viewpoint than of its practice 
as a profession. The selection, therefore, is more 
general in character with comparatively little atten- 
tion given to whether the details in any particular 
direction are obtainable or not. 
Publishers' Note: 

The numbers used in. the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and also on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special ' ' 600 ' ' set. 

For further illustrations on Architecture the teacher is re- 



ARCHITECTUKE 107 

ferred to the wider range of material to be found in our gen- 
eral catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the differ- 
ent countries, particulars of which will be sent on application. 

EGYPTIAN 
THE OLD KINGDOM 

*789 The Pyramids of Gizeh, from the road to Cairo. 

790 The Great Pyramid of King Khufu at Gizeh. 

791 Looking up the corner of the Great Pyramid at Gizeh. 
*792 On the summit of the Great Pyramid, Gizeh. 

794 Down the passage to Khufu 's tomb, Great Pyramid, 

Gizeh. 
*795 Kuins of the Granite Temple, Sphinx, and the Great 

Pyramid, Gizeh. 
793 The second Pyramid with crown of original casing 

masonry. 

THE EMPIRE (18TH DYNASTY) 

800 The most beautiful colonnade in Egypt, south across 
temple court at Luxor, Thebes. 

THE EMPIRE (19TH DYNASTY) 

804 Abu Simbel Temple, hewn in the native rock, Egypt. 

THE PERSIAN PERIOD 

802 The Island of Phila3 and its temples from Bigeh, 
Egypt. 

GRECIAN 
CYCLOPEAN OR EARLY GRECIAN 

770 Agamemnon 's council hall in Mycen£B, Greece. 

CLASSIC GRECIAN 
(DORIC) 

*764 West end of the Parthenon from the Propyla;a. 
762 The Parthenon crowning the Acropolis at Athens, 
Greece. 



108 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*765 Northeast over the Parthenon giving closer view of its 

splendid Doric pillars. 
732 Beautiful home of the Vetii, buried 79 A. D., Pompeii, 

Italy. 
745 Greek Theatre, of fifth century, B. C, Syracuse, Sicily. 

39 The Sub-Treasury Building, New York City. 
141 Lee's old home at Arlington, Va. 

(IONIC) 

763 Beautiful Temple of Nike, Athens. 
*764 The Erechtheum on the Acropolis, Athens. 

1 Grecian porch at Bunker Hill, Boston. 
*131 U. S. Treasury Building at Washington, D. C. (mainly 
Grecian) . 

(CORINTHIAN) 

*766 Looking down upon the monument of Lysikrates, 
Athens. 

*767 The beautiful Corinthian pillars of the Olympian tem- 
ple of Zeus, Athens. 
*48 Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Riverside Drive, New 
York City. 

ROMAN 

725 The Temple of Matuta, with its Corinthian columns, 
Eome, Italy. 
*726 The tomb of Hadrian from St. Peter's, Eome, Italy. 
*729 The Coliseum at Eome, Italy. 
*728 The ruins of the Forum, S. E. from the Capitol, Eome, 

Italy. 
675 The Old Eoman aqueduct, Segovia, Spain. 

MODERN ROMAN 

*556 Bank of Ireland, Dublin. 
*781 Castle overlooking the Bosphorus. 

*132 The United States Capitol at Washington, D. C. (Ro- 
man Corinthian). 



ABCHITECTURE 109 

34 The Appellate Court Building, at Madison Square, New 

York City (Eoman Corinthian), 
39 The New York City Stock Exchange. 
*496 The Eoman arches of London Bridge, England. 
*537 National Gallery and Eoyal Institution, Edinburgh, 
Scotland. 
135 Supreme Courtroom in the Capitol at Washington, D. C 
*608 St. Isaac's Cathedral at St. Petersburg, Eussia. 
*647 Palace of Justice at Brussels, Belgium. 
*751 The Franzens Eing, Vienna, Austria. 



BYZANTINE 
TURKISH 

778 St. Sophia and other mosques of Constantinople, Tur- 

key. 

779 Interior view of St. Sophia, Constantinople. 

847 Dome of Eock and Mosque of El Aksa, Jerusalem. 

RUSSIAN 

*613 The Kremlin at Moscow. 
614 Tower of Ivan and Cathedral of Archangel Michael 

at the Kremlin, Moscow. 
597 Traces of Byzantine influence on Vasagatan Street, 

Stockholm. 

HOORISH 

*805, *807 Moorish architecture in Algiers. 

*684 The Alhambra Palace at Granada, Spain. 

*685 Magnificent Court of the Lions, Alhambra Palace. 

34 Madison Square Garden, New York City. 

689 The Cathedral at Cadiz, Spain. 

693 Lisbon, Portugal (Moorish influence). 

MOHAMMEDAN ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT 

*786 Overlooking Cairo. 
788 Tombs of Moslem rulers, Egypt. 



110 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

MOHAMMEDAN ARCHITECTURE IN SYRIA 

*857 Straight Street in Damascus. 

*858 The Court of a Syrian home, Damascus. 

MOHAMMEDAN ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA 

902 Juma Musjid Mosque at Delhi, India. 
*903 Close view of Juma Musjid Mosque at Delhi, India. 
*899 Taj Mahal at Agra, India. 

900 Marble screen in the Taj Mahal, India. 

MOHAMMEDAN ARCHITECTURE IN MESOPOTAMIA 

*881 Domes and minarets of Bagdad. 

MODERN BYZANTINE 

*45 Government receiving station on Ellis Island, New 
York Harbor. 

BASILICAN 

*736, 737 The Cathedral and Baptistry at Florence, Italy. 

ROMANESQUE 

341 Executive Building at Honolulu, H. I. 
*454 Opera House at Eio de Janeiro, Brazil (developed 

Eomanesque). 
*573 Eoyal Palace at Christiania, Norway. 
*8S3 Modified Eomanesque Eailway Station at Bombay, 
India. 
989 The General Post Office at Sydney, Australia (modern 
Eomanesque). 
*561 Eoyal Avenue, Belfast, Ireland. 

901 Great Durbar Hall in the Palace of H. H. the Ma- 

haraja of Gwalior, India (developed Eomanesque). 
677 Bank of Spain in Madrid (developed Eomanesque). 

GOTHIC 
ENGLISH GOTHIC 

*38 Trinity Church, New York City. 
*502 House of Parliament and Westminster Abbey, London, 



ARCHITECTURE 111 

503 House of Peers (interior view), London, England. 

*512 Interior view of Canterbury Cathedral, showing inter- 
lacing arches, London. 

*509 Windsor Castle, England. 

*529 Solemn length of Cathedral nave, Durham, England. 

531 Euined Furness Abbey, England. 

*504 Westminster Abbey in London, England. 

511 Tower of Magdalen College at Oxford, England. 

*538 Scott Memorial at Edinburgh, Scotland. 

539 Holyrood Abbey, Scotland. 

*540 Beautiful Melrose Abbey, Scotland. 

*554: Cathedral at Queenstown, Ireland. 

FRENCH GOTHIC 

*659 Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. 
662, *663 The Cathedral at Eheims, France. 

GERMAN GOTHIC 

*638 Cologne's Cathedral, the most perfect piece of Gothic 
architecture to be found anywhere. 
754 Reception Hall in the Rathhaus at Vienna, Austria. 

ITALIAN GOTHIC 

*738 Beautiful Gothic Cathedral at Milan, Italy, 
739 Among the myriad spires of Milan Cathedral. 

VENETIAN GOTHIC 

*740 The Doge 's Palace at Venice, Italy. 
741 The Doge's Palace and Bridge of Sighs, Venice, Italy. 
*742 Home of an old merchant of Venice, Italy. 

FLAMBOYANT GOTHIC 

648 Town Hall at Brussels, Belgium. 
*657 Sainte Chappele at Paris. 
372 The Government Building at Ottawa, Canada. 
497 Tower Bridge in London, England. 
41 Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York City. 
(EARLY FLORENTINE) 
*736 Palazzo VcccLio, Florence, Italy. 



112 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

RENAISSANCE 

FRENCH RENAISSANCE 
*129 State Department at Washington, D. C. 

370 Chateau Frontenac, Quebec, Canada. 
*632 Neuschwanstein Castle in the Bavarian Alps, Ger- 
many, 

LOTJIS XVI. 

*493 Central Avenue, in Montevideo, Uruguay. 
*656 The roof of the Louvre at Paris. 
660 The Gallery of Battles at the Eoyal Palace at Ver- 
sailles, France. 

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 
*130 Congressional Library at Washington, D. C. 
136 Interior of the Congressional Library at Washington, 
D. C. 
6 Public Library, Boston. 
34 Madison Square Presbyterian Church, N. Y. City. 
*598, 599 Eoyal Palace at Stockholm, Sweden. 
*726 St. Peter's Church at Eome, Italy. 
727 Interior of the Vatican Library, Eome, Italy. 

VENETIAN RENAISSANCE 

*40 The New York Herald Building, New York City. 
688 Bull Eing at Seville, Spain. 

SPANISH RENAISSANCE 
*676 Eoyal Palace at Madrid, Spain. 
694 Court and Cloisters of Sao Jeronymo at Balem, Portu- 
gal (highly developed Eomanesque). 

GERMAN RENAISSANCE 
*621 Eoyal Palace, Berlin. 
622 Eoyal Library and Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
Berlin, Germany. 
*625 The Zwinger at Dresden, Germany (developed Eenais- 
sance) . 



AECHITECTURE 113 

*752, 753 Imperial Museum at Vienna, Austria. 
*755 Imperial Opera House at Vienna, Austria. 

NORMAN 
*498 Tower of London, England. 
*547 Stirling Castle, Scotland. 
535 Mediaeval Castle and Fortress, Conway, Wales. 

ELIZABETHAN 

532 Quaint old houses of Shrewsbury, England. 
*517 An old house in Exeter, England. 

COLONIAL 

*2 The State Capitol Building at Boston, Mass. 

*3 Old South Church, Boston. 

*4 Faneuil Hall, Boston. 

*5 Interior of Faneuil Hall, Boston. 

*7 Longfellow's old home at Cambridge, Mass. 

8 Lowell 's old home in Cambridge, Mass. 

26 Webster's old home at Franklin, N. H. 

58 The Capitol at Albany, N. Y. 

106 Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 

*129, *131, *137 White House at Washington, D. C. 

142 Christ Church at Alexandria, Va. 

*143 The old home of Washington at Mt. Vernon, Va. 



SPANISH-AMERICAN 

162 Oldest House in the United States — St. Augustine, Fla. 

*320 Columbus Square from San Cristobal Fortress, San 
Juan, Porto Eico. 

322 Columbus Square, San Juan, Porto Eico. 

328 The Cathedral in Panama City. 

413 Over Guanajuato, Mexico. 

*398 The Great Cathedral, Mexico City. 

*400 Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City. 



114 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

449 Fine residence in Barranquilla, Colombia, South Amer- 
ica. 
*421 The Plaza at Havana, Cuba. 
*428 Courtyard of a typical Cuban home. 

SKYSCRAPERS 

*30 Towering temples of trade on lower Manhattan Island, 

N. Y. 
*31 Great skyscrapers of Manhattan from Brooklyn Bridge, 

New York City. 

34 From Flatiron Building, N. E. past Madison Square, 

New York City. 

35 Lower Manhattan, from Metropolitan Tower, New 

York City. 

36 Singer Building (47 stories) and City Investing Build- 

ing (13 acres floor space), New York City. 

37 Woolworth Building, tallest in the world. 
*38 Wall Street, New York City. 

39 Looking up Broad Street past Hanover National Bank 
Building, New York City. 
*40 Herald Square, north to the Times Building, New 

York City. 
41 Fifth Avenue, north to the Netherlands Hotel, New 
York City. 
*43 Steel construction of the Singer Building, New York 
City. 
*189 Street scene in St. Louis, Mo. 
*212 State Street, Chicago, 111. 
*284 Steel tower of the City Hall after the earthquake, San 

Francisco, Gal. 
*654 Eiffel Tower, Paris. 

ARCHITECTURE OF OTHER COUNTRIES 
DUTCH 

*639 Overlooking a portion of Amsterdam, Holland. 
*640 Old Weigh House and Zuider Kerk, Amsterdam. 



ARCHITECTURE 115 

AZTECS OF MEXICO 

410 Hall of Mosaics, marvelous relic of prehistoric build- 
ers — ruins of Mitla, Mexico. 

SWISS 

697 Laufen Castle, at the Falls of the Ehine, Switzerland. 
*704 The principal street in Berne, Switzerland. 
HINDU 
*884 Armitsar's Golden Temple, India. 
898 Benares, religious center of India. 
*906 Modern Madras. 
BURMESE 

909 Towering images of Buddha, Pegu, Burma. 
*910 Pagodas at Mandalay, Burma. 

911 Gilded shrine at Mandalay, Burma. 
CHINESE 
*931 Nanking Eoad, Shanghai, China. 
937 Wall of China. 

940 The Palaces of the Forbidden City, Peking. 

941 The Sacred Gate, Peking, China. 

942 Great Porcelain Tower at the Imperial Summer Pal- 

ace, Peking. 
*943 In Imperial home, Peking. 
JAPANESE 

959 Overlooking Tokyo, Japan. 
*960 A street in Tokyo, Japan. 
*962 Interior of home of Count Okuma, Tokyo 
*9G6 An old pagoda at Kyoto, Japan. 
BABYLONIAN 

873 Euins of Nebuchadnezzar's Palace. 

SPECIAL GROUPS OF BUILDINGS 

PRIMITIVE ARCHITECTURE 
*186 Lincoln's birthplace at Hodgensville, Ky. 
*261 Mesa village of Ilopi Indians, Arizona. 



116 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*262 Homes of the Navajo Indians, Arizona. 

*316 Indian huts in Kasaan, Alaska. 

*325 Aguadilla, Porto Eico. 

329 Native life in interior Panama. 

*348 A house in Tutuila, Samoan Islands. 

*356 Primitive house in the Philippine Islands. 

*357 Primitive homes in Luzon, P. I. 

360 A street in Cebu, P. I. 

*395 Summer tents of the Esquimaux, Greenland. 

*412 Primitive houses in Mexico. 

*458, *459 Primitive houses in Ecuador. 

575 Log house in the Maan Valley, Norway. 

581 A humble mountain house in Norway. 

*592 Log cabin home in the Vidde Valley, Norway. 

*593 People of the frigid north, Norway. 

*816 Wachagga village, East Africa. 
COTTAGES 

*56 Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, N. Y, 

515 The quaint cottage homes of Shanklin, Isle of Wight. 

*525 Interior of Shakespeare 's house, Stratf ord-on-Avon. 

*526 Anne Hathaway 's cottage at Shottery, England. 

530 Dove Cottage, Wordsworth's home at Grasmere, Eng- 
land. 

*546 Burns' cottage at Ayr. 

*569 Cottage home in Ireland. 

*594 Cottage in Norway with roof of hewn logs. 

*618 A characteristic country house in the heart of Russia. 

*645 Dutch cottages at Goes. 

*669 Breton village home at Crach. 

706 A country road in Switzerland. 

*707 Youthful years and maiden beauty in Switzerland. 

*771 Adobe huts in Sparta, Greece. 

*990 Cottage in Australia. 
CASTLES AND PALACES 

*400 Chapultepec Castle, Mexico. 

*423 Morro Castle, Santiago, Cuba. 



ARCHITECTUEE 117 

*498 Tower of London. 

*509 Windsor Castle, England. 

*537 Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. 

539 Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland. 

541 Tantallon Castle, N. Berwick, Scotland. 

*547 Stirling Castle, Scotland. 

*573 Eoyal Palace, Christiania, Norway. 

*598, 599 Eoyal Palace, Stockholm, Sweden. 

610 Imperial Palace of Peterhof, Eussia. 

*613 The Kremlin at Moscow. 

614 Tower of Ivan in the Kremlin. 

*621 Eoyal Palace, Berlin. 

*632 Neuschwanstein, Germany. 

*635 Ehrenfels Castle on the Ehine. 

637 Ehrenbreitstein Fortress on the Ehine. 

660 Gallery of Battles at Versailles, France. 

673 Ducal Palace of Monaco. 

*684, *685 Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain. 

693 Castle of St. George at Lisbon. 

697 Laufen Castle at the Falls of the Ehine. 

*740, 741 Eoyal and Doge 's palaces in Venice. 

*761 Eoyal Palace at Athens. 

*781 Battlement on the Bosphorus. 

901 Durbar Hall in India. 

CATHEDRALS AND CHURCHES 

*3 Old South Church, Boston. 

*38 Trinity Church, New York City. 

142 Church at Alexandria, Va. 

*398 The Great Cathedral of Mexico City. 

453 Cathedral at Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

462 La Campania Church (interior) Quito, Ecuador. 

*494 Cathedral and Public Square, Montevideo. 

*504 Westminster in London. 

*512 Choir at Canterbury to the Corona, England. 

*529 Cathedral nave at Durham, England. 



118 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*540 Euins of beautiful Melrose Abbey, Scotland. 

*554 Queenstown Cathedral, Ireland. 

*596 Eidarholms from the heights above Stockholm. 

*608 St. Isaac's Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Kussia. 

*638 Cologne Cathedral, Germany. 

641 Church at Delftshaven, Holland. 

*656, *659 Notre Dame, Paris. 

662, *663 Eheims Cathedral, France. 

689 Cadiz Cathedral, Spain. 

*736, 737 Cathedral at Florence, Italy. 

*738, 739 Cathedral at Milan, Italy. 

*751 Cathedral at Vienna, Austria. 

GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS 

*2 The Capitol of Massachusetts at Boston. 

39 The Old Federal Building on Wall Street, New York 

City. 
58 The Capitol at Albany, New York. 
*129, *130 Government Buildings at Washington, D. C. 
*132 The Capitol at Washington, D. C. 
*131 The Post Office Building at Washington, D. G. 
341 The Government Building in Honolulu, H. I. 
372 The Government Building at Ottawa, Canada. 
*488 Government Building and Plaza, Buenos Ayres. 
*502, 503 Houses of Parliament. 
*556 Bank of Ireland — the old Irish Parliament Building, 

Dublin. 
*647 Palace of Justice in Brussels, 

648 Town Hall, Brussels. 
*657 Palace of Justice, Paris. 
673 Ducal Palace of Monaco. 
*684, *685 Alhambra Palace at Granada, Spain. 
*752 Imperial Museums in Vienna, Austria. 

754 Eeception Hall of the Eathhaus at Vienna. 
*755 Imperial Opera House in Vienna. 
989 Post Office at Sydney, Australia. 



AECHITECTURE 119 

BEIDGES 

See the list of Bridges under the head of Transportation, 
also the one under the head of Civic Betterment. 

MONUMENTS 
See the list under the head of Civic Betterment. 

PIER CONSTRUCTION 

See Nos. *31, *33, *233, *649, *687. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

See also *42, *78, 82, 235, *236, 256, *321, 322, *330, *342, 
*351, 354, *363, *605, 610, *638, *655, 673, 678, *698, 
725, 750, *830, 839, 856, 892, *983. 



SOME OF THE WORLD'S HIGHEST STRUCTURES 

Arranged According to Height 

*654 Eiffel Tower (984 feet), Paris. 

37 The Woolworth Building (800 feet— 920 feet from 

foundation). New York City. 
34, 35 The Metropolitan Tower (700^4 feet). New York 

City. 
36 The Singer Building (612), New York City. 
*128 Washington Monument (555 feet), Washington, D. C. 
*638 Cologne Cathedral (511 feet), Cologne, Germany. 
36 The City Investing Building (500 feet). New York 
City. 
*789, 790 The Great Pyramid of Cheops (451 feet), Egypt. 
793 The Second Pyramid (447i/^ feet), Egypt. 
725, *726 St. Peter's Church Dome (435 feet), Rome. 
*40 Times Building (420 feet), New York City. 
*647 The Palace of Justice (400 feet), Brussels, Belgium. 

648 The Town Hall (370 feet), Brussels, Belgium. 
*501 St. Paul's Cathedral Dome (364 feet), London. 
*542 The Great Forth Bridge (360 feet), Scotland. 



120 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*738, 739 Central spirej Milan Cathedral (355 feet), Milan, 

Italy. 
*736, 737 The Florence Cathedral Dome (352 feet), Flor- 
ence, Italy. 
*502 Tower on House of Parliament (340 feet), London. 
614 Tower of Ivan. The Kremlin (325 feet), Moscow, 
Eussia. 
*740 The Old Campanile (322 feet), Venice, Italy. 
913 Butment of Bridge over Gokteik Gorge (320 feet), 

Burma. 
*29 The Statue of Liberty (306 feet), New York Harbor. 
34 Tower on Madison Square Garden (300 feet), New 
York City. 
737 Giotto's Tower (292 feet), Florence, Italy. 
*132 Dome U. S. Capitol (288 feet), Washington, D. C. 
*38 Trinity Church spire (285 feet), New York City (for 
many years the highest point of the N, Y. sky-line). 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



BIOGRAPHY 

BY 

REV. ROBT. SWICKERATH, S.J., 

HBEAEIAN AND PEOFESSOR OF PEDAGOGY, HOLY CROSS COLLEGE, 
WORCESTER, MASS. 

804 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 4,454 
REFERENCES TO THEM 

Biography, as the etymology of the word indi- 
cates (from the Greek hios — Hfe, and graphein — ■ 
write), means the written history of the lives of 
individual persons, as distinguished from the his- 
tory of large groups of persons, or nations. It is 
the "history of particular men's lives" (Dryden). 
Some historians have seen in general history noth- 
ing but the biographies of great men. This is a 
one-sided conception of history; and in recent times 
more attention is rightly paid to the masses, to "the 
common man." On the other hand, it would be 
equally one-sided to underestimate the importance 
of great men, of the leaders of the masses. They 
have often created momentous movements, or at 
least have shaped and turned into particular chan- 
nels the prevailing tendencies and currents of the 

121 



122 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

time. The great epochs of history coincide with 
the activity, the leadership, of certain great men. 

There can be Httle doubt concerning the educa- 
tional value of the study of biography. Men as 
individuals and nations are hero-worshippers. They 
point with pride to the men and women who have 
done much and dared much for their country and 
their fellowmen. Their names are household 
words, and their example is held up for the venera- 
tion and the imitation of the young. The world is 
moved more by ideals than by ideas, i. e., more by 
the visible manifestations and concrete embodiments 
of noble ideas, than by abstract principles. Youth, 
in particular, is more powerfully influenced by ex- 
ample than by precept, and at the same time pos- 
sesses an instinctive interest in the lives of great 
men and women. It is evident that this natural in- 
stinct should be utilized for the intellectual and 
moral formation of youth. 

Not all so-called great men, however, are ideals; 
not all famous men are great men. Some have be- 
come famous through gigantic crimes rather than 
through work which advanced progress and bene- 
fited mankind. Not a few of those listed here are 
only partial heroes, and others may not appeal to 
our sympathies, yet as they exercised a powerful 
influence on history, their names and lives deserve 



BIOGEAPHT 123 

to be known. If teachers think they ought to pass 
judgment on the character and moral worth of 
famous persons, they must always do this in a spirit 
of caution and fairness. A broad-minded and tact- 
ful teacher will avoid whatever might reasonably 
offend the racial or religious sensibilities of pupils. 
From an educational point of view it is far more 
important to dwell on the lives of men who were 
truly great, heroes in the moral order, than of such 
as must be held up for reprobation. The tendency, 
found in all ages, to emphasize evil and describe it 
at length, should find no place in historical and bio- 
graphical studies, although what is defective and 
morally wrong must be indicated with prudence and 
moderation. In the education of children more 
than anywhere else we must beware lest 

We know the single sinner well 
And not the nine and ninety good. 

— Whittier. 

Children need inspiration, and the lives of great 
men and women furnish powerful object lessons of 
beautiful sentiments, of lofty principles and of 
noble deeds. 

For a long time historical writings were almost 
purely political, and the biographies studied were 
mainly those of rulers, statesmen and military lead- 



124 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

ers. We now rightly insist that there should be 
room in history not merely for the warrior, king 
and statesman, but also for the missionary, the dis- 
coverer and explorer, the poet, the artist, the orator, 
the inventor, the scientist, the philosopher, the 
pioneer in industry and commerce. Common ex- 
perience and special experiments have proved that 
younger pupils, especially boys, are particularly in- 
terested in the brilliant lives of rulers, in the stir- 
ring careers of great soldiers and the adventures of 
explorers. They should gradually be made familiar 
with the lives, and appreciate the achievements, of 
men who advanced civilization along the lines of 
literature, science, etc. They should be taught that 
there are heroes not only on the battlefields but also 
in peaceful pursuits. 

Biography is not to be taught, ordinarily, as a 
separate branch, but rather incidentally, in connec- 
tion with other subjects, especially literature, his- 
tory, art, science. It can be utilized to create and 
maintain interest in every kind of school work. If 
one is genuinely interested in any branch of study 
or any kind of work, he will naturally desire to be- 
come acquainted with the masters in that field. On 
the other hand, if natural and instinctive interest 
should be lacking at first, one of the best means to 
rouse it is to make the pupils familiar with the lives 



BIOGRAPHY 125 

and achievements of the foremost promoters and 
the most distinguished representatives in that par- 
ticular field of learning. 

Geography explains many important events in 
history, as migrations of nations, divisions of coun- 
tries, protracted struggles between various states, 
etc. Similarly it often throws light on the lives of 
famous historical characters. The name of many a 
celebrated person at once recalls a certain locality, 
the place of birth or the scene of some great event in 
that life. Thus the following are immediately asso- 
ciated in the mind: Shakespeare and Stratford-on- 
Avon, Caesar and Rome, Leonidas and Thermopy- 
lae, Constantine and Constantinople, St. Patrick and 
Ireland, Dante and Florence, Joan of Arc and Or- 
leans, Calvin and Geneva, Marquette and the 
Mississippi, Washington and Mount Vernon (or 
the Delaware), Napoleon and Moscow (or the 
pyramids, or St. Helena), Dewey and Manila. 
Teachers know the importance of the association of 
ideas — here association by contiguity, i. e., being 
perceived together. It is but natural that this close 
association should be utilized to deepen the mental 
impressions and, above all, to combine and coordi- 
nate the knowledge acquired in separate fields of 
study. 

From these considerations it will be clear that 



126 THE WOBLD VISUALIZED 

considerable profit can be derived from the proper 
use of the stereographs (or sHdes). Sometimes, in 
studying geography, the biological material can be 
added, by asking questions like the following: 
What great men lived in this country? What fa- 
mous name is associated with this river? What 
poet was born (or died) in this city? Traveling 
through these places a hundred years ago, what 
distinguished person might you have met? At 
other times the biographies may be studied as they 
are listed here. Occasionally, with more advanced 
pupils especially, it will be useful to study them 
according to different classes and categories, e. g.: 
The great generals of the revolution and where I 
met them. Listening to the great orators of the 
world. Where I could have walked with famous 
poets, etc. (See at end of list.) Such a classifi- 
cation will help the students to acquire a more 
thorough and more systematic knowledge. 

Publishers' Note: 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star ( * ) are the ones inckided 
in the special "600" set. 

For further illustrations for Biography, the teacher is re- 
ferred to the wider range of material to be found in our gen- 
eral catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the differ- 
ent countries, particulars of which will be sent on application. 



BIOGRAPHY 127 

AMERICA 

Although the history of America, of the "New 
World," extends over only a few centuries, it 
abounds in stirring events and famous characters. 
The lives of the discoverers and explorers, of the 
early settlers, and of the heroes of the Revolution 
possess a unique interest and present most thrilling 
scenes which will appeal with particular force to the 
imagination of the young. 

Columbus, Cbristopber,— Discoverer of America (1446-1506) 
— See Italy. 

Vespucci, Amerigo, — Explorer (1452-1512) — See Italy. 

Ponce de Leon, — Governor of Porto Rico, Discoverer of 
Florida, Explorer and Adventurer (1460-1521) — See 
Spain. 

Magellan, Fernando de, — Sailor and Discoverer (1480-1521) 
— See Portugal. 

Cortez, Fernando, — Conqueror of Mexico (1485-1547) — See 
Spain. 

Cartier, Jacques, — Explorer (1494-1557) — See France. 

De Soto, Ferdinand, — Governor of Cuba, Soldier and Con- 
queror (1501-1542) — See Spain. 

Ribaut, Jean,— Explorer (1520-1565)— See France. 

Frobisher, Sir Martin,— Sailor and Explorer (1535-1594) — 
See England. 

Drake, Sir Francis, — Sailor, Soldier, Courtier and Discoverer 
(1545-1595)— See England. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, — Courtier, Explorer and Colonizer 
(1552-1618)— See England. 

Champlain, Samuel de, — Explorer (1570-1635) — See France. 

Hudson, Henry, — Sailor and Explorer (died 1611) — See Eng- 
land. 



128 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

THE UNITED STATES 

It is a patriotic duty to take a special interest in 
our own country, and, without despising other na- 
tions, love its institutions and rejoice over the won- 
derful opportunities it offers to all. Children should 
be taught to look with grateful reverence to the 
heroes who established its independence and shaped 
its liberties and laws. Among the famous men of 
our country there are some who stand in the front 
rank of the great men of history, who were truly 
noble characters and, by their genuine democratic 
spirit, proved the truth of the saying that "the only 
true American nobility is found in character." The 
Revolutionary period, naturally, has a particular at- 
traction for the young. If any part of historical 
teaching should be largely biographical it is this, the 
heroic age of our republic. Beautiful lessons of 
patriotism can be taught by placing before students 
the noble lives, the sacrifices and the enthusiasm of 
the great men of that age. The heroes of the Civil 
War, as well as the men who laid the foundation of 
the country's political power among the nationS; and 
of her industrial and commercial greatness, the pro- 
moters of education, art and literature, deserve to 
be known by all. At times it may be advisable to 
compare, with prudence and fairness, our great 
statesmen and military leaders with those of other 



BIOGRAPHY 129 

nations. In some points American biography will 
prove to be unique : in the truly democratic spirit of 
the country's heroes, and in the number of men of 
various races and nationalities, who rose from hum- 
ble conditions to positions of supreme power and 
influence. 

A practical suggestion would be to use the bio- 
graphical list and the corresponding stereographs or 
slides on or before state and national holidays. 
This would furnish an interesting and instructive 
study and, at the same time, a splendid object lesson 
in patriotism. 

Miles Standisb, Pilgrim Father immortalized by Longfellow 

(1584-1656). 
641 Church at Delftshaven, Holland, where Pilgrims 
prayed before embarking for America. 
12, 14 Scenes along the Massachusetts coast. 
John WInthrop, Governor of Massachusetts (1588-1649), 

1 to 6 (4 are starred) Boston, where Winthrop served 
as Governor. 

John Endicott, Governor of Massachusetts (1589-1665). 
1 Charlestown, founded by Endicott. 
*2 to 6 (4 are starred) Boston, where Endicott served 
as Governor. 

Peter Stuyvesant, last Dutch Governor of New York (1602- 

1682). 
*639 to *646 (6 are starred) Scenes in Stuyvesant's native 
country, Holland. 
*29 to *33 Scenes in modern lower Manhattan where Stuy- 
vesant ruled his colony. 



130 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

35 Overlooking (at the left) the farm where Stuyvesant 

lived and died. 
37, *38, 39, *42 Scenes in lower Manhattan at present. 
Father Marquette, Jesuit Missionary and explorer ( 1637- 

1675) — See France. 
William Penn, Quaker founder of Philadelphia (1644-1718). 

106 In Philadelphia, the city of Brotherly Love. 
*108 Delaware Water Gap on the line between Penn's 
Woods and Berkeley's Domain. 
Capt. Wtn. Kidd, noted pirate (hanged 1701). See Scotland. 
Benjamin Franklin^ Revolutionary statesman, diplomat and 
philosopher (1706-1790). 
106 Old Independence Hall in Philadelphia. 

1 to 8 (5 are starred) Boston, the native city of Frank- 
lin. 
53, *60, *78, 144 Some modern results of Franklin's 
early efforts in electricity. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris where Frank- 
lin served as Ambassador of the United States. 
58 Albany, New York, where he proposed and had 
adopted the "Albany Plan." 
Louis Jos. Montcalm, French officer in command at Quebec 

(1712-1759)— See France. 
Samuel Adams, Revolutionary statesman and signer of the 
Declaration ( 1722-1803 ) . 
106 Old Independence Hall, where Adams signed the 

Declaration of Independence. 
*2 The Capitol at Boston. 

*3, *4, *5 Scenes in Boston where Adams served as Gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts. 
Col. Wm. Prescott, Revolutionary patriot and hero of 
Bunker Hill (1726-1795). 
1 Bunker Hill, at the battle of which Prescott was in 
command. 
*364, *365 Scenes in Nova Scotia to which Prescott led an 
expedition to disperse the Acadians. 



BIOGRAPHY 131 

Oen. James Wolfe, British officer in command at Quebec 

(1727-1759)— See England. 
George Washington, First President of United States and 
Father of his Country (1732-1799). 
*143 Washington's home at Mount Vernon, Virginia. 
142 Christ Church at Alexandria, Va., where Washington 
worshipped. 
*128 Washington monument and the Potomac River, D. C. 
*129 to *137 (6 are starred) Scenes in the Capital City 

named after Washington. 
*119, *127 In western Pennsylvania to which Washington 
was sent by Dinwiddle. 
*29 to 35 (5 are starred) New York City and surround- 
ing waters were traversed many times by Washing- 
ton and his army. 
*38, 39 The Sub-Treasury Bldg., N. Y. City— the Capitol 
of the United States during Washington's Presi- 
dency. 
*48 Looking north toward heights once occupied by Wash- 
ington and his army. 
*80 Palisades and west shore of Hudson — familiar to 

Washington. 
*56 Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, N. Y. 
*54, 55 West Point and the Hudson River. 
*108 The Delaware River some miles north of the point 
crossed by Washington. 
*7 Washington's headquarters at Cambridge, Mass. 
8 Lowell's old home at Cambridge, not far from Wash- 
ington's headquarters. 
*4, 5 Faneuil Hall, Boston. 
*2 The Commons and Beacon Hill, Boston. 
*3 Washington Street and old South Church, Boston, 
1 Bunker Hill, Boston. 
Paul Revere, Revolutionary Patriot immortalized by Long- 
fellow (1735-1818). 



132 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*3, *4, *5 Scenes in Boston, Mass., whence Paul Revere 
made his famous ride to Lexington. 
9 The battlefield at Concord, Mass. 
*38 A modern view of the center of old New York to 

which Revere was sent by the Sons of Liberty. 
106 Old Independence Hall, Philadelphia, to which Revere 
brought a message. 

John Adams, signer of Declaration and second President of 
United States (1735-1826). 
*7, 8 Scenes near Adams' Alma Mater — Harvard, Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 
1 to *5 (4 are starred) Boston, where Adams practised 
law. 
106 Independence Hall, Philadelphia, where Adams secured 
the Declaration and was one of the signers. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris where Adams 

served as Commissioner. 
*495 to 503 (5 are starred) Scenes in London where Adams 
served as Minister. 
*38, 39 The Government Bldg. in New York City where 
he was President. 

Richard Montgomery. Revolutionary General (1736-1775). 
*555, *556, *557 Scenes near the birthplace of Gen. Mont- 
gomery. 
*371 Montreal, Canada, against which Montgomery led an 

expedition. 
*369, 370 Quebec, Canada, attacked by Montgomery. 

Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary General and traitor (1741- 
1801). 
106 Independence Hall, Philadelphia, where Arnold was 

once Commander. 
*54, 55 West Point, which Arnold planned to surrender to 
the British. 
*495 to 503 (5 are starred) Scenes in London, where Ar- 
nold spent his last days. 



BIOGRAPHY 133 

OeneralJosepb Warren, hero of Bunker Hill and first great 
martyr of American Eevolution (1741-1775). 
*3 to 6 (3 are starred) Scenes in Boston, the city of 

Warren's birth. 
*7, 8 In Cambridge, near his Alma Mater. 
9 Concord battleground, where Warren fought. 
1 Bunker Hill, where Warren fell. 

Thos. Jefferson, writer of the Declaration of Independence 
and third President of the United States (1743-1826). 
106 Independence Hall, where Jefferson signed the Dec- 
laration of Independence. 
*38, 39 The Government Bldg., corner of Wall and Nas- 
sau Streets, New York City, where Jefferson served 
as Vice-President. 

*128 to *138 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington, where 
he served as President. 

*173 to 183 (7 are starred) *187 to *193 (5 are starred) 
224 to *243 (7 are starred), and *301 to *315 (12 
are starred) Scenes in the Louisiana Purchase of 
Jefferson's administration. 

John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (1755- 
1835). 
*38, 39, *40 Modern views of New York City, where Mar- 
shall served as Congressman. 
*138 A Presidential family such as Marshall was once 
member of. 
133 A chief justice administering the oath of office to a 

President. 
135 The present Assembly Room of the Supreme Court. 
*128 to *132, *134, *137 Other Washington scenes. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris to which 
Marshall was sent as Envoy. 

Marquis Lafayette, distinguished French officer, friend of 
Geo. Washington and American Independence ( 1757- 
1834)— See France, 



134 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Alexander Hamilton, Revolutionary statesman and first Sec- 
retary of the Treasury (1757-1804). 
*29 to 41 (7 are starred) Scenes in New York City, the 
home city of Hamilton. 
*129, *131, *132, *137, *138, 139, 140 Scenes in Washing- 
ton of interest to the study of Hamilton. 
*48 Looking across the Hudson from a point nearly oppo- 
site Weehawken, where Hamilton was shot. 
81 Bergen Hill — on this same ridge, less than 5 miles 
north. Burr shot Hamilton. 
*80 The Palisades of the Hudson River. A few miles south 
from here Burr shot Hamilton. 
Robert Fulton, inventor of the steamboat (1765-1815). 
*656, *657 The Seine River at Paris, where Fulton made 
an unsuccessful attempt with a steamboat. 
*29, *30, *48, *54, *57 Scenes along the Hudson River, 
where Fulton ran the Clermont and other steamboats 
successfully. 
*29, *33, *38, 39, *42 Modern scenes in New York City, 
where Fulton lived and died. 
John Quincy Adams, sixth President of United States (1767- 
1848). 
*7, 8 In Cambridge, Mass., where Adams spent some 
time as student and later as teacher. 
*639, *640 In Amsterdam, where Adams served his country 

as Ambassador. 
*607 to 612 (3 are starred) In and around St. Petersburg, 

Russia, where Adams served as Ambassador. 
*495 to 503 (5 are starred) In London, England, where 

Adams served as Ambassador. 
*128 to *138 (8 are starred) Washington, D. C, where 
Adams served as Congressman and also as President. 
Henry Clay, statesman and orator (the great pacificator), 

1777-1852. 
*132 The Capitol, in which Clay served as Senator from 
Kentucky. 



BIOGEAPHY 135 

*138 The Cabinet Room, where Clay served as Secretary of 

State. 
*128 to *131 and *134 to *137 (2 are starred) Scenes in 

Washington, D. C. 

John James A udufion, naturalist and author (1780-1851). 
*173, *174, 175 In New Orleans, La., near where Audubon 
was born. 
185 In Louisville, Ky., where he once was in business. 
*29 to 44 (10 are starred) In New York City, where he 
later lived and died. 

John C. Calhoun, statesman, diplomat and orator (1782- 

1850). 
*134 The House of Representatives at Washington, where 

Calhoun served from South Carolina. 
*132 The Capitol at Washington, in which much of Cal- 
houn's best work was done. 
*138 The Cabinet Room in which Calhoun served as Secre- 
tary of the Treasury and later as Secretary of State. 
*128 to *131 and *137, 140 Other Washington scenes. 
176 to 183 (5 are starred) Scenes in Texas, which was 
secured largely through Calhoun's efforts. 
Daniel Webster, statesman and orator (1782-1852). 
26 Webster's old home at Franklin, N. H. 
*129 Overlooking Lafayette Square in Washington, D. C, 
upon which Webster lived. 
1 Bunker Hill monument in Boston. 
*4, *5 Faneuil Hall, in which he often spoke. 
*132 The Capitol in which he served, Washington, D. C. 
*134 In the House of Representatives, where he served from 

New Hampshire. 
*138 The Cabinet Room, where Webster served as Secretary 

of State. 
*130, *131 Scenes in Washington associated with Webster. 
Washington Irving, American author (1783-1859) 
*30 to *42 (7 are starred) Modern scenes in New York 



136 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

City, where Irving lived, and which he helped to make 

famous. 

53, *80 Looking north up the Hudson toward Tarrytown 

and Sleepy Hollow and the land of Rip Van Winkle. 

*676, 677 Madrid, where Irving served the United States. 

*495 to 503 (5 are starred) London, where Irving served 

the United States. 
*684, *685 The Alhambra, of which he wrote so enchant- 
ingly. 
Qen. Winfield Scott, distinguished soldier (1786-1866). 
*77 On Niagara's banks not far from Queenstown Heights, 
where Scott distinguished himself. 
*153 Charlestown, S. C, where Scott was sent to quell 

rebellion. 
*400 Chapultepec Castle — battle fought by Scott. 
*398, *414 In Mexico City, taken by Scott. 
*54, 55 West Point, New York, where Scott died. 
Peter Cooper, noted philanthropist (1791-1883). 

35 From the tower of Metropolitan Bldg., over Cooper 
Union (at extreme left) to Brooklyn Bridge. 
*29 to *44 (10 are starred) Other scenes in New York 
City. 
Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, U. S. Naval Officer, 
who opened Japan to the outside world (1794-1858). 
954 East over Mississippi Bay, Japan, where Perry came 
in 1853 and opened Japan to the world. 
Wm. CuUen Bryant, poet (1794-1878). 

"29 to *43 (9 are starred) Scenes in New York City, 
where Bryant was editor of the New York Evening 
Post (not far from where the Singer Bldg. now 
stands) . 
George Bancroft, historian (1800-1891). 

*7, 8 In Cambridge, Mass., where Bancroft attended 
Harvard. 
1 to 6 (4 are starred) Boston, where he at one time 
was a prominent figure. 



BIOGRAPHY 137 

*496 to *507 (8 are starred) Scenes in London, where he 
served as U. S. Minister. 

*621, 622, 623 Scenes in Berlin, where he served as U. S. 
Minister to Germany. 

*138 The Cabinet Eoom in Washington, where he served as 

Secretary of the Navy. 
139 The officers of the Navy, which he did so much to 

educate. 
*48, 145 Battleships of the United States Navy. 

*129 The Navy Department BIdg. in Washington, D. C. 

*128, *130 to ''137 (5 are starred) Other scenes in Wash- 
ington. 

Brigbatn Young, early leader of the Mormon Church and 
founder of Salt Lake City (1801-1877). 
256 Salt Lake City, which he and his followers founded 
and still control. 

William Henry Seward, statesman and diplomat (1801-1872). 
58 The Capitol at Albany, where Seward served as Gov- 
ernor of New York. 
*130, *131, *132 The United States Capitol at Washington, 

where he served as Senator from New York. 
*138 The Cabinet Room in Washington, where he served as 

Secretary of State under Lincoln. 
*128, *129, *131, *134 to *137 (2 are starred) Other scenes 
in Washington. 
141, 142 Virginian soil just across the river, which he 
saw occupied by the Southern Army. 

David Glasgow Farragut, celebrated American Admiral 
(1801-1870). 
145 Hampton Roads, from which Farragut sailed on Feb- 
ruary 2, 1862. 
*173, *174, 175 New Orleans taken by Farragut on April 

25, 1862. 
*132 Naval officers in Washington of the same rank aa 
Farragut. 



138 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

153 The kind of fort that Farragut knew. 
*48, 145, 332 Some more modern types of forts and bat- 
tleships. 
Ralph Waldo Emerson, poet and philosopher (1803-1882), 
1 to 6 (4 are starred) Boston, Emerson's native city. 
*7, 8 In Cambridge, Mass., where he was educated. 
9 Concord, Mass., where he lived at the time of his 
death. 

Nathaniel Hawthorne, celebrated American novelist (1804- 

1864). 
1 to 8 (5 are starred) Boston, where Hawthorne once 

served in the U. S. Custom House. 
9 North Bridge at Concord, where Hawthorne lived. 
William Lloyd Garrison, noted abolitionist (1805-1879). 

1 to 8 (5 are starred) Scenes in Boston, where he lived 
and where he was mobbed. 
160 Southern negroes for whose rights Garrison spent his 

life. 
*29 to *42 (8 are starred) Scenes in New York City, 
where Garrison died. 
Oen. Robert B. Lee, Commander of the Confederate Army, 
gentleman and scholar (1807-1870). 

141 Lee's old home at Arlington, Va. 

*54, 55 West Point, where Lee was graduated and where 

he commanded. 
*107 Gettysburg, where Lee was defeated by Meade. 
*128 to 139 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington, D. C, 

just across the river from Lee's home. 

142 Alexandria, Va., near Lee's home. 

Henry W. Longfellow, poet and educator (1807-1882). 
*7 Longfellow's home at Cambridge, Mass. 
8 Home of Lowell at Cambridge, Mass. 
14 Reef of "Norman's Woe" — scene of the "Wreck of the 
Hesperus." 
*365 Grand Pre, Nova Scotia, the land of Evangeline. 



BIOGBAPHY 139 

1 to 6 (4 are starred) Scenes in Boston familiar to 

Longfellow. 
9 Battlefield of Concord. 

John Qreenleaf Whittier, Quaker poet (1807-1892). 

*2 The State House at Boston, where he served as a 
legislator. 
1, *3 to 8 (4 are starred) Other scenes in and near 
Boston. 
106 In Philadelphia, where he edited the Pennsylvania 
Freeman. 

Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States and eman- 
cipator of the slaves (1809-1865). 

*186 Birthplace of Lincoln at Hodgensville, Ky. 

*134 The House of Representatives, where Lincoln served 
as Representative from Illinois. 

*129, 137 The White House, occupied by Lincoln while 
President. 

*]38 A president and his official family in the Cabinet 
Room. 
133 An inauguration of a president at Washington, D. C. 

*131 Pennsylvania Ave., where Lincoln was to have re- 
ceived the victorious army of Grant, Sherman and 
Meade. 

*130, *132, 135, 139 Other scenes in Washington. 
141, 142 Virginia soil, where the Confederate Army assem- 
bled within sight of Lincoln in Washington. 

*128 Potomac River, dividing Northern and Southern 
armies. 

*153 Fort Sumter, where the Civil War began. 

*107 Gettysburg battlefield, where Lincoln made his famous 
address. 
*29 to *44 (10 are starred) Scenes in New York City 
through which Lincoln passed on his way to Wash- 
ington. 

*212 State St., Chicago, where he was a prominent figure. 



140 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Edgar Allan Poe, poet (1809-1849). 

1 to 8 (5 are starred) Scenes in Boston, where Poe 
was born and grew up. 
*427 The U. S. Army in the Philippines (Poe once enlisted 
as a private). 
*54, 55 West Point Military Academy, to which he was 

appointed and dismissed. 
106 In Philadelphia, where he edited a magazine. 
*29 to *44 (10 are starred) Scenes in New York, where 
he was assistant on "Willis's Mirror." 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, physician and poet (1809-1894). 
*7, 8 Scenes in Cambridge, Mass., where he was born 
and where he taught. 
1 to 6 (4 are starred) Scenes in Boston. 
9 North Bridge at Concord, Mass. 

Horace Oreeley, noted journalist, author and politician 
(1811-1872). 
*32 Scene from World Bldg., New York City, immediately 

south of which is the Tribune Bldg. 
*29 to *48 (13 are starred) Other scenes in New York 
City, where Greeley lived and worked. 
*130, *131, *132, *134 The United States Capitol and 
House of Representatives, where Greeley served as 
Congressman from New York. 
*128, *129, 133 and 135 to 139 (2 are starred) Other scenes 
in Washington, D. C. 

Wendell Phillips, orator and abolitionist agitator (1811- 

1884). 
*4, *5 Faneuil Hall, in which Phillips made some of his 
greatest speeches. 
1, *2, *3, 6, *7, 8 Scenes associated with Phillips, 
around Boston. 
Charles Sumner, reforvaer, orator and legislator (1811-1874). 
1 to 6 (4 are starred) Scenes in Boston, where Sumner 
was born and lived. 



BIOGKAPHr 141 

*7, 8 In Cambridge, Mass., where he was graduated from 
Harvard. 
*128 to 139 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington, where 
he served as Senator from Massachusetts. 

John C. Fremont, noted explorer, general and statesman 

(1813-1890). 
*159 The wharves at Savannah, Georgia, the native city of 

Fremont. 
*29 to *43 (9 are starred) Scenes in New York City, 

where he lived and died. 
*132 The U. S. Capitol at Washington, D. C, where he 

served as Senator from California. 
*257 to *278 (16 are starred) Scenes in Arizona, which 

state he explored and of which he was Governor. 
*279 to *315 (28 are starred) The Pacific Coast States, 

which he explored and did so much to open up. 

Oen. George Gordon Meade, Commander of Federal forces 
at Battle of Gettysburg (1815-1872). 
689, 690 Cadiz, Spain, the native city of Gen. Meade. 
*107 The battlefield of Gettysburg, where Meade defeated 
Lee. 
Benjamin Franklin Butler^ distinguished lawyer, legislator 
and soldier (1818-1893). 
*128 to 139 (8 are starred) Washington, D. C, defended 

by Butler at outbreak of the war. 
*173, *174, 175 New Orleans, where Butler held possession 
as Military Governor. 
*2 The Capitol of Massachusetts, where Butler was Gov- 
ernor. 
*132, *134 The Capitol and House of Representatives, where 
he served. 
James Russell Lowell, poet and educator (1819-1891). 
8 Birthplace and home of Lowell at Cambridge, Mass. 
*7 Home of Longfellow, the friend and neighbor of 
Lowell. 



142 THE WOEI.D VISUALIZED 

1 to 6 (4 are starred) Scenes around Boston familiar 
to Lowell. 

Qen. William Tecumseli Sliermaa, noted general of Civil 
War (1820-1891). 
*54, 55 West Point Military Academy, where Sherman 
was graduated. 
*284, 285, *286 Modern scenes in San Francisco, where he 
engaged in banking. 
184 Chattanooga, Tennessee, at which battle Sherman 
fought with distinction. 
*159 Savannah, the terminus of Sherman's march through 
Georgia. 

Ulysses Simpson Grant, celebrated general and eighteenth 

President of U. S. (1822-1885). 
*54, 55 At West Point, where Grant was trained. 
*398, *400 Scenes in Mexico, where Grant served with the 

U. S. Army. 
*187, *188, *189 St. Louis, where he settled at the close of 

the Mexican War. 
*216, 217, *218 Farming in Illinois, to which state Grant 

later moved. 
184 Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, scene of one of Grant's 

most brilliant victories. 
*131 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C, down which 

Grant's victorious troops marched. 
*129 The War Department in Washington, where Grant 

served as Secretary of War. 
*138 The Cabinet Room in which he sat as a member of the 

official family. 
*137 The White House, where Grant lived during his Presi- 
dency. 
*128, *130, *131 to 136 (3 are starred) Other scenes in 

Washington, D. C. 
*38, 39 Scenes in New York City, financial district, where 

Grant was interested. 



BIOGRAPHY 143 

954 to 978 (16 are starred) Scenes in Japan, where Grant 

visited on his trip around the world. 
*48 Grant's Tomb in New York City. 

Tbos. Wentwortb Higginson, soldier and historian (1823- 
1911). 
*7, 8 In Cambridge, where he was born and received 

his education. 
*2 Capitol at Boston, where he served as a legislator. 
1, *3, *4, *5, 6 Other scenes in Boston. 
Bayard Taylor, traveler and author (1825-1878). 

954 Mississippi Bay, Japan, where Taylor went with 
Perry in 1853. 
*495 to 536 (24 starred) Scenes in England through which 

Taylor traveled on foot. 
*572 to *595 (18 starred) Scenes in Norway through 

which he traveled, and of which he wrote. 
*621 to *638 (12 are starred) Scenes in Germany where 
he traveled and at last died. 

Carl Schurz, American general and author (1829-1906). 
*638 Cologne, Germany, near which Schurz was born. 
*676, 677 Scenes in Madrid, where he served the United 

States as Minister to Spain. 
*107 Gettysburg, where he served the Union well. 
184 Chattanooga, at which battle he won the commission 
of Brig.-General. 
*188, *189 St. Louis, Mo., where Schurz lived for a time. 
*128 to 139 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington, where 
he served as Senator and Secretary of the Interior. 
*29 to *44 (10 are starred) Scenes in New York City, 
where he was editor of the New York Evening Post. 

James Q, Blaine, statesman, diplomat, orator and author. 
(1830-1893.) 
*134 The House of Representatives, where Blaine served. 
*132 The U. S. Capitol, where Blaine served as Senator 
(Senate Chamber at near end). 



144 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

*137 The White House at Washington, where he was a 

frequent and welcome guest. 
*138 The Cabinet Room, where he served as Secretary of 

State. 
*130 Overlooking the State Department and Lafayette 

Square, where Blaine lived at the time of his death. 
*131, 133, 135, 136 Other scenes in Washington, D. C. 
James Abram Oarfield, twentieth President of the United 

States (1831-1881). 
*I32 The Capitol at Washington, D. C, where Garfield 

served as Senator. 
*129, *137 The White House, where he lived in Washington 

while President. 
*138 The Cabinet Eoom once occupied by Garfield and his 

oflBcial family. 
*128, *130, *131, 133, *134, 135, 136, 139 Other scenes in 

Washington. 
82, *83 On the Jersey coast, not far from where Garfield 

died. 
Phillip D. Armour, manufacturer and capitalist (1832-1901), 
*213 Cattle in great Union Stock-Yards in Chicago, 111. 
*214 A half mile of pork in Armour's great packing house, 

Chicago, 111. 
*212, *215 In Chicago, the city in which Armour lived 

and amassed his fortune. 
Melville W. Puller, Chief Justice of the United States (1833- 

1910). 
133 Chief Justice Fuller administering the oath of office 

to President McKinley. 
135 The Supreme Court room in Washington where Chief 

Justice Fuller served. 
*128 to *132, *134, 136 to 139 (2 are starred) Other scenes 

in Washington, D. C. 
*212 Scene in Chicago where Mr. Fuller had practised law. 
*134 Chief Justice Fuller listening to Secretary Hay's eulogy 

of McKinley in House of Representatives, Washington. 



BIOGRAPHY 145 

Edmund Clarence Stedman, poet and banker (1833-1906). 
*38, 39 Wall and Broad Streets, where Mr. Stedman was 

engaged in banking and brokerage. 
*32 Scene from dome of the World Bldg., New York City, 
for which paper Mr. Stedmari was one time war cor- 
respondent. 
*29, *30, 34, 35, 36, *48 Other scenes in New York City, 
where Mr. Stedman lived and worked. 
Cbas. W. Eliot, celebrated educator and writer (1834). 
*171 Dr. Eliot and other guests at Tuskegee Institute, Ala- 
bama. 
*131, *132 Scenes in Cambridge, Mass., where Dr. Eliot 
has spent most of his life. 
Pbillips Brooks, noted preacher and Episcopal Bishop of 
Massachusetts ( 1835-1893 ) . 
1 to *5 (4 are starred) Scenes in Boston where he was 

born. 
6 On Copley Square, Boston, opposite Trinity Church, 
where he preached. 
142 Christ Church at Alexandria, where he attended dur- 
ing his seminary days. 
128 to 140 (8 are starred) Scenes about Washington with 

which he was familiar. 
106 Independence Hall in Philadelphia where he was rec- 
tor of the Church of the Advent. 
Lyman Abbott, noted preacher and editor (1835). 
*171 Dr. Abbott a giiest of Booker T. Washington at Tus- 
kegee, Alabama. 
1 to 8 (5 are starred) In Boston, Mass., where Dr. 
Abbott was born. 
*29 to *48 (13 are starred) Scenes in New York City 
where he lives and works. 
Oen. William Rufus Shatter, U. S. General in command of 
the army in Cuba (1835-1906). 
*427 The hills south of Santiago, Cuba, where the Amer- 
ican army under Shafter was encamped. 



146 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

*422 The wreck of the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor, 
Cuba. 
Qrover Cleveland, twenty-first and twenty-third President of 
the United States (1837-1908). 
58 The Capitol at Albany, New York, where he served 
as Governor. 
* 129 to * 137 (6 are starred) Views of the White House 
where Mr. Cleveland lived during two terms, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 
*130 The Capitol and Congressional Library from the 

Monument at Washington, D. C. 

*131 Rear view of the White House and Pennsylvania 

Avenue which separates it from the Capitol. 

133 An inauguration of a President at Washington, D. C. 

*138 The table where Cleveland sat at the head with his 

official family. 
*128, *132, *134, 135, 136, 139 Other scenes in Washing- 
ton, D. C. 
341 to 348 (6 are starred) Hawaiian Islands in which 
Cleveland took a great interest. 
Andrew Carnegie, steel magnate, capitalist and founder of 
libraries (1837). 
*171 Mr. Carnegie a guest of Booker T. Washington at 

Tuskegee, Alabama. 
*119, 120, *121 Great steel plant at Pittsburgh, where Mr. 
Carnegie amassed his fortune. 
41 Looking up Fifth Avenue, New York City, in the 
direction of the Carnegie mansion. 
*29 to *48 (13 are starred) Other scenes in New York, 
where Mr. Carnegie is a most prominent figure. 
*537 to *553 (10 are starred) Scenes in Scotland, the na- 
tive land of Andrew Carnegie. 
William Dean Howells, noted author (1837). 
*29 to *44 (10 are starred) Scenes in New York, where 
he lives and writes. 
*740, *742 Scenes in Venice where he served as Consul. 



BIOGRAPHY 147 

George Dewey, American admiral and hero of Manila Bay 

(1837). 
139 Admiral Dewey and other naval officers in Washing- 
ton, D. C. 
*48 Battleships in the Hudson River at New York City. 
145 Battleships leaving Hampton Roads on the World 
Cruise. 
*349 Manila Bay entered by Dewey on that memorable 
May 1, 1898. 
350, *351, *352 Other scenes in Manila. 
927 Hong-Kong Harbor from whence Dewey sailed. 
*128 to *138 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington where 
Dewey lives. 
41 Fifth Avenue in New York City, scene of the great 
Dewey demonstration. 

J. Pierpont Morgan, banker, organizer and art patron (1837- 
1913). 
*38 Looking west up Wall Street, past the banking house 

of Morgan & Co. 
*33 Looking north up Hudson River over Morganized 
steamship lines. 
41 Looking north up Fifth Avenue in the direction of 
the Museum of fine arts to which Mr. Morgan gave 
much. 
*29 to *32, 34, 35, *42, *43 to *48 (5 are starred) Other 
scenes in New York City where Mr. Morgan lived and 
was so prominent a figure. 
725 to *742 (10 are starred) Scenes in Italy, where Mr. 
Morgan spent much time and gathered art treasures. 
*785 Scenes in Egypt, where Mr. Morgan carried on re- 
search work. 
*621, 622, 623 Scenes in Berlin, where Mr. Morgan was a 

welcome guest and commanding figure. 
*653 to 660 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where Mr. 
Morgan made some notable purchases. 



148 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

' *495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, where Mr. 
Morgan collected many works of art. 
*607, *608 Scenes in St. Petersburg, where Mr. Morgan 
was honored. 

John Hay, diplomat, statesman and poet (1838-1905). 
*138 Cabinet Room in which Hay served as Secretary of 

State. 
*131, 137 The White House, where he served as private 

secretary to Lincoln. 
*129 The State Department from top of the monument, 

Washington, D. C. 
*I28, *130, *132, 133 to 136 (1 is starred), *138, 139 Other 

scenes around Washington. 
653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where he 

served as Secretary of the U. S. Legation. 
*751 to *755 (3 are starred) Scenes in Vienna, where he 

served as charge d'affaires. 
*495 to 503 (5 are starred) Scenes in London, where he 

served as Ambassador. 
327 The Panama Canal, which has raised the question of 

the meaning of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. 
*134 Secretary Hay making the address at McKinley 

memorial. 

John Muir, geologist and author (1838), 

*537 to *553 (10 are starred) Scenes in Scotland, the na- 
tive land of Muir. 

*288 to *292 (3 are starred) Scenes in the Yosemite Val- 
ley with which his name is inseparable. 

*279 to *287 (8 are starred) and *293 to 300 (5 are starred) 
Scenes in other parts of California of which he has 
written. 

*316to*319 (3 are starred) Scenes in Alaska, where he 
made explorations. 

*389 to 397 (6 are starred) Scenes in the Arctic, where he 
went in 1881 in search of the Jeanetta. 



BIOGEAPHY 149 

Oen. Elwell Stephen Otis, commanding general of the U. S. 
Army in the Philippine Islands (1838-1909). 
*352 The American Army in the Philippines, Gen. Otis in 

command. 
*349, 350, *351, 353 to *363 (7 are starred) Other scenes 
in the Philippines, where Gen. Otis was Military 
Governor. 
Qen. Samuel Q. Armstrong, soldier and educator, founder of 
Hampton Institute (1839-1893). 
341 to *348 (6 are starred) In the Hawaiian Islands, 
where he was born. 
*171 Booker T. Washington, a product of Armstrong's 

work. 
*170 Work at Tuskegee, a school inspired by Armstrong. 
Francis Bret Harte, celebrated writer and author (1839- 
1902). 
58 The Capitol at Albany, New York, in which city Harte 
was born. 
*284, *286 Scenes in San Francisco, to which city he re- 
moved in 1864. 
*29 to *43 (9 are starred) Scenes in New York City, 
where he later lived. 
*279 to *283, *287 to *292 (4 are starred) Scenes in Cali- 
fornia of which he has written. 
John D. Rockefeller, oil magnate, capitalist and patron of 
education (1839). 
*38, 39 Wall and Broad Streets, New York City, where 
Mr. Rockefeller's name is one to command attention. 
41 Fifth Avenue, New York City, looking north in the 

direction of Mr. Rockefeller's city home. 
85 A huge fire at the Standard Oil Works in New Jersey. 
*127 Oil wells in western Pennsylvania, where Mr. Rocke- 
feller made his fortune. 
915 Oil wells in Bvxrma worked by American machinery. 
*48, *80 North along the Hudson toward Mr. Rockefeller's 
country estate in the Pocantico Hills, New York. 



150 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Winfield Scott Scbley, American admiral — ranking officer at 
Battle of Santiago (1839-1911). 
139 Kear Admiral Schley with Dewey and other fellow 
officers in Washington. 
*423 The harbor at Santiago, where he had Cervera bottled 
up. 

424 The coast, where he chased Cervera's fleet and de- 

stroyed it, Cuba. 

425 The Spanish flagship Colon after the Battle of San- 

tiago. 
*422 The wreck of the Maine in Havana Harbor, Cuba. 

*48, 145 Some of the ships commanded by Schley. 
*389 to 397 (6 are starred) Scenes in the Arctic, whither 

he once commanded an expedition to find Greely. 

William Thomas Sampson, Admiral in command of U. S. 

fleet at Santiago (1840-1902). 
*422 The wreck of the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor. 

424 Santiago Harbor, where Hobson under Sampson bot- 

tled up Cervera's fleet. 
*423 The coast from Morro Castle, Santiago, where the 
battle was fought. 

425 The Spanish flagship Colon, a complete wreck after 

the battle of Santiago. 
*48, 145 Our battleships in times of peace. 

Joaquin Miller, California ranchman and poet (1841-1913). 
277 A mine prospector hunting for gold as did Miller in 
his early days. 
*128 to 139 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington, D. C, 
where Miller served as a journalist. 
300 Mt. Shasta, which inspired the poem, "Shadows of 
Shasta." 
*279 to 290 (9 are starred) Scenes in California which 
have inspired many of Miller's poems. 

Rev. Charles Henry Parkburst, noted preacher, reformer and 
writer (1842). 



BIOGKAPHY 151 

34 Dr. Parkhurst's church on Madison Square, New York 
City, where he has been since 1880. 
*29 to *33, 35 to *48 (8 are starred) Other scenes in 
New York City, which no man probably knows bet- 
ter. 
William McKinley, twenty-fourth President of the United 
States (1843-1901). 
133 President McKinley taking the oath of office, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 
*132, *134 The Capitol and House of Representatives where 

he served as Congressman. 
*129, *137 The White House, where he lived as President. 
*138 The Cabinet Room, where he met with his official fam- 

iiy. 

*131 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, down which passed 

the McKinley funeral procession. 
*128, *130, 135, 136 Other scenes in Washington. 

139 Some of the naval officers that served under McKin- 

ley as commander-in-chief. 

140 Making paper currency (backed by gold), Washington, 

D. C. 
145 Some of the battleships that won honors for the U. S. 

during the McKinley administration. 
*48 Battleship fleet in the Hudson River, where the Vis- 
caya paid us a visit. 
*422 The Battleship Maine wrecked in Havana Harbor, 

Cuba. 
*349 Manila Bay, where Dewey won victory. 
*427 U. S. Army encamped south of Santiago, Cuba. 
*423 Morro Castle and Santiago Harbor, Cuba. 
424 From Morro Castle along the coast where the great 
naval battle was fought. 
*352 The U. S. Army in the Philippine Islands. 
*54, 55 West Point, where our officers are drilled. 
144 The Government parade grounds at Fort Myer, Vir- 
ginia. 



152 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*236 A typical army barracks in the west, Fort Yellow- 
stone. 

Robley D. Evans, American admiral (1846). 

139 Evans and other naval officers in Washington, D. C. 
*48, 145 Battleships of the United States starting on the 
memorable world trip. 

424 Coast of Cuba, where the Spanish fleet was destroyed. 
*128 to *138 (8 are starred) Other scenes in Washington. 

425 Wreck of Cervera's flagship Colon off Cuban coast. 
959 to 963 (3 are starred) Scenes in Tokyo where Evans 

and his fleet were royally entertained on the world 
cruise. 

Augustus Saint Oaudens, noted sculptor (1848-1907). 

34 The Diana on the tower of Madison Square Garden 
by St. Gaudens. 
*555, *556 Scenes in Dublin where St. Gaudens was born. 
*29 to *48 (13 are starred) Scenes in New York, where 

he studied and has worked. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Scenes in Rome, where he 
studied. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris where he 
studied. 
Jacob Riis, author and social reformer (1849-1914). 
*604, *605, 606 Scenes in Denmark, the land where he was 
born. 
*42 The tenements of New York City with which he was 

so closely identified. 
*29 to 41 (7 are starred) Other scenes in New York City 
where he was prominent for many years. 
*137 The White House in Washington, where he often was 

a welcome guest. 
*130 to *134 (4 are starred) The Capitol at Washington, 
D. C, where his influence was felt. 
58 The Capitol at Albany, where he at times wielded a 
great influence for good. 



BIOGRAPHY 153 

Oscar Straus, distinguished business man, statesman and 

diplomat (1850-1912). 
*777 Scenes in Constantinople, where he served as Minister 
to Turkey. 
*29 to *44 (10 are starred) Scenes in New York City, 
where he lived for many years. 
Francis Marion Crawford, celebrated novelist (1854-1909). 
*G34 Heidelberg, Germany, where he was a student. 
723 to *729 (3 are starred) Scenes in Rome where he 

studied. 
*883 to *906 (12 are starred) Scenes in India of which 

he has written. 
*730 to *742 (7 are starred) Other scenes in Italy of 
which he has written so much. 
Robert Edwin Peary, U. S. naval officer, geographer and dis- 
coverer of the North Pole (1856). 
*391 Peary's ship Diana putting into winter quarters. Cape 

Sabine, Baffin Bay. 
*389 Arctic explorers preparing for the long winter night 

at Cape Sabine (79° North lat.). 
*396 The Diana and Nova Zembla among the icebergs in 

far north. Dexterity Harbor. 
*394 The west coast of Greenland explored by Peary. 
390, 392, *393 Esquimaux and their homes in the far 
north. 
*395 Esquimaux family in their summer home, Greenland. 
*48, 139, 145 Scenes in connection with the navy of which 
Peary is an officer. 
William Howard Taft, celebrated jurist and twenty-sixth 

President (1857). 
*131, *137 The White House, where President Taft lived. 
135 The Supreme Court room in the Capitol, Washington, 
D. C. 
*349 to *363 (10 are starred) The Philippine Islands, 

where he served the country as Governor-GeneraL 
*129 The War Department in Washington, D. C. 



154 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

327 to *340 (7 are starred) The Panama Canal, which he 
carried through. 
*398, 399, *400 Mexico City and Chapultepec Castle, which 

was a source of solicitude. 
*128, *130, *132, 133, *134, 136, 139 Other scenes in Wash- 
ington. 
Woodrow Wilson, educator, historian and twenty- seventh 

President of U. S. (1856), 
*138 President Wilson and his Cabinet. 
*129, *137 The White House, where as President he re- 
sides. 
133 An inauguration of a President. 
*131 Looking down upon the roof of the Executive Office. 
*128, *130, *132, *134, 135, 136, 139 Other scenes in Wash- 
ington, D. C. 
Booker T. Washington^ negro educator, author and president 
of Tuskegee Institute (1859). 
*171 Dr. Washington and noted guests at Tuskegee, Ala- 
bama. 
*170 The students at work in the fields at Tuskegee Insti- 
tute, Alabama. 
*149, *150, *160, 172 Some of the colored people of the 
South. 
Tlieodore Roosevelt, soldier, statesman, journalist, author — 
twenty-fifth President of U. S. (1858). 
953 President Roosevelt and envoys of the Mikado and 

Czar on board the Mayflower. 
*29 to *48 (13 are starred) Scenes in New York City, 
where Mr. Roosevelt was police commissioner. 
58 The State Capitol at Albany, New York, where he 
served as governor. 
*129 Overlooking the Navy Department Bldg. in Washing- 
ton, where he was assistant secretary. 
*130 Looking from the monument to the Capitol over the 
Agricultural Department to which he gave new im- 
petus, Washington, D. C. 



BIOGRAPHY 155 

*137 The White House, where he lived during his presi- 
dency. 

*131 Looking down upon roof of the new executive office, 
which he added to the Wliite House. 

*132 The Capitol at Washington, D. C. 
133 President Roosevelt witnessing the McKinley inaug- 
uration, Washington, D. C. 

*134 President Roosevelt attending the McKinley Memorial 
in the House of Representatives. 
135 The Supreme Court room in Washington. 
139 Some of the officers of the navy of which he was 

assistant secretary and later commander-in-chief. 
145 The battleship fleet starting on its memorable cruise 
around the world. 

*257, 258, *270 Western ranch life of which Mr. Roosevelt 
writes from experience. 
328, 329, 333, 335 to *340 (3 are starred) Scenes at Pan- 
ama Canal, for which President Roosevelt was largely 
responsible. 
55, *236, *352, *427 The American Army, in which Col. 
Roosevelt played an important part. 
809 to 827 (9 are starred) Scenes in East Africa, where 
he spent a year in hunting and collecting big game. 

*621, 622 Scenes in Berlin, where he was royally enter- 
tained by Emperor William. 

*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where he 
made a memorable address. 

*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, where he 
made another address. 

*107 Gettysburg battlefield, where he made a notable ad- 
dress. 

William Jennings Bryan, orator, statesman and diplomat 
(1860). 

*138 Mr. Bryan as Secretary of State in Wilson's Cabinet. 

*134 In the House of Representatives at Washington, D. C, 
where he served. 



156 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*128 to 133 (5 are starred), 135, 136, *137 Other scenes in 
the Capital City, where Mr. Bryan is a conspicuous 
character. 

Ricbmond P. Hobson, celebrated naval engineer, hero of the 
Merrimac, orator and legislator (1870). 
*423 The mouth of Santiago Harbor, where Hobson sunk 
the Merrimac, and Morro Castle, where he was im- 
prisoned. 

424 Coast where tlie Spanish fleet was destroyed. 

425 Cervera's flagship Colon destroyed at Battle of San- 

tiago. 
*422 The Maine wreck, inspected by Engineer Hobson. 
*421 The Plaza at Havana, Cuba. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where he 

studied five years. 
*130, *131, *132, *134 The Capitol and House of Repre- 
sentatives, where Hobson serves as Congressman. 
*48, 145 Some of our battleships for which Hobson has 

been a leading advocate. 
139 Officers of the navy in uniform. 
*946 to *952 (3 are starred) Some of the Japanese soldiers 

against whose growing prowess Hobson warns the 

United States. 
341, *342, *343 and *349 to *363 (10 are starred) Places 

he was also sent to by the War Department. 

Wilbur {1867-1912) and Orville Wright {1871), inventors. 
*144 The Wright aeroplane in fliglit at Fort Myer, Va. 

CANADA, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA 

Next in importance to the history of the United 
States is, to us, that of the neighboring countries on 
the American continent. The early period of ex- 
ploration and conquest is most interesting on ac- 



BIOGRAPHY 157 

count of the adventurous careers of the leaders of 
the various expeditions. The prominent figures in 
the frequent revolutions in the Latin-American re- 
publics are so constantly kept before the minds of 
people that it is worth while to know something 
about them and about the scenes in which events 
take place that vitally affect our own country and 
its international relations. 

CANADA 

Louis Jos. Montcalm, French officer in command at Quebec 

(1712-1759)— See France. 
Qen. James Wolfe, British officer in command at the storming 

of Quebec (1727-1759)— See England. 
Sir Wilfred Laurier, Premier of Canada (1841). 

*506 Laurier and other Colonial officials at London, Eng. 
^ev. Cbas, W. Gordon ( "Ralph Connor" ) , noted preacher and 
author (1860). 
*375 Winnipeg, home city of "Connor." 
379 to *384 (4 are starred) Scenes in the Canadian 

Rockies, which he has helped to make popular. 
*259 Cowboy life on the plains of which he has written so 

interestingly. 
*369 to 372 (2 are starred) Eastern Canada, where many 
of his stirring dramas are enacted. 

MEXICO 

Hernando Cortez, explorer and conqueror (1485-1547) — See 

Spain. 
Benito Pablo Juarez, noted Indian general and former Pres- 
ident of Mexico (1806-1872). 
*412 Indians of Mexico of whom Juarez was one. 



158 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*398 to *416 (10 are starred) Scenes in Mexico where he 

was a commanding figure. 
Porfirio Diaz, noted Mexican general and former President 

of Mexican Republic (1830). 
*400 Chapultepec Castle, where he spent part of his time. 
*398 to *416 (10 are starred) Scenes in Mexico. 

Maximilian {Ferdinand Maximilian JosepU), Archduke of 
Austria and Emperor of Mexico (1832-1867). 
*751 to *755 (3 are starred) Scenes in Vienna, where he 

was born. 
*398 Mexico City, where Maximilian ruled for a short time. 
*400 His royal palace at Chapultepec. 
Francisco Madero, Revolutionary leader and former President 
of Mexico (1873-1913). 
*398 In Mexico City, not far from where he was shot. 
399 to *416 (10 are starred) Scenes of interest in Mexico. 

SOUTH AMERICA 

Francisco Pizarro, soldier, adventurer and conqueror of Peru 
(1471-1541)— See Spain. 

Vasco Nunez Balboa, sailor and discoverer of the Pacific 

Ocean ( 1475-1517)— See Spain. 
Qonzola Pizarro, soldier, adventurer and Governor of Quito 

(1505-1548)— See Spain. 
Simon Bolivar, soldier, statesman and ruler of Venezuela and 
Colombia (1783-1830). 
*440 Overlooking Caracas, Venezuela, his native city. 
441 Statue of Bolivar in Caracas, Venezuela. 
433, *434, *435 Jamaica, to which he was forced to retire 

in 1815. 
462, *463 Quito, Ecuador, which he captured in 1822. 
*456 to *461, *464, 465 Other scenes in Ecuador, which 

country he added to Colombia. 
*466 Lima, which he entered in 1823. 



BiOGfiAPHt 159 

467 to 484 (10 are starred) Other territory added to his 
great republic. 
*442 to 446 (3 are starred) Other scenes in Venezuela, his 
native country. 



EUROPE 
ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND IRELAND 

Of all European countries none are so closely 
associated with the United States as England, Ire- 
land and Scotland. Among our great statesmen, 
soldiers and captains of finance and industry, are 
not a few descendants of the sturdy Scotch. From 
Ireland have come millions of people who through 
their geniality, versatility and warm-heartedness 
have greatly enriched American life. But it is Eng- 
land, in particular, that in several ways may be 
looked upon as the "mother country" of the United 
States. A very large proportion of the great men 
of this country are of English ancestry. The Eng- 
lish language is our language, and English literature 
is looked upon as our own. The poets, dramatists, 
orators and essayists of England are studied here 
with the same ardor as in English schools. English 
laws and institutions furnished the model and basis 
of much that is important in our own public and 
political life. English statesmen and orators fre- 
quently had to deal with the affairs of America. 



160 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

For all these reasons students might well be taught 
to observe the great men of these three races in their 
own homes. 

Julius Cassar, (100 B. C— 44 B. C). 

*513, *514 Scenes on the coast of Britain, which Caesar 

invaded. 
*498 Tower of London, which stands on the site of an old 
Roman fortification called "Csesar's Tower." 
St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland (fourth and fifth centuries) 
*555, *562, *567 Scenes in Ireland, country where St. 
Patrick preached. 
Alfred the Great, first great King of England (849-901). 
*495 Royal Albert Docks on the Thames, not far from 
where Alfred met the Northmen. 
574 A Viking ship such as was used at that time. 
Edward the Confessor, King of England (1004-1066). 
*502, *504 Westminster Abbey, on place where old West- 
minster Abbey stood, which Edward built and in 
which he was buried. 
William the Norman, Conqueror and King of England (1027- 
1087). 
497, *498 The Tower of London built by William. 
*502, *504 Westminster Abbey, successor to a conspicuous 

structure standing in William's time. 
*509 Windsor Castle, partly built by William. 

753 Armor such as William and his soldiers used. 
*860 The way William's swords were made. 
William U, King of England (1056-1100). 
*529 Durham Cathedral was begun in his reign. 
Thomas A* Becket, sia.tes,iTiSin and Catholic churchman (1118- 

1170). 
*512 Canterbury Cathedral, showing altar where Becket 
was slain. 
753 Armor such as Becket's knights wore. 



BIOGRAPHY 161 

*504 Westminster Abbey in which Prince Henry was 
crowned by Archbishop of York. 
531 Euins of Furness Abbey, whicli was built in Becket's 
time. 
Richard I., or the Lion-Hearted, King of England, leader of 
the Crusades (1157-1199). 
497, *498 The King's Tower in London. 
847 Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives, where Richard 
stood and refused to look at the city he could not 
deliver. 
Henry III, King of England (1207-1272). 
*502 Westminster Abbey rebuilt by Henry, and Parliament 
Buildings, the lower branch of which was established 
during Henry's reign. 
*504 Westminster Abbey (front view), where the Kings 
are crowned. 
King David of Scotland (died 1153). 
*540 Melrose Abbey, which was built originally by King 

David. 
Wallace of Scotland, great military leader and patriot (1274- 

1305). 
*547 to 550 (3 are starred) Stirling Castle and surround- 
ing country, where the battles of Stirling and Ban- 
nockburn were fought. 
551, 552, *553 Other scenes in the Highlands of Scotland 

associated with Wallace. 
496 London Bridge, successor to the structure on which 
Wallace's head was hung by Edward I. 
Robert Bruce, great military leader and deliverer of Scot- 
land (1274-1329). 
*547 to 550 (3 are starred) Scenes of Stirling Castle and 
surroundings, where Bruce defeated the English at 
Bannockburn. 
*540 Melrose Abbey, a beautiful structure in Bruce's king- 
dom. 
551, 552, *553 Other scenes in the Highlands of Scotland. 



162 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Edward JI, King of England (1284-1327). 

*504 Westminster Abbey, where Edward was deposed. 
Edward III, noted military leader and King of England 
(1312-1377). 
*513 The Dover chalk cliffs, just across the channel and in 

sight of Calais, which he took after long siege. 
*512 Canterbury Cathedral, in which still hang the shield 

and helmet of the "Black Prince," Edward's son. 
*509 Windsor Castle, enlarged by Edward. 
Geoffrey Chaucer, early English poet (1340-1400). 

500 Cheapside, London, where Chaucer was a prominent 
character and of which he wrote. 
*512 Interior of Canterbury Cathedral. 
Henry IV, King of England (1367-1413). 
*509 St. Paul's in London, on the site of old St. Paul's, 
where he caused the body of his rival, Richard II, 
to be exposed. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, where he was taken ill and died. 
Henry VI, King of England and promoter of education (1421- 
1471). 
*498 The Tower of London in which Henry was finally im- 
prisoned. 
*509 Windsor Castle from which Henry watched the build- 
ing of Eton School. 
Richard III, King of England (1452-1485). 
*498 The Tower of London, where Hastings and the two 

princes were murdered. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, where Elizabeth fled for protec- 
tion. 
Henry VII, King of England and patron of architecture 
(1457-1509). 
*529 Durham Castle, which was started during Henry's 
reign. 
14, *364 Portions of the New World explored by the 
Cabots who sailed for Henry VII. 



BIOGRAPHY 163 

Cardinal Wolsey, Catholic churchman and statesman (MTl' 

1530). 
*512 Canterbury Cathedral, where Wolsey once served aS 
Chaplain to the Archbishop. 
511 Magdalen College at Oxford, which will ever be asso- 
ciated with Wolsey's name. 
Sir Thomas More, author and chancellor of England (1478- 
1535). 
*498 The Tower of London, where More was beheaded. 
Henry VIII, King of England (1491-1547). 

652 The "Field of the Cloth of Gold," where Henry met 
the King of France. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, where Anne Boleyn was crowned. 
*498 The Tower of London, where More, Anne Boleyn and 

others were executed. 
531 Furness Abbey, destroyed by Henry VIII. 
John Knox, noted preacher and reformer (1505-1572). 
*537, *538 Edinburgh, where Knox occupied the pulpit of 

St. Andrews, and where he died. 
*672 Dieppe, France, where Knox fled from the wrath of 
Mary Tudor. 
Roger Ascham, author and tutor to Queen Elizabeth (1515- 
1568). 
*509 Windsor Castle, where Ascham was tutor to Elizabeth 
and Mary. 
Queen Elizabeth, Queen of England (1533-1603). 
*498 The Tower of London, in which Elizabeth was im- 
prisoned by Mary. 
*509 Windsor Castle, where Elizabeth spent much time. 
*517 A house in Exeter occupied by her friend and cour- 
tier, Sir Walter Raleigh. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, where she was crowned, and 
where she is buried. 
689 The city of Cadiz, Spain, near which Drake defeated 
the Spanish fleet. 



164 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*496 London Bridge, almost on spot of the old bridge, 

where hundreds were hung for treason. 
*554, *555, *556 Scenes in south of Ireland, where insur- 
rection arose. 
141 to *148 (2 are starred) Scenes in the state of Virginia 
named after the "Virgin Queen." 
Sir Francis Drake, courtier, naval officer and explorer (1545- 
1595). 
*517 The house where Drake lived in Exeter, England. 
689 Cadiz, near which Drake won the battle with the 

Spanish Armada. 
329, *331, *332 Scenes in Panama explored by Drake. 
*286, *287, *447, 465, *476, *486 Other scenes on western 
coast of America, explored by Drake. 
Sir Martin Frobistier, naval officer and explorer (died 1594). 
689 Cadiz, near which Frobisher fought against the Span- 
ish Armada. 
*389 to 397 (6 are starred) Scenes along northeast coast 
of America explored by Frobisher. 
Mary, Queen of Scots, claimant of the English throne (1542- 
1587). 
*548 Holyrood, old home of ill-fated Mary, Queen of Scots. 
*547 Stirling Castle, where Mary was crowned when a 

baby. 
*549, 550 Other scenes around Stirling, Scotland. 
*537, *538, 539 Scenes around Edinburgh, Scotland. 
*498 The Tower of London, where Davison, who had de- 
spatched warrant for Mary's execution, was impris- 
oned. 
Sir Walter Raieigli, courtier, explorer and colonizer ( 1552- 
1618). 
*517 Kaleigh's house in Exeter, England. 
*509 Windsor Castle, where Raleigh was a distinguished 
courtier. 
497, *498 The Tower of London, where Raleigh was exe- 
cuted after long imprisonment. 



BIOGEAPHT 165 

*496 London Bridge, near site of the old bridge, which pre- 
sented gruesome sights in Raleigh's day. 
*431 The tobacco plant introduced into England by Raleigh. 
145, *149, *150 Scenes in America suggestive of Raleigh. 
Henry Hudson, sailor and explorer (died 1611). 

*29 to *33, *48, 54 to *57 (3 are starred), *80 On the 
Hudson River, discovered by Hudson. 
*394 Greenland, once visited by Hudson. 
*364 Nova Scotia, where Hudson explored Yarmouth Har- 
bor. 
14, *61, 62, 82, *83 East coast of America explored by 
Hudson. 
Sir Francis Bacon, philosopher, author and statesman (1561- 
1626). 
*509 Windsor and Kenilworth, where Bacon was a welcome 
guest. 
503 The House of Lords, before which body Bacon was 
impeached. 
*498 The Tower of London, where Bacon was imprisoned 

for a short time. 
William Shakespeare, poet and playwright (1564-1616). 
*525 Living room in Shakespeare's house at Stratford-on- 

Avon. 
*526 Anne Hathaway's cottage at Shottery, England. 
*496 to *502 (4 are starred), *512 to *517 (4 are starred) 
The tower and other scenes closely connected with 
Shakespeare in England. 
*728, *736, *742 Scenes in Venice, Florence and Rome asso- 
ciated with Shakespeare's plays. 
James I, King of England, persecutor of the Pilgrims ( 1566- 
1625). 
*507 Hampton Court, where James considered the "Great 
Petition." 
641 Delftshaven, Holland, to which the Pilgrims fled from 
his oppression. ^ 

*509 Windsor Castle, England. 



166 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Ben Jonson, poet and playwright (1573-1637). 

*496 to *501 (3 are starred) Scenes in old London, where 
Jonson was a noted figure. 
Sir John Eliot, English patriot (1592-1632). 

*498 Tower of London, in which Eliot died. 

Thomas Wentworth, English statesman (1593-1641). 
*502 Houses of Parliament of which body he was a member. 
503 House of Peers in which body he sat, and by whom 
he was tried. 
*498 Tower of London in which he was executed. 

Oliver Cromwell, soldier, reformer and protector of England 
(1599-1658). 
*502 Houses of Parliament of which body he was a member. 
*498 The Tower of London where Charles I was executed. 
499, 500, *501 Other scenes of interest in old London. 

John Milton, poet (1608-1674). 

499, 500, *501 Scenes in old London, where Milton lived 
and died. 
*509 Windsor Castle, near which Milton once lived and 
wrote. 
Sir Christopher Wren, great English architect (1632-1723). 
*504 The Towers of Westminster designed by Wren. 

500 St. Mary-le-Bow Church, designed by Wren. 
*507 Grounds of Hampton Court, which palace he designed 
and where he died. 
Sir Isaac Newton, philosopher and scientist (1642-1727). 
*504 Westminster Abbey, where he is buried. 

Captain William Kidd, noted pirate (died 1701). 

*61 to 64 (2 are starred) The Long Island beach where 

Kidd is believed to have buried his treasure. 
^29, *30 New York Harbor, to which he sailed in 1696. 
*2 to *5 Boston, Mass., where Kidd was tried. 
*495 to 500 (3 are starred) London, where he was exe- 
c\lte4! 



BIOGRAPHY 167 

Jonathan Swift, writer, satirist and author (1667-1745). 
*556 Trinity College and city where Swift was bom and 

educated. 
500 Cheapside in London, where he was a well-known fig- 
ure. 
*555 The country surrounding Dublin. 
Alexander Pope, poet (1688-1744). 

500 Cheapside, London, where Pope was a prominent char- 
acter. 
Joseph Addison, noted journalist and essayist (1672-1719). 
*49G to 500 (2 are starred) Scenes in old London, where 

Addison was a prominent character. 
*506 The colonial secretaries of England of which body 

Addison was once a member. 
511 Magdalen College at Oxford, from which he was grad- 
uated. 
General Wolfe, English commander at Quebec (1727-1759). 
*369, 370 Quebec, Canada, where Wolfe fell. 
Oliver Goldsmith, poet (1728-1774). 
*556 Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, where Goldsmith was 

graduated. 
*537, *538 Scenes in Edinburgh, where he studied medicine. 
500 Cheapside, where Goldsmith was a familiar character 
in his day. 
Edmund Burke, celebrated lawyer, orator and statesman 
(1729-1797). 
*556 Trinity College in Dublin, where Burke was educated. 
*555 The country around Dublin. 
*502 The Houses of Parliament in London. 
503 The House of Peers, before which body Burke tried 
Hastings. 
Warren Hastings, British statesman (1732-1818). 
892 to *897 (2 are starred) Calcutta, India, where he 
served England as member of the Council. 
*906 Madras, India, where he also served as member of 
the Council. 



168 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

500 The House of Lords, before which body Hastings was 
tried. 

*883 to *906 (12 are starred) Other scenes in India over 
which Hastings ruled. 

*507 Indian soldiers in the service of Great Britain. 
Horatio Nelson (Lord Nelson), British naval officer; hero 
of Trafalgar (1758-1805). 

*730 Naples, to which city Nelson retired after the Battle 
of the Nile. 

*604 Copenhagen, where Nelson gained a great naval vic- 
tory. 

*692 Gibraltar, near which was fought the memorable Bat- 
tle of Trafalgar. 
Robert Burns, Scotch plowman poet (1759-1796). 

*546 The birthplace of Burns at Alloway near Ayr, Scot- 
land. 

*537, *538 Edinburgh, Scotland, where Burns was royally 
entertained. 
Arthur Wellesley {Duke of Wellington), English general; 
hero of Waterloo (1769-1852). 

*556 Dublin, Ireland, in which city he was born and where 
he served in Parliament. 

*502 Houses of Parliament, London. 

*604 Copenhagen, in the expedition against which he served. 

*676, 677 Madrid, which city Wellington and his troops 
occupied in 1812. 

*653 to 659 (6 are starred) Paris, where Wellington was 
Ambassador. 

*751 to *755 (3 are starred) Vienna, where he was Pleni- 
potentiary. 

*647, 648 Brussels, near which the Battle of Waterloo was 
fought. 

*607, 612 St. Petersburg, Russia, where he served England 
as Ambassador. 

*506 The Governors of an Empire, in which body Welling- 
ton once served. 



BIOGRAPHY 169 

William Wordsworth, poet (1770-1850). 
530 Dove Cottage, Wordsworth's old home at Grasmere, 
England. 
Sir Walter Scott, poet and novelist (1771-1832). 
. *537 Edinburgh, Scotland, where Scott was born. 
*538 Princess St., Edinburgh, showing Scott Monument. 
*o40 Melrose Abbey, Scotland ("Lay of the Last Minstrel"). 
541 Tantallon Castle, where Douglas met Marmion. 
*547 to 550 (3 are starred) Stirling Castle and surround- 
ings ( "The Lady of the Lake" ) . 

551 Ben Venue from across Loch Achray, Scotland ("The 

Lady of the Lake," "Rob Roy" and others). 

552 The Brig O'Turk at Glenfinlas, Scotland ("The Lady 

of the Lake" ) . 
*553 Loch Katrine and Ellen's Isle, Scotland ("The Lady 

of the Lake" ) . 
Daniel O^ Connell, great Irish leader in Parliament (1775- 

1847). 
*556 Looking past Trinity College toward the O'Connell 

monument in Dublin, Ireland. 
*569 Picturesque home of a prosperous farmer near the 

birthplace of O'Connell in County Kerry, Ireland. 
*502 Houses of Parliament in London, where O'Connell 

represented his country. 
Oeorge Noel Gordon (Lord Byron), poet and traveler (1788- 

1824). 
*495 to 508 (9 are starred) London, where Byron was born. 
*547 to *553 (4 are starred) The Highlands of Scotland, 

which Byron visited as a boy of seven. 
*740, 741, *742, 725 to 739 (8 are starred) The "Bridge of 

Sighs" and other scenes in Venice and Italy of which 

Byron wrote. 
*761 to *776 (8 are starred) Scenes in Greece visited by 

Byron and of which he wrote. 
*777 to *782 (3 are starred) Scenes in Constantinople of 

which he wrote. 



170 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

*647 to *651 (4 are starred) Scenes in Belgium of which 
he wrote. 
Michael Faraday, famous English physicist and chemist 
(1791-1867). 
*507 Grounds of Hampton Court Palace, London, where 
Faraday died. 
Tbos. Carlyle, philosopher, essayist and historian (1795- 
1881). 
*537, *538 Edinburgh, where Carlyle was educated and 
where he lived and worked. 
Tbos. Babfngton Macaulay {Lord Macaulay)^ historian, es- 
sayist and poet (1800-1859). 
*502 The Houses of Parliament in London, where Macaulay 
served. 
503 The House of Peers in which he served. 
*883 to *906 (12 are starred) Scenes in India, where he 
served as a member of the Council. 
Beajamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield, Premier of England 
(1804-1881). 
*502 Houses of Parliament in London in which building 
Disraeli served. 
503 House of Peers, where much of his best work was 
done. 
*495 to *50I (4 are starred), 506, 507 Other scenes in 
London in which city Disraeli was a conspicuous 
figure. 
*621, 622 Berlin, where he attended the Congress as Pleni- 
potentiary. 
Blizabetb Barrett Browning, poet (1806-1861). 
*529 Inside the Cathedral at Durham, England, where Miss 

Browning was born. 
*736, 737 Scenes in Florence, Italy, where she died. 
Jobn Stuart Mill, philosopher, metaphysician and author 
(1806-1873). 
*502 The Houses of Parliament, where Mill once served 
as a member. 



feiOGBAPHif 171 

Charles Robert Darwin, naturalist and author (1809-1882). 
*537, *538 Edinburgh, Scotland, where Darwin attended 

college. 
433 to 439 (5 are starred) The Islands of Jamaica and 
Martinique of which he made a study. 
*451, *460, 465, *476, 485 The coast of South America of 

which he made a study. 
*o04 Westminster Abbey, in London, where he is buried. 
Alfred Tennyson, poet-laureate of England (1809-1892). 
*667 In the French Pyrenees, where he traveled with Arthur 

Hallam. 
*751, *752 Vienna, where Hallam died. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, where Tennyson is buried. 

William Ewart Gladstone, noted Parliamentarian (1809- 

1898). 

*502 The Houses of Parliament, where Gladstone was for 

years leader of the House of Commons. 
503 The House of Peers, a seat in which was often de- 
clined by Gladstone. 

*495 to 500 (3 are starred) Other scenes in London, where 
Gladstone was a most prominent figure. 

William Makepeace Thackeray, novelist and art student 
(1811-1863). 
892 to *897 (2 are starred) Calcutta, India, in which 
city Thackeray was born. 
*653 to 659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where he 

studied art. 
*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, where he 
lived. 

Robert Browning, poet (1812-1889). 

*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, where Brown- 
ing lived a long time. 

*736, 737 Scenes in Florence, where he spent most of his 
married life. 

*740, 741, *742 Scenes in Venice, where he died. 



l72 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

725 to *735 (6 are starred), *738, 739 Other scenes in liis 
beloved Italy. 
*504 Westminster Abbey in the "Poets' Corner" in which 
he was buried. 
Charles Dickens, novelist (1812-1870). 
*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Cheapside and other scenes in 
London familiar to Dickens. 
1 to 8 (5 are starred), and *29 to *48 (13 are starred). 
Scenes in Boston and New York, where Dickens vis- 
ited in 1859. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, where he is buried. 
David Livingstone, missionary, geographer and explorer 
(1813-1873). 
*537 to *553 (10 are starred) Scotland, the native country 
of Livingstone. 
809 to *818 (6 are starred) Scenes in East Africa ex- 
plored by Livingstone. 
*821 The Victoria Falls, East Africa, discovered by Liv- 
ingstone. 
825 Forest trail in heart of Africa, over such a trail 
Livingstone's body was borne to the coast by his 
faithful followers. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, where Livingstone lies buried. 
*495 to *501 (4 are starred) Scenes in London, where 
Livingstone was given "The Freedom of the City." 
John Ruslcin, art critic and author (1819-1900). 
*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, where Eus- 

kin was born. 
*736, 737 Scenes in Florence, where he studied and of which 

he wrote. 
*740, 741, *742 Scenes in Venice of which he has written. 
725 to 735 (6 are starred), *738, 739 Other scenes in Italy 
of which he has written. 
Alexandrina Victoria {Queen Victoria), H. M., Queen of Eng 
land (1819-1901). 
*505 A coronation procession returning from the Abbey. 



BIOGBAPHY 173 

*507 Hindu soldiers of the Queen at Hampton Court, Lon- 
don. 

*502 The Houses of Parliament, London. 
503 The House of Peers, showing the seat of the Queen. 

*504 Westminster Cathedral, where Victoria was crowned. 

*506 Some of the faithful oflBcials of Victoria's reign. 

*509 Windsor, one of the favorite castles of Queen Vic- 
toria, enlarged by her. 

*495 to *501 (4 are starred) Other scenes in London. 

*554 Queenstowm, Ireland, named for the Queen at the time 
of her visit. 

*904 The Durbar procession in Delhi, India. 
901 Great Durbar Hall in palace of H. H., the Maharaja 
of Gwalior. 
JohnTyndall, distinguished British physicist (1820-1893). 

*495 to 508 (9 are starred) London, where Tyndall lived. 

*700, *705, *710, 711, 712, 714, 717 to 723 (2 are starred") 
Some Swiss glaciers explored by Tyndall. 

*713 The Matterhorn which he scaled. 

*805 to 808 (2 are starred) Algiers visited in 1870. 
Thomas Henry Huxley, celebrated biologist (1825-1895). 

*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, where Hux- 
ley lived. 

*700, *705, *710 to 714 (2 are starred), 717 to 723 (2 are 
starred) Some Swiss glaciers explored by Huxley. 

Frederick Sleigh Roberts [^otA. Roberts), noted English gen- 
eral (1832-1914). 

*829, *830, *832, 835 Scenes in the war in South Africa 
where Lord Roberts was Commander-in-Chief. 

*507 Hindu soldiers at Hampton Court in London. 

*883 to *906 (12 are starred) Scenes in India, where Lord 
Roberts made himself famous as Commander-in-Chief 
of the Queen's forces. 
Qen. Charles Oeorge Gordon ( Chinese Gordon ) , great British 
officer (1833-1885), 



•174 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*828 Cape of Good Hope, where he was once commandant 

of the British forces. 
Joseph Chamberlain, British statesman and secretary for 

foreign affairs (1836-1914). 
*506 Governors of an empire, Hon. Jos. Chamberlain and 

colonial officials, London. 
*820 to 838 (6 are starred) Scenes in South Africa. 
James Bryce, British statesman, diplomat and author 

(1838). 
*561 Belfast, Ireland, in which city Bryce was born. 
*506 Colonial officials of Great Britain of which Bryce was 

once a member. 
*128 to 139 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington, D. C, 

where he has represented his country in the United 

States. 
Charles Stewart Parnell, great Irish leader in Parliament 
(1846-1891). 
*554 to *569 (12 are starred) Scenes in Ireland, the land 

of his birth and to which he gave his life. 
*502 Houses of Parliament in London, where Parnell repre- 
sented his country. 
Horatio Herbert Kitchener ( Lord Kitchener ) , noted English 

general; hero of South Africa and Khartoum (1850), 
*829, *830, *832 Scenes in South Africa, which must ever 

be associated with Kitchener. 
*785 to 804 (11 are starred) Scenes in the Nile Valley, 

Egypt, where Kitchener conducted a campaign. 
Cecil J. Rhodes, South African statesman (1853-1902). 
*829 to 838 (6 are starred) Scenes in South Africa which 

will ever be associated with his name. 



SCANDINAVIA 

Men from Scandinavia, the Northmen, were 
probably the first Europeans to approach our coasts 



BIOGRAPHY 175 

in the Viking ships, their "foam-crested wave- 
horses." In modern times several of the rulers and 
writers of Scandinavian lands have occupied a 
prominent place in history. 

Christian JV, King of Denmark (1577-1648). 
*572, *573 The city of Christiania, Norway, which he 

founded. 
*604, *605 Copenhagen, where Christian died. 
Qustavus Adolpbus, King of Sweden (1594-1632). 

597 Stockholm, the native city of Gustavus Adolphus. 
*598, 599 The Royal Palace of Sweden. 

*596 Stockholm, showing Riddarholms Church, where Adol- 
phus is buried. 
Charles Xn, King of Sweden (1682-1718). 

597, *598, 599 Stocldiolm, Sweden, showing Royal Palace. 
*596 Stockholm and Church of Riddarholms, where Charles 

XII is buried. 
*604, *605 Copenhagen, besieged by Charles XII. 
*613, 614, 615 Moscow, against which Charles XII unsuc- 
cessfully led his army. 
*777 to *782 (3 are starred) Constantinople, to which 
court he fled after defeat at Poltava. 
Henrik Ibsen, NorAvegian poet and playwright (1828-1906). 
*572, *573 Christiania, where Ibsen lived, studied and wrote. 
*584 Bergen, where he was made manager of the new the- 
atre. 
725 to *728 (2 are starred) Rome, Italy, where he lived 

for a time. 
625 In Dresden, Germany, where he lived for a time. 
Bjornstjerne Bfornson, great Scandinavian poet and play- 
wright (1832-1910). 
*572, *573 Christiania, Norway, where he was educated 
and later lived. 



176 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*604, *605 Copenhagen, Denmark, where he studied later. 
*584 Bergen, Norway, where he was first director of the 
theatre. 



RUSSIA AND POLAND 

The Russians and Poles belong to the large fam- 
ily of nations which are called Slavic. To America 
Slavs are now coming in increasing numbers. The 
vast empire of Russia was built up by several great 
emperors; Russian literature holds a conspicuous 
place among the literatures of the modern world. 
The Polish nation had the tragic fate of losing its 
political independence. Sympathizing with the 
Americans in their struggle for independence, sev- 
eral noble Poles (Kosciusko, Pulaski) fought in the 
Revolutionary armies. One modern Polish novelist 
is known all the world over. 

Ivan the Great, (First Czar) of Russia (1440-1505). 
*613 Shimmering spires of Holy Moscow (Ivan's Capital) 

and the great tower which bears his name. 
614 The Tower of Ivan and Cathedral of Archangel 
Michael, where Ivan is buried, Moscow. 
Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia and founder of St, 
Petersburg (1672-1725). 
*613, 614, 615 Scenes in Moscow, where Peter was born. 
*607, *608, 612 In St. Petersburg, the Capital City which 
Peter built. 

610 The beautiful summer palace of the Czar, the original 

built by Peter the Great, Peterhof, Russia. 

611 In beautiful Peterhof Park, Russia. 



fiiOGBA^Hf 177 

*639, *640 Amsterdam, Holland, where he lived for some 
time and of which he was fond. 
Count Lyett {Leo) Nicolaievich Tolstoi, soldier, philosopher, 

reformer and author (1828-1910). 
*607, *608 Life in St. Petersburg, where Tolstoi lived a 

considerable time. 
*609, *618 Country life in Russia. 

610, 611, 612 Royal display in Russia, against which Tol- 
stoi often wrote. 
616, 617 Other scenes in Tolstoi's native country. 
Henry Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist (1846). 
*607 to *618 (5 are starred) Scenes in Russia, Sienkie- 

wicz's native land. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Scenes in Rome, where much 
of the plot of "Quo Vadis" is laid. 
*279 to 300 (17 are starred) Scenes in California, where 
he lived for some years. 

GERMANY AND AUSTRIA 

These two large states were for centuries united 
politically, and are closely related racially, as a large 
portion of Austrians are of German descent and 
speak the German language. Many millions of per- 
sons of German extraction have settled in the 
United States, especially in the states in the Middle 
West. They have done much as trained artisans 
and have greatly helped to develop agriculture in 
this country. The German race has produced some 
famous rulers, generals and statesmen, but its main 
contribution to modern civilization lies in the fields 
of scholarship and music. Along these lines Ger- 



178 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

mans have exefcised a pronounced influence on 
other countries, also on the United States. 

Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany (1123-1100). 

*633 Valley of Danube, south of which was Frederick's 
hereditary castle of Holienstaufen. 

*726 St. Peter's, Rome, where Frederick was crowned Em- 
peror by Pope Adrian IV, 1155. 

*738 Milan, which city Frederick destroyed in war against 
Lombard cities, 1162. 
Albertus Magnus ( The Great ) , celebrated medieval scholar, 
philosopher and naturalist (1193-1280). 

*633 Valley of Danube, where Albertus was born. 

*638 Cologne, where he taught and died. 

Johann Qutenberg, inventor of art and printing (1400-1467). 
*635 Pihine Valley near Bingen, twenty miles from where 
(Mainz) Gutenberg was born. 

Martin Luther, churchman and reformer (1483-1546). 
*638 Cologne, Germany, where Luther's writings were 

burned. 
*621 to 637 (10 are starred) Other scenes in Germany, 
Luther's native land. 
725, *726, 727 St. Peter's and scenes in Rome to which he 
went on monastic business in 1510. 

Frederick II (The Great), King of Prussia (1712-1786). 
*621, 622, 623 Scenes in Berlin, where Frederick II was 

born. 
*625 In Dresden, where Frederick II signed peace treaty 
with Austria. 

Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria and antagonist of Fred- 
erick the Great; and mother of Queen Marie An- 
toinette of France (1717-1780). 
*751, *752, 754 Vienna, where she lived and which she 
adorned with many fine buildings and institutions. 



BIOGRAPHY 179 

Jobann Wolfgang von Ooethe, great German poet (1749-1832). 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin, where Goethe lived with Duke Karl 

in 1778. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Scenes in Rome, where he lost 
his son. 
*740, 741, *742 Scenes in Venice, where he spent consider- 
able time from 1786 to 1788. 
John Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart, composer ( 1756-1791 ) . 
750 Salzburg, where he was born. 
*751, *752, 753, *755 Scenes in Vienna, where he lived and 
died. 
Johann Christopher Friedrich von Schiller, great German 
poet (1759-1805). 
*625 Dresden, where he lived with his friend Korner, 1785 
to 1787. 
Ludwig von Beethoven, composer (1770-1827). 
*638 Cologne, near which Beethoven was born. 

William I, Emperor of Germany (1797-1888). 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin and the Royal Palace where William 

was born, ruled and died. 
*624 to *638 (11 are starred) Other scenes in United Ger- 
many which, with the help of Bismarck and Von 
Moltke, he created. 
664 Battlefield where William won military honors, Sedan, 

France. 
660 Versailles, France, where he lived during siege of 
Paris, and where he was proclaimed Emperor of Ger- 
many. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, which Wil- 
liam besieged in 1870. 
Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke, noted soldier and 
statesman (1800-1891). 
*604, *605 Copenhagen, where Von Moltke received his 

military training. 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin, where he resided and where he died. 



180 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*777 to *782 (3 are starred) Scenes in Constantinople, 
where lie spent four years reorganizing the Sultan's 
army. 
*653 to 660 (6 are starred) Paris, of which he has left 
letters and the siege of which he directed, 1870. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Rome, of which he has left 
letters. 
Richard Wilhelm Wagner, musician and composer of opera 
(1813-1883). 
625 The Zwinger in Dresden, in which city Wagner lived 

and studied. 
653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris where Wagner 

lived, 1839 to 1842. 
*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, where he 

lived in 1855. 
*632 Ludwig's Castle, Neuschwanstein, in Germany, where 

Wagner lived in royal luxury. 
*698 to 702 (4 are starred) Lucerne, Switzerland, near 

which Wagner spent several years of his life. 
*740, 741, *742 Venice, where Wagner died. 
Otto Edward Leopold Bismarck, statesman and diplomatist 
(1815-1898). 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin, in which city Bismarck was edu- 
cated. 
*607 to 612 (3 are starred) St. Petersburg, Russia, and 

surroundings, where he served as Ambassador. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where he 
served as Ambassador. 
Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary (1830). 
*751 to *755 (3 ai'e starred) Scenes in Vienna, the birth- 
place of Francis Joseph and capital city of his em- 
pire. 
750, *756 to *760 (3 are starred) Other scenes in Austria 
over which he has ruled so long. 
William II, Emperor of Germany (1850). 
*621 The Royal Palace, where Kaiser Wilhelm lives, Berlin, 



BIOGBAPHT 181 

622 Unter den Linden, Berlin, from the Royal Palace. 

623 to 637 (10 are starred) Other scenes within the 

Kaiser's domains. 
611 The Empress of Germany driving in Peterhof Park, 
Russia. 

HOLLAND AND BELGIUM 

These two countries have a significance in history 
out of proportion with their small size. From the 
middle ages on they were the center of flourishing 
industry and commerce. Holland played an impor- 
tant part in the early colonial history, especially in 
the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam (New 
York). Two men are among the foremost artists 
of the world, the Dutch painter Rembrandt and the 
Belgian, Rubens. 

Peter Paul Rubens, celebrated Belgian painter (1577-1640). 

*638 Cologne, Germany, where Rubens lived as a young boy, 

*649 Antwerp, Belgium, where he lived and died. 

*740, 741, *742 Venice, where he studied art. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Rome, in which city also he 
studied. 

*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Paris, to which he was called 
in 1622 to decorate the Luxembourg. 

*676, 677 Madrid, where he was sent on a diplomatic mis- 
sion. 

*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, to which 
city his mission took him. 
I^embrandt Harmenzoon van Ryn^ Dutch landscape painter 
(1606-1669). 

*639, *640 Amsterdam, where he studied, worked and died. 



182 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*752 Imperial Museum at Vienna, which contains some of 

his masterpieces. 
*656 The Louvre in Paris, which contains some of his works. 



SWITZERLAND 

Switzerland is a country of exceptional scenic 
beauty and visited every year by many thousands of 
tourists. Its place in history is unique, and it has 
played a part wholly beyond its territorial extent 
and population. Surrounded on all sides by mon- 
archies, Switzerland has been a republic for over 
600 years, and to-day is the most durable federal 
constitution known in history. The Swiss cling as 
passionately to their liberties as they love their 
glorious mountains. The legend of Tell is told in 
every civilized language. To the Reformation 
movement in the sixteenth century Switzerland gave 
two leaders, Zwingli and Calvin. The latter greatly 
influenced the formation of the religious systems 
of Holland, England and Scotland (Presbyterian- 
ism). 

William Tell, traditional Swiss hero. 
*701 Lake Lucerne, near where Tell is supposed to have 

jumped over. 
*698, *699, *700, 702 Other scenes around Lake Lucerne. 
Huldreich Zwiagli, Swiss preacher and reformer (1484-1531). 
703, *704 Berne, Switzerland, where Zwingli was educated. 
*751 to *755 (3 are starred) Vienna, Austria, where 
Zwingli later studied. 



BIOGBAPHY 183 

John Calvin, Swiss preacher and reformer (1509-1564), 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where Calvin 

studied. 
*716 On Lake Geneva, near where Calvin preached. 

FRANCE 

Many are the attractions of this beautiful country 
with its fine scenery, its splendid cities, its grand 
cathedrals, and its gay city life. For centuries 
France was the foremost political power in Europe. 
In art, literature, and drama the French are still 
among the leaders, and in fashion Paris sets the 
pace for the world. The brilliant and many-sided 
genius of the French appears in the galaxy of 
famous men in most varied stations in life : war- 
riors, statesmen, writers, churchmen, orators, etc. 
In Napoleon, France possesses a genius of the first 
order, a giant among men, though little of stature. 
Between France and this country there was always 
a close relation. Frenchmen were among the most 
daring and most successful explorers in this coun- 
try, and in the Revolutionary War several French 
officers achieved distinction in the colonial army. 

Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Emperor of Rome 
(742-814). 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Rome and St. Peter's, where 
Charlemagne was crowned. 
Louis IX, King of France (1215-1270). 
*653 to *656 Paris, where Louis IX ruled France. 



184 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*657 Sainte Chapelle, built by Louis IX in 1245. 
*659 The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, completed during 
Louis' reign. 
846, 847 Jerusalem, to whose rescue Louis organized a 
crusade. 
*786, 787 Cairo, Egypt, against which he led an expedition. 
Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans), 1412-1431. 

662 The Cathedral at Kheims and statue of the "Maid of 
Orleans." 
*663 Inside the cathedral at Rheims where Charles VII was 
crowned. 
Charles VIII, King of France (1470-1498). 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where Charles 

ruled France. 
*730 Naples, Italy, which was taken by Charles VIII. 
Francis I, King of France (1494-1547). 
*738, 739 Cathedral at Milan, Italy, which city he con- 
quered. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where Francis 
I reigned. 
Jacques Cartier, explorer in America (1494-1552). 
652 to *672 (13 are starred) Scenes in France, Cartier's 

native country. 
*366 to *371 (4 are starred) Scenes in Canada along the 
St. Lawrence, explored by Cartier. 
Catherine de Medici, Queen of France (1519-1589). 
*736, 737 Florence, Italy, where Catherire was born. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where Cath- 
erine ruled. 
Jean I^ibaut, explorer in America (1520-1565). 
*672 The beach at Dieppe, France, where Ribaut was born. 
*153 Charleston Harbor, S. C, entered by Ribaut. 
*159 The wharves at Savannah, Ga., where Ribaut landed 
in 1565. 
162 to *169 (6 are starred) Scenes in Florida, in which 
state he was killed. 



BiOGEAPHY 185 

Samuel de Cbamplain, explorer in America (1567-1635). 
652 to *672 (13 are starred) Scenes in France, the land 
of his nativity. 
*364 to 373 (6 are starred) Scenes along the St. Lawrence 
River explored by Champlain. 
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal and statesman 
(1585-1642). 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris where Riche- 
lieu was born, and where he directed the destinies of 
France. 
Jacques Marquette, Jesuit missionary and explorer in Amer- 
ica (1637-1675). 
652 to *672 (13 are starred) Scenes in France, the native 

country of Marquette. 
*69 to *77 (5 are starred) Niagara Falls and surround- 
ings explored by Marquette. 
202, *206, *215, *223, *226 Scenes in the northwest ex- 
plored by Marquette. 
*173, *174, 175, *187, *188, *189 Scenes on the Mississippi 
explored by Marquette. 
202 Scene on Lake Michigan near which, lake Marquette 
died. 
Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715). 

660 In Versailles, built and occupied by Louis XIV. 
658 Gobelins tapestry weaving, an industry fostered by 
Louis XIV. 
*653 to *657, *659 Other scenes in Paris, where Louis XIV 
ruled. 
Robert Cavelier de La Salle, explorer in America ( 1643-1687 ) . 
652 to *672 (13 are starred) Scenes in France, his native 

country. 
*69 to *77 (5 are starred) Scenes around Niagara Falls 

explored by La Salle. 
202, *206, *215, *223 Places of the northwest on the route 
of La Salle's explorations. 



186 THE WORLD viSXJALIZED 

*173, *174, 175, *187, *188, *189 Scenes on the Mississippi 

River, explored by La Salle. 
Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire), wit, freethinker and revo- 
lutionary writer (1694-1778). 
*653, *659 Paris, the city in which Voltaire was born and 

where he died. 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin, Germany, in which city Voltaire lived 

three years as a guest of Frederick the Great. 
*716 On Lake Geneva, Switerzland, where he spent much 

time. 
Louis Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm de Sainte-Veran, French 

general in command at Quebec (1712-1759). 
652 to *672 (13 are starred) Scenes in France, the native 

country of Montcalm. 
*369, 370 Quebec, Canada, where Montcalm was killed dur- 
ing the battle. 
Jean Jacques l^ousseau, author and educational and political 

reformer (1712-1728). 
*653, *654, *655, *656, *659 Scenes in Paris, where he lived 

many years. 
Comte de Mirabeua, Revolutionary orator and agitator (1749- 

1791). 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where Mira- 

beau was a great power during the Revolutionary 

period. 
*495 to 508 (9 are starred) Scenes in London, where he 

spent some time in 1784-1785. 
*621, 622, 623 Scenes in Berlin, where he resided from 

1785 to 1786. 
Louis XVI, King of France (1754-1793). 

660 In the Palace of Versailles in which Louis was born, 

and where he was mobbed by the revolutionists. 
*655 The Champs Elysees in Paris, down which he was 

marched to the Place de la Concorde in distance. 
*657 Palace of Justice, showing where Louis was imprisoned 

in the Conciergerie, Paris. 



BIOGRAPHY 187 

*656, *659 Notre Dame Cathedral, which was stormed and 

sacked when the mob rose against Louis XVI. 
*653, *654, *655 Other scenes in Paris. 

Marie Antoinette, Queen of France (1755-1793). 
*751 to *755 (3 are starred) Scenes in Vienna, where the 
Queen was born. 
660 In the Palace of Versailles, where Marie Antoinette 
lived and had her garden and chickens. 
*656, *659 Notre Dame Cathedral, which played a conspic- 
uous part in Antoinette's time. 
*657 The Palace of Justice in Paris, including the Con- 

ciergerie where Antoinette was imprisoned. 
*655 Looking down the Champs Elysees to the Place de la 
Concorde, Paris, where Antoinette was executed. 
658 Gobelins tapestry, very popular in Antoinette's time. 
*653, *654 Other scenes in Paris. 

Jean Paul Rocti Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, 

celebrated French general, friend of Washington 
and of American Independence (1757-1834). 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where Lafay- 
ette died. 
1 Bunker Hill Monument, where Lafayette officiated at 
the laying of the cornerstone. 
*2 to 9 (5 are starred) Other scenes around Boston visited 
by Lafayette. 
*143 Mount Vernon, where Lafayette visited in 1824 to 

pay his respects to Washington. 
*128 to 139 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington, where 
Lafayette was an honored guest in 1824 and 1825. 
*29 to *48 (12 are starred) Scenes in New York, which 
warmly welcomed Lafayette in 1824. 

Maximilien Marie Isidore Robespierre, celebrated French 
Eevolutionist ( 1758-1794 ) . 
*655 Looking toward the Place de la Concorde, where 
Kobespierre was executed, Paris. 



188 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*653, *654, *656 to 660 (3 are starred) Other scenes in 

Paris, where Robespierre played so conspicuous a part 

in the Revolution. 
Napoleon Bonaparte, military genius and Emperor of the 

French (1769-1821). 
*653 The Arch of Triumph, built by Napoleon at Paris. 
660 The Palace at Versailles, France. 
*659 The Notre Dame Cathedral, where he was crowned, 

Dec. 4, 1804. 
*654 to *657 Scenes in Paris entered by the Allies in 

March, 1814. 
*738, 739 Milan's Cathedral, where Napoleon stood on May 

15, 1796. 
*665, 666 Nice, France, where he assumed command of the 

army of Italy. 
*789 to *795 (3 are starred) Scenes near the Battle of the 

Pyramids, Egypt. 
*844 A market in Jaffa, which city he stormed March 7, 

1799. 
715 The great St. Bernard Pass, crossed by Napoleon in 

May, 1800. 
*751 to *755 (3 are starred) Vienna, Austria, v(rhich Na- 
poleon occupied in December, 1805. 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin, entered by Napoleon, October 27, 

1806. 
*676, 677 Madrid, entered by Napoleon, December 4, 1808. 
*687, 688 Seville, Spain, taken by Napoleon, February 1, 

1810. 
613, 614 Moscow, which he found on fire, September 14, 

1812. 
*625 Dresden, near where he won his last great victory, 

August 26 and 27, 1813. 
*647, 648 Brussels, near which Waterloo was fought. 

689 Cadiz, Spain, besieged by Napoleon in 1810. 
Victor Marie Hugo, great French novelist and poet ( 1802- 

1885). 



SIOGSAPHY 189 

*653 to *657 Paris, where Hugo lived and died. 

*659 Notre Dame Cathedral, which plays so large a part 

in Hugo's writings. 
*647, 648, *649 Scenes in Brussels and Antwerp, where 

Hugo spent considerable time. 

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 

These two countries were once far more power- 
ful than they are now. Both possessed a vast colon- 
ial empire, Spain alone almost all Central and South 
America, where the Spanish language to this day 
testifies to the former influence of Spain. Many of 
the early discoverers were Portuguese or Spaniards, 
or foreigners in the service of these countries. The 
Spanish national character exhibits a certain seri- 
ousness, almost hardness — perhaps a result of the 
eight centuries of struggle against the Moors — but 
at the same time grandeur, chivalry and fondness 
of adventure. These qualities fitted them for be- 
coming bold explorers and conquerors, and these 
traits appear in the famous men whose story has 
so vividly been told by Prescott and others. 

Ferdinand V {1452=1516) and Isabella (1451=1504), King 
and Queen of Spain, backers of Columbus. 
*684, *685 The Alhambra Palace at Granada, taken by 
Ferdinand in 1492. 
675 The old aqueduct at Segovia, familiar to Ferdinand 

and Isabella. 
*687, 688 Seville and the Gaudalquivir River, which played 
so important a part in Ferdinand's time. 



190 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*676 The modern Royal Palace of Spain at Madrid. 

*730 Naples, where Ferdinand became ruler in 1504. 

*325, *423, 424 Some scenes explored by Columbus. 
Ponce de Leon, Governor of Porto Rico, adventurer and ex- 
plorer (1460-1521). 

*320 to 326 (4 are starred) Scenes in Porto Rico, of which 
island he became governor. 
162 to *169 (6 are starred) Scenes in Florida, which land 
he found in his search for the "Fountain of Youth." 

*421 to *432 (9 are starred) Scenes in Cuba, where he died. 

Francisco Pizarro, Spanish soldier, conqueror of Peru (1471- 

1541). 
674 to *692 (11 are starred) Scenes in Spain, the native 

land of Pizarro. 
327 to *332 (3 are starred) Scenes in Panama, where 

Pizarro was with Balboa. 
*466 Lima, Peru, founded by Pizarro as his capital ; also 

place of death. 
462, *463 Quito, Ecuador, taken by Pizarro. 
*456 to *461, *464, 465 Other scenes in Ecuador. 
474 An old silver mine at Cerro de Pasco tliat enriched the 

Spanish. 
467 to *473 (5 are starred), *475 to *483 (5 are starred) 

Other scenes in Peru, subjugated by Pizarro. 
Vasco Nunez Balboa, noted sailor and discoverer of Pacific 

Ocean (1475-1518). 
327 to *332 (3 are starred) Scenes in Panama and on the 

Pacific explored by Balboa. 

Fernao de Magalhaes (Ferdinand Magellan), noted sailor 
and explorer (1480-1521). 
693 Lisbon, Portugal, the capital of his native land. 
696 Madeira Islands, at which he stopped on his voyage to 

America. 
*451 The harbor at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which he en- 
tered. 



BIOGBAPHY 191 

*486 The Straits of Magellan, which bear his name. 
349 to *363 (10 are starred) Scenes in the Philippines, 
which islands Magellan discovered and in which he 
died. 
Hernando Cortez, noted soldier and conqueror of Mexico 
(1485-1547). 
*687, 688 Seville, Spain, near which Cortez died. 
*398, *399, *400 In Mexico City and surroundings, taken 

by Cortez. 
401 to 409 (4 are starred), *411 to *416 (4 are starred) 
Other scenes in Mexico. 
*257 to *266 (8 are starred), *269 to *278 (7 are starred) 
Scenes in Arizona, over which Cortez led his followers. 
Fernando de Soto, noted soldier and conqueror (1501-1542). 
674 to *692 (11 are starred) Scenes in Spain, the native 

country of de Soto. 
424 to *432 (5 are starred) Scenes in Cuba, where he was 
governor. 
*421, *422, *423 Havana, Cuba, and the harbor from which 

de Soto sailed for Florida. 
*160, 162 to *169 (6 are starred) Modern scenes in Florida 

and Georgia visited by de Soto. 
*170 to 175 (4 are starred) Modern scenes in Alabama, 

Mississippi and Louisiana. 
*187, 188 Scenes on the Mississippi River discovered by de 
Soto; also his burial-place. 
Qonzola Pizarro, Spanish soldier — adventurer and Governor 
of Quito (1506-1548). 
329 to *332 (3 are starred) Scenes in the Isthmus of 
Panama, seized by Gonzola Pizarro. 
*460 to 465 (4 are starred) Scenes around Quito, Ecuador, 

of which city he was governor. 
*483, 484 Cuzco, which city he defended against Almagro, 

and where he finally died. 
481, *482 On Lake Titicaca, where he defeated the Royal- 
ist forces of Centeno. 



192 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

ITALY 

(Ancient Roman) 

The center of ancient and medieval history is the 
great inland sea called the Mediterranean. By its 
geographical position — in the very heart of the 
Mediterranean — Italy seemed to be destined to be- 
come the center of the ancient world. Rome be- 
came actually the "mistress of the world," but less 
through its geographical situation than through the 
character of its people and the greatness of its lead- 
ers. The Roman language for a long time was the 
language of the educated world; Roman law and 
political institutions were powerful factors in the 
formation of medieval and modern institutions. 
Military leaders, orators, statesmen and lawmakers 
are most conspicuous among the famous men of 
this imperial race, which was so excellently fitted 
to rule the world. 

Marcus Tullius Cicero, celebrated Roman statesman and 
orator (106 B. C.-43 B. C). 
*728 The Roman Forum, where were delivered his mighty 
Philippics. 
Oneius Pompeius Magnus ( Pompey the Great ) , noted Roman 
general (106 B. C.-48 B. C). 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Rome, his native city. 
775 Battlefield of Pharsalus, where he was defeated by 
Caesar. 
*786 to *795 (4 are starred) Scenes around the Pyramids 
of Egypt in which country he was murdered. 



BIOGEAPHT 193 

Caius Julius Cassar, great Roman general, statesman and 

imperator (102 B, C.-44 B. C). 
*728 The Roman Forum and place where Caesar fell. 
725, *726, 727, *729 Other scenes in Rome. 
775 Battlefield of Pharsalus, Greece. 

Marcus Porcius Cato, distinguished Roman censor (234 B. 
C.-149 B. C). 
*728 The Roman Forum, where Cato was a great power 
in his day. 

Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician, one of the assas- 
sins of Caesar (85 B. C.-42 B. C). 
*728 Overlooking Roman Forum and the spot where Brutus 
stabbed Caesar. 
725, *726, 727, *729 Other scenes in Rome, the native city 
of Brutus. 

Mark Antony, Roman triumvir and general (83 B. C.-30 B. 

C). 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Scenes in Rome, the native 

city of Antony. 
*786 to *795 (4 are starred) Scenes in Egypt, where he 

met Cleopatra and where he finally died. 
775 The battlefield of Pharsalus, Greece, where Antony 

commanded left wing of Caesar's army. 

Cams Julius Cassar Octavianus Augustus (Augustus), first 
Roman Emperor (63 B. C.-14 A. D.). 
*728 The Roman Forum. 
725, *726, 727 Other scenes in Rome. 

Titus Livius (Livy), great Roman historian (59 B. C.-17 
A. D.). 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Scenes in Rome, where he 
lived most of his life and of which he wrote the 
history. 

Tiberius Claudius Nero Csssar (Tiberius), Emperor of Rome 
(42 B. C.-37 A. D.). 



194 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

725 to *729 (3 are starred) Eome, where Tiberius ruled. 

674 to *692 (11 are starred) Scenes in Spain, where he 

served. 
853 Tiberias in Palestine founded in reign of Tiberius and 
named after him. 

Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus (Vespasian), Emperor of 

Rome (9 A. D.-79 A. D.). 
*728 The Roman Forum and Temple of Vespasian. 

725, *726, 727 Other scenes in Rome. 
*786 to *795 (4 are starred) Scenes in Egypt, Africa, of 
which he was governor. 
847 Jerusalem, the siege of which was begun under his 
command. 
*729 The Roman Coliseum, which he began to build but did 
not finish. 

Marcus UIplus Trajanus (Trajan), Emperor of Rome (53 A. 
D.-117). 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Scenes in Rome. 

675 Old aqueduct built by Trajan in Segovia, Spain. 
*857, *858 Damascus, which he incorporated. 

Publius Aelius Hadrianus (Hadrian), Emperor of Rome (76 
A. D.-138). 
725, 727, *728, *729 Scenes in Rome, where Hadrian was 
born and ruled. 
*726 Rome and Hadrian's tomb (now Castle of San An- 
gelo), from the Dome of St. Peter's. 
847 Jerusalem, on whose site he planted Aelia Capitolina. 

Constantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius 
Claudius Constantinus) , Emperor of Rome (288 A. 
D.-337). 
*728 The Roman Forum and arch of Constantine. 

725, *726, 727, *729 Other scenes in Rome. 
*777 to *782 (3 are starred) Constantinople, which he 
founded on the Bosphorus. 



(Medieval and Modern) 

After the collapse of the Roman empire, Rome 
and Italy continued to have a leading part in the 
development of civilization. Rome was the center 
of attraction for all the nations of Western Chris- 
tendom throughout the middle ages, and remains 
the seat of the Pope, the head of the Catholic 
Church. From the middle ages on, the Italians 
distinguished themselves in literature and art. No 
other nation has as many painters of renown as 
Italy, only a few of the very greatest being men- 
tioned in this list. 

Marco Polo, celebrated traveler, geographer and writer (1254- 
1324). 
*740, 741, *742 Venice, where he was born and where he 
lived. 
927 to *943 (7 are starred) Scenes in China, where Polo 
traveled with his father. 
Dante Aligbieri, great Florentine poet (1265-1321). 
*736, 737 Florence, the native city of Dante. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Kome, where he spent some 
time. 
*740, 741 Venice, where he had been on a mission and was 

returning when he fell ill. 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) Scenes in Paris, where he is 
supposed to have studied. 
Qiovanni Boccaccio, Renaissance writer and interpreter of 
classical literature (1313-1375). 
*736, 737 Florence, his adopted home city. 
*729 Naples, where he settled for a short time. 



196 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Oiotto di Bondone, celebrated Florentine sculptor and artist 
(1267-1337). 
*736 Florence, where he lived and worked. 
737 The great Duomo at Florence and bell tower which he 

created. 
725 St. Peter's at Rome, which contains some of his work. 
Donato di Niccio di Betto BardI (Donatello), Florentine 
sculptor (1386-1466). 
*736, 737 Florence, in which he lived and worked. 
Ciiristopiier Columbus, discoverer of America (1446-1506). 
*738, 739 The Cathedral at Milan, Italy, which stood less 

than 100 miles from Genoa. 
*684, *685 Granada and the Alhambra Palace, Spain. 
*687 Seville and the Guadalquivir River, Spain. 

693 Lisbon, Portugal. 
*421 to *427 (5 are starred) Scenes in Cuba, where Colum- 
bus visited. 
*325 Columbus' first landing-place in Porto Rico. 
*320, 322, *323, 324 Other scenes in Porto Rico; 
*440, *443 On coast of Venezuela, touched by Columbus. 
*417, *419, *420 In Costa Rica, where Columbus paid a 
visit. 
Lorenzo de Medici, Florentine statesman and patron of art 
(1449-1492). 
*736, 737 Florence, the city over which he ruled. 
Qirolamo Savonarola, preacher, reformer and educator (1452- 
1498). 
*736, 737 Florence, the city of Savonarola and the Plaza 
de Vecchio, where he was executed. 
Leonardo da Vinci, celebrated painter (1452-1519). 
*738, 739 Milan, Italy, where he spent considerable time. 
*736, 737 Florence, where he also stayed for a time. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Rome, where he lived in 1514 
and 1515, 
*656 The Louvre at Paris, which contains the famous "Mona 
Lisa." 



BIOGRAPHY 197 

Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo), great sculptor, 
painter and architect (1475-1564). 
*736, 737 Fldrence, where he studied and where much of 
his best work was done. 
727, *728 Rome, where he did much of his best work. 
725 St. Peter's Church, which shows so much of his 
genius. 
*726 Looking over Rome from the great Dome of St. 

Peter's, built by Michelangelo. 
*656 The Louvre in Paris, which contains some of his work. 
*740, 741, *742 Venice, to which he fled in 1529. 
*734, 735 The Carrara quarries developed by Michelangelo. 
Tiziano Vecelli (Titian), celebrated Venetian painter (1477- 
1576). 
*740, 741, *742 Venice, the city of Titian. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Rome, where he met and 
studied with Michelangelo and Raphael. 
*752 Vienna, Imperial Museum where are some of his great 

works, "Ecce Homo," etc. 
*656 The Louvre at Paris, which contains his "Entombment 

of Christ." 
*625 The Zwinger at Dresden, which contains his "Tribute 

Money." 
*736, 737 Florence, where some of his finest work is to be 
found. 
Rapliael Sanzio, great painter and sculptor (1483-1520). 
*736, 737 Florence, where much of his earliest work was 
done. 
725, *726, 727 St. Peter's and the Vatican at Rome, which 
bears so many evidences of his genius. 
*647, 648 Brussels, Belgium, where he worked for a time. 
*738, 739 The great Cathedral at Milan, which contains 

some of his masterpieces. 
*656 The Louvre of Paris, which contains some of his work. 
Quiseppe Garibaldi, great Italian patriot and soldier ( 1807- 
1882). 



198 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*665, 666 Nice, France, the birthplace of Garibaldi. 
*492, *493, *494 Scenes in Montevideo, where Garibaldi lived 
for some time. 
*29 to *48 (13 are starred) Scenes in New York City, 
where he became a citizen of the United States and 
near which he lived. 
*743 to *749 (4 are starred) Palermo and other places in 
Sicily brought under his control. 
725 to *742 (10 are starred) Scenes in Italy, which it was 
his aim to unite and solidify. 
Victor Emmanuel II, First King of Italy (1820-1878). 
*665, 666 Nice was ceded to France by Victor Emmanuel 
in 1860. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Rome, which he occupied in 
1870, thus uniting Italy. 
Pope Pius X, the Euling Head of the Catholic Church ( 1835- 
1914). 
*740, 741, *742 Venice, near which city he was born and 
of which he was Patriarch. 
725, *726, 727 St. Peter's, and the Vatican where the Pope 
resides and from which he rules the Catholic Church. 

GREECE AND MACEDONIA 
There is a striking contrast between the charac- 
ter of the Greeks and Romans. It has been well 
expressed by the Roman poet Virgil (^neid, VI), 
who says that others, namely the Greeks, surpass in 
art, in eloquence and literature, but Rome's mission 
was to rule mankind with powerful sway. In truth, 
here we have the special features, artistic and intel- 
lectual, that attract us to the Greeks, notably the 
Athenians. There were among them celebrated 
warriors and statesmen — one of the very greatest in 



BIOGRAPHY 199 

history, Alexander — yet the word Greek usually 
conjures up other visions. It places before our eyes 
great artists, poets, orators, philosophers, whose 
works have served as models and inspirations for 
all succeeding ages. 

GREECE 

Agamemnon, brother of King Menelaus and Spartan leader in 
the expedition against Troy. 
770 Agamemnon's Council Chamber in Mykense, Greece. 

Homer, great epic poet. 

839 Smyrna, one of the cities which claimed to be his 

native place. 
770 Agamemnon's Council chamber, from which he went 

forth to humble Troy. 

Miltiades, Athenian general and hero of Marathon (died 
about 489 B. C). 
762 to *767 (4 are starred) Athens, the city of Miltiades. 
*768 Battlefield of Marathon, Greece, where Miltiades won 
the great victory over the Persians. 

Leonidas, King of Sparta and hero of Thermopylae (died 
480 B. C). 
*771 Modern view of Sparta, city of Leonidas. 
774 The Battlefield of Thermopylae, where Leonidas was in 
command. 

Aristides, "The Just" — great Athenian statesman (died 468 
B. C). 
762 to *767 (4 are starred) Modern scenes in Athens, the 
city of Aristides. 
*761 Looking from Lykabettos toward Salamis in the dis- 
tant right, where he fought. 
*768 The Battlefield of Marathon, where he fought. 



200 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Tbemistocles, Athenian statesman (b. latter part of 6th cen- 
tury; d. about 450 B. C). 
*761, *764 Athens and Piraeus, which he was most instru- 
mental in fortifying. 
773 Delphi, from which he procured assistance of an oracle 
to create the navy. 
*771 Site of ancient Sparta, where Themistocles was a self- 
appointed commissioner. 
770 Mykenae, to which he one time fled. 
762 to *767 (4 are starred) Scenes in Athens, the city of 
Themistocles. 
Pericles, brilliant and celebrated Athenian statesman (498 
B. C.-429 B. C). 
*761 Overlooking modern Athens and ancient Acropolis — to 
Piraeus in the distance. 
762, 763, *764, *767 The ancient Acropolis and the Par- 
thenon completed by Pericles. 
*765, *766 Views from the Acropolis, which Pericles made 
the center of all that was finest in art and culture. 

Socrates, great philosopher (470 B. C.-399 B. C). 
*761 to *767 (5 are starred) Scenes in Athens, the city of 
Socrates. 
Alcibiades, brilliant and noted statesman (450 B. C.-404 
B. C). 
*761 to *767 (5 are starred) Modern views in Athens, the 

city of Alcibiades. 
*771 Site of ancient Sparta, to which city Alcibiades once 
joined himself. 
745 Syracuse, Sicily, against which he led an expedition. 
*777 to *782 (3 are starred) Constantinople, on site of 
ancient Byzantium conquered by Alcibiades. 
Plato, distinguished philosopher (429 B. C.-347 B. C). 
*761, 763, *764 Scenes in Athens, city of Plato. 
*785 to 804 (11 are starred) Scenes in Egypt, where Plato 
traveled widely. 



BIOGRAPHY 201 

745 Syracuse, Sicily, where he was taken prisoner by Dio- 
nysius. 
Xenophon, Athenian general and historical writer (430 B. C; 
died after 354 B. C). 
*761 to *767 (5 are starred) Athens, the city of his birth. 
*771 Sparta, with which city he joined himself in battle of 
Coronea. 
Aristotle, celebrated philosopher (384 B. C.-322 B. C). 
*761 to *767 (5 are starred) Modern scenes in Athens, 
where Aristotle studied under Plato. 
Demosthenes, great orator (384 or 385 B. C.-322 B. C). 
*761, 763, *764 Looking over Athens to the Pnyx, where 
Demosthenes was often heard. 
762, 765, *766, *767 Other modern scenes in Athens, the 
city of Demosthenes. 

MACEDONIA 

Alexander (The Great), Macedonian General and King (356- 
323 B. C.). 
*786 to 800 (8 are starred) Scenes in Egypt, which he con- 
quered. 
*761 to *776 (8 are starred) Scenes in Greece, where lie 
conquered. 

AFRICA 
EGYPT 

The land of the Nile with its long history, its 
mysterious buildings and peculiar civilization, has a 
special fascination for the students of history. 
"Builders of pyramids and temples" is the name 
rightly given to the great men who in ancient times 
ruled over this country. 



202 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

Kbufu (Cheops), King of Egypt — builder of pyramids (about 
2700 B. C). 
*789 to *799 (7 are starred) Khufu's tomb and scenes in 
Egypt intimately associated with him. 
Rameses II, King of Egypt and builder of Temples (about 
1350-1280 B. C). 
804 The great temple at Abu Simbel and statues of Eam- 
eses, Egypt. 
*785 to *803 (11 are starred) Other scenes in Egypt. 
Ptolemy I (Soter), King of Egypt (died 283 B. C). 
*789 to *799 (7 are starred) Scenes in Egypt, where Ptol- 
emy ruled. 
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt — consort of Caesar and Antony 
(69 B. C.-30 B. C). 
*789 to *799 (7 are starred) Scenes in Egypt, where she 
ruled. 
725 to *729 (3 are starred) Scenes in Eome, where she 
lived for a time with Julius Csesar. 



ASIA 

BABYLONIA 

One of the most ancient seats of civilization 
which now enlists the interest of the whole world 
more than ever before on account of the discoveries 
of ruins, cuneiform inscriptions, etc. The most 
famous Babylonian monarch was Nebuchadnezzar. 

Nebuchadnezzar, Is-ing of Babylonia (reigned 605-562 B. C). 
873 Ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's Palace, site of ancient 

Babylon. 
846, 847 Jerusalem, which he conquered. 
*785 to 804 (11 are starred) Egypt, which he invaded. 
*875, *876 Scenes along the Euphrates River near Babylon. 



BIOGRAPHY 203 

PERSIA 

The greatest political and military struggle of 
the Greeks was against the vast armies of Persia, 
which was then a great world power. This strug- 
gle forms the most brilliant period of Greek history, 
and we see the Greek heroes, Leonidas, Miltiades, 
Themistocles, defeating the armies of the Persian 
monarchs, Darius and Xerxes. It was then proved, 
as so often since, that not the size of the armies 
but the quality of the soldiers is of paramount im- 
portance in war. 

Darius I, King of Persia (521 B. C.-486 reigned). 
*768 Marathon battlefield, Greece, where Darius was de- 
feated. 
Xerxes I, King of Persia (519 B. C.-465 or 464 B. C). 

774 Thermopylae, where Xerxes attacked Leonidas, Greece. 
*761 to *767 (5 are starred) Athens, which he burned. 

PALESTINE 

Few lands are so well known, so familiar to the 
minds and so dear to the hearts of millions of men 
as Palestine, the home of the Hebrew race and re- 
ligion, and the cradle of Christianity. The Hebrew 
race is a remarkable one, in many regards unique. 
Its ancient heroes, patriarchs, kings and prophets 
were, above all, religious heroes. Their example of 
faith and religious enthusiasm has been a source of 
inspiration for thousands of years. 



204 THE WOKLO VISUALIZED 

Abraham, Hebrew patriarch (flourished about 2000 B. C). 
843 Relief map of the land claimed by Abraham. 

847 Overlooking Jerusalem and Mount Moriah, where 

Abraham sacrificed. 
848, *S59, *863 Nomadic life in Palestine and Syria. 
*855 The springs at Dan, where Abraham pursued the 
"Four Kings of the East." 
841, *842 Oases in Sinai. 
*789 to *799 (7 are starred) Scenes around the Pyramids of 
Egypt that must have been familiar to Abraham. 
873 to *876 (3 are starred), 878 to 882 (2 are starred) 
Scenes along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. 
Joseph, Hebrew ruler in Egypt. 

848 A caravan on the road over which Joseph traveled. 
852 The Plain of Dothan and traditional Joseph's well. 

*796 Overlooking the desert from top of a pyramid — show- 
ing the "river of Joseph," Egypt. 
*797, *798, *799 Irrigation and farming on the Nile. 
*789 to *795 (3 are starred) The Pyramids and Sphinx, so 
familiar to Joseph. 
Moses, the Hebrew lawgiver, general and statesman (about 
1500 B. C). 
*789 to 804 (9 are starred) Scenes in Egypt, the foster 
land of Moses. 
840 The Mount of Moses in the Sinai Wilderness. 
841, *842 Oasis of Elim, where the Israelites found water. 
*844 to 854 (2 are starred) Scenes in the land to which 
Moses led his people. 
843 Relief map of Palestine. 
Joshua, gresit Hebrew general and prophet (after 1500 B.C.). 
843 Relief map of Palestine and the country taken by 

Joshua. 
852 The Plain of Dothan. 
Elijah, great Hebrew prophet (of 9th Century B. C). 
*844 Men in the Jaffa market wearing the same kind of 
mantle as Elijah cast upon Elisha. 



BIOGRAPHY 205 

Saul, first King of the Jews (lltli Century B. C). 

852 The Plain of Dothan, where Saul sought his father's 
asses. 

849 Wilderness of the Scapegoat, where Saul sought David. 
David, the musician and second King of the Jews (11th Cen- 
tury B. C). 

846, 847 Jerusalem, the city of David. 

849 Wilderness of the Scapegoat, where David hid from 
Saul. 
Solomon, the wise King of the Jews and builder of the Temple 
(10th Century B. C). 

847 Overlooking the site of Solomon's Temple at Jerusalem 
from Mount of Olives. 

872 The Cedars of Lebanon, such as were used in the 
Temple. 

846 Street scenes in Jerusalem, the city of Solomon. 
Judas, the Maccabee, Hebrew patriot and defender of his 
country (died 161 B. C). 

846, 847 Jerusalem, city of the Maccabees, which they de- 
fended. 

Flavius Josepbus, Hebrew historian (35 A. D. — about 95). 

853, 854 Scenes in Galilee, where he was Governor. 

846, 847 Street scenes in Jerusalem, which he helped de- 
fend and of whose fall he has written. 

725 to *729 (3 are starred) Rome, where he spent the last 
years of his life, 

ARABIA 

The Arabs, like the Hebrews, are a branch of the 
Semitic family of nations. The most celebrated 
man of the Arabic race is Mohammed or Mahomet, 
the founder of the religious system called Islam or 
Mohammedanism. The story of the struggle be- 



206 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

tween the followers of Mohammed and the Chris- 
tians of Europe occupies a central place in history 
for centuries, and reached a climax in the Crusades, 
so full of brilliant and thrilling events. 

Mabomet or Mohammed, religious teacher and founder of 

Mohammedanism ( about 570-632 ) . 
848 A Syrian caravan such as he accompanied when a boy 
to Syria. 

*899, 900 The Taj Mahal in Agra, India. 
902, *903 The great Mosque "Jumma Musjid" at Delhi, 
India. 

*786, 787, 788 Mohammedanism in Cairo, Egypt. 

*777 to *782 (3 are starred) Mohammedanism in Constan- 
tinople, Turkey. 

*805 to 808 (2 are starred) Mohammedanism in Algiers. 

*684, *685 Mohammedan architecture in Spain. 

THE FAR EAST: INDIA, CHINA AND JAPAN 

Two other founders of religious systems ap- 
peared in the East : Buddha in India and Confucius 
in China. After having been a monarchy for sev- 
eral thousands of years, China has now become a 
republic and its statesmen are trying to modernize 
the ancient empire. A similar process of modern- 
ization was begun some decades ago by Japan, and 
this country has developed wonderfully in recent 
times. Since the Russo-Japanese War, Japan has 
become a great power in industrial and political life. 
Among its great men are several distinguished gen- 
erals and statesmen. 



BIOGKAPHT 207 

INDIA 

Qautatna (The Buddha), philosopher and religious teacher 
(middle of 6th Century B. C). 
*897 A banyan tree (the sacred Bo-tree) in India. 
898 Benares, where the Buddha began to preach. 
*883 to 896 (7 are starred), *899 to *906 (4 are starred) 
Other scenes in India, where he lived and taught, 
showing present influence. 
909 Towering images of the Buddha in Pegu, Burma. 
*910 Pagodas treasuring copies of Buddhist scriptures at 
Mandalay, Burma. 
911 Splendid honors to a dead Buddhist at Mandalay, 
Burma. 
*966 Yasaka Pagoda at Kyoto, Japan. 
999 Boro Boedeor, the most remarkable and magnificent 
monument Buddhism has ever erected. 

CHINA 

Confucius, philosopher (552-479 B. C.) ; Li Hung Chcmg, 
statesman (1822-1901); Yuan Cha Kai, first pres- 
ident. 
927 to *943 (7 are starred) Scenes in China, the land of 
Confucius, Li Hung Chang and Yuan Cha Kai. 

JAPAN 
Count Shigenobu Okuma, leading statesman of Japan (born 

1837). 
*962 Inside Count Okuma's home at Tokyo, Japan. 
959, *960, *961 Scenes in Tokyo, where Okuma lives. 
Qeneral Baron Nogi, great general and hero of Port Arthur 
(born 1849). 
954 to 978 (16 are starred) Scenes in Japan, the native 
country of Gen. Nogi. 
*946 to 953 (3 are starred) Scenes of the Russo-Japanese 
War, of which Nogi was the hero. 



208 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

As was said above, it may prove very useful occa- 
sionally to review the lives of great men according 
to special classifications or categories. Instead of 
invariably announcing the subject by the stereotyped 
phrases : "To-day we shall see the famous gen- 
erals," or "Now let us study the lives of great 
poets," the teacher should find more specific and 
interesting titles. The following may serve as ex- 
amples : 

Sailing with the discoverers: 

Columbus, Vespucci, Magellan, etc. 

Traveling witli the explorers in North America: 

Ribaut, Champlain, Marquette, Fremont, etc. 

A day with the early settlers: 

Miles Standish, Winthrop, Endicott, Penn, etc. 

Great men I saw during the War of the Revolution: 

Washington, Adams, Prescott, Paul Revere, Warren, etc. 

With famous generals on the battlefields of the world: 

Washington, Warren, Lafayette, Alexander, CfEsar, Pom- 
pey, Napoleon, Moltke, etc. 

Presidents of the United States I would have liked to meet 
in Washington: 

Lincoln, Grant, Cleveland, McKinley, Roosevelt, Wilson, 
etc. 

Ideals of patriotism: 

Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, etc. 

Men ot different races who have become famous for United 

States, 

Columbus, Penn, Marquette, Washington, Schurz, Riis, 
Straus, Carnegie, etc. 



BIOGRAPHY 209 

An American boy (girl) at the courts of famous kings 
(queens): 

Let the students suggest them. 

Wliere I could have watched the work of great Inventors: 

Gutenberg, Fulton, Wright, Edison. 

With kings of finance and captains of industry: 

Armour, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, Straus. 

Where I could have walked with great poets: 

Homer, Dante, Goethe, and see English and American 
poets. 

Listening to the greatest orators of the world: 

Demosthenes, Cicero, Webster, O'Connell, Burke, Bryan, 
etc. 

Sitting at the feet of celebrated philosophers: 

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Albertus Magnus, Bacon, Mill, 
Emerson, etc. 

Enjoying the music of great composers: 

Mozart, Beethoven, Wagner. 

I^eading the works oi the best novelists: 

Scott, Dickens, Thackeray, Harte, Hawthorne, Sienkie- 
wicz, etc. 

With the scientists: 

Albertus Magnus, Newton, Davy, Muir, Audubon, Huxley, 
Tyndall, Darwin, etc. 

With my favorite authors: 

Let pupils suggest. 

In the school of great educators: 

Ascham, Armstrong, Longfellow, Lowell, Eliot, Wilson, 
etc. 



210 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

Studying the works of great artists: 

Kubens, Rembrandt, Giotto, Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian, 
Saint Gaudens, etc. 

Men wlio rose from Iiumble conditions to positions of power: 

Lincoln, Carnegie, Riis, etc. 

Saddening scenes: 

Execution of Mary Stuart, of Marie Antoinette, Louis 
XVI, etc. 

Famous women in history: 

Joan of Arc, Queen Elizabeth, Mary Stuart, Cleopatra, 
Maria Theresa, Marie Antoinette, Catherine de Medici. 

Some inspiring scenes in lives of famous persons: 

Let students find them. 

Similar classifications can be made. When the 
topic has been chosen and placed before the pupils 
the teacher should not always tell the names of the 
great men or women, but should rather ask the 
pupils whom they consider as belonging to that 
category. In this way the teacher will find out how 
much the students know, and, besides, this method 
will create unusual interest and will stimulate self- 
activity on the part of the pupils. 

SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



BOTANY 

BT 
EIIIOT R. DOWNING, Ph.D., 

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE, THE UNIVERSITY OF 

CHICAGO, THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, EDITOR OF THE 

NATURE STUDY REVIEW. 

271 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 354 
REFERENCES TO THEM 

The subjects here listed from the i,ooo series will 
be of interest to students of botany. No attempt 
has been made to make the classification complete; 
it is only suggestive. Other material along this line 
will be found under the classifications of "Zone 
Life" and "Agriculture." 

Publishers' Note. 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 

For further illustrations for Nature Study the teacher is re- 
ferred to the wider range of material to be found in our gen- 
eral catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the differ- 
ent countries, particulars of which will be sent on application. 
211 



212 THE "WORLD VISUAXIZED 



PLANTLESS AREAS 



Due to salt impregnation of the soil, dryness, cold, heat, 

lack of soil or rapid soil movements: *10, 11, 14, *273, 

*347, *389, *438, *476, 480, 541, *620, *668, *672, *699, 
*731, 793, 976. 



PLANT AND ANIMAL RELATIONS 

Animals dependent on plant food, *864. 

It is in the jungle (*818, 825) where the cover is abundant 
that animals are most numerous. In such regions as are 
without abundant cover like 260, *273, *792, 793, animal life 
is scanty. Such as exists must be adapted to the conditions. 
Thus the donkey can live on the prickly desert vegetation 
(*403, 405), and the reindeer thrives on the scanty mosses 
(*582). 

PARTS OF A FLOWERING PLANT 
*168, 511, *897. 

STEMS 

Annual, 152, *193. 
Perennial, 26, *149, *355. 
Monocotyledonous, 152, *182, *200, *934. 
Dicotyledonous, *108, 511, 534. 
Polycotyledonous, *166, *383, *553. 
Endogenous, *200, *343, *434. 
Exogenous, 298, 550. 
Excurrent, *149, 382, *383. 
Deliquescent, *2, 26, 552, *929. 
Climbing stems, 998. 
Underground, 59, *743. 



BOTANY 213 

Stem distorted by wind, 275, 479. 
Strength of stem— buttresses, *929, *293. 
Stem hollow, still growing, 934, *293. 

LEAVES 

Parts of, petiole, blade, etc., *419, *420. 
Nodes and internodes, 322. 
Parallel veined, *344, *431, *816. 
Net veined, *108, *281, *419, *431, 534. 
Simple, *419, *420, 534. 
Compound — pinnately, 9, 552. 

palmately, *279. 
Shapes — needle-like (acicular), 8, *553. 

linear, 163, *323. 

lanceolate, *281, *365. 

ovate, *431. 

deltoid, *380. 

elliptical, *420, 825. 

orbicular, 373. 
Margin — entire, *431. 

crenate, *108 

repand, *419. 

sinuate, 401. 

lobed, 141, *420, *431. 

LEAF ARRANGEMENT 

Alternate, *108, *420. 
Clustered, *149, *404, *553. 

USE 

In the above outline a good deal of space Is occu- 
pied in referring to illustrations of technical terms 
— an amount quite disproportionate to their rela- 
tive importance. Such technical terms are of value 



214 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

in so far as they lead to accurate conceptions which 
are of use in interpreting the functional activities 
and relationships of plants. The stereographs 
which follow are of the sort that should be used 
most frequently for illustration. So, throughout, 
where technical botany is illustrated, it should be 
understood that it is only as a means to an end. 

Floating type, 373. 

Xerophytic swamp types, 152, 163. 

Xerophytic dry soil types, *238, *270, *271, *404, *768, *855. 

Deciduous plants, 26, *108, *818. 

Evergreen, 163, *166, *282, 872. 

STEM AND lEAF 

Adjustment to light, 65, 163, *549, 550, *855. 

Leaf mosaics, 65, 515, 536. 
Storage in stem and leaf. 

Agave, 141, *404. Cactus, 405, 848. Potato, 59. Garlic, 

*743. 
Self-pruning, 239. 

ROOTS 

Soil roots, *293, *929, *964. 
Aerial roots, 401, *818, 998. 
Effects of roots on soil. 

Loose unbound soil showing rapid erosion, *273, 382, *460. 

Partially bound, 239, 251, 664. 

Well bound, *108, *201, *417, *578. 

FLOWERS SHOWING DETAILS OF PARTS 

*168 Apetalous, asepalous flowers clustered in compound 

spadix protected by spathe. 
*279 Supernumerary petals. 



BOTANY 215 

*281 Polypetalous flowers in cymea. 

544 Flower cluster a head. 
*961 Flower clusters are umbels. 

84 Compositse. Both disc and ray flowers are evident. 

533, 534 Clusters are cymes. 

FRUIT FORMING FROM FLOWERS 

pj.yj^3 Berry, *280, *434, *691, *744. 

Drupe, *168, *817. 

Caryopsis or grain, *376, *601, *955. 

Achene, *366. 

Compound fruit, *323. 

Seed dispersal, *;^66. 

SPORE-BEARING PLANTS 

Algse — in debris on shore, 14, 541. 
Lichens, 14, *80, 202, 536, *582, 583. 
Mosses, 536, *582, 583, *593. 
Ferns, *343, 536, 564. 



IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF SEED BEARING 
PLANTS 

GYMNOSPERMS 

Pinacese. 

Pinus banksiana scrub pine, 373. 

Pinus clausa sand pine, *166. 

Pinus contorta lodgepole pine, *271. 

Pinus edulis pinon pine, 242. 

Pinus lambertiana sugar pine, 298. 

Pinus palustris southern pine, *149. 

Pinus pinea umbrella pine, 733. 

Pinus resinosa red pine, *223, 



216 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Pinus sylvestris Scotch pine, *601, *609. 

Pinus strobus white pine, *10. 

Picea — spruce. 

Picea canadensis, 8. 

Picea engelmanni, 372, 382, *383, *384. 
Abies balsamea — balsam fir, *593. 
Larix — larch, *553. 
Thuja — cedar. 

Thuja occidentalis (white), *49, *108. 
Juniperus virginiana (red) cedar, *107. 
Sequoia washingtoniana, *294, 295, *296, *297. 

TJSE 

Perhaps this family of the Pinacese will serve as 
well as any of the material illustrated in the stereo- 
graphs or slides to give the pupil a clear notion of 
the fact that a family is a group of closely related 
genera. The specimens of pine which can be seen 
are sufficiently numerous to give a clear idea of a 
genus, and their habits of growth are distinct 
enough to make evident in most cases the basis for 
specific distinctions. This same genus, Pinus, will 
serve as fair material for the discussion of geo- 
graphical distribution. 

ANGIOSFEHIVES 

MONOCOTYLEDONES 

Gramineae. 

Bamboo, *934, *967. 

Meadow grasses, *56, *201, 217, *483, *543, 544, *600, 

*609, *831, *987. 

Grains, 



BOTANY 217 

Barley (Hordeum sativum), 630. 

Corn (Zea mays), *193. 

Millet (Panicum miliceum), *955. 

Oats (Avena sativa), *601. 

Rice (Oryza sativa), *181, *182, 183, *920. 

Wheat (Triticum sativum), *309, *376. 

Cyperace^ — sedges, 152, '''182, *842, 877. 
Palmacese — palms, 163, 429, *8i8, ^926, 950. 

Cocos— cocoanut palm, *167, *168, 324, *343. 
Phoenix — date palm, *686. 

Bromeliaceas. 

Ananas sativus — pineapple, *323. 

Typhacese. Cat tails, 163, 373. 
Juncacese — rushes, 152, *842. 
Musacese — banana family. 

Musa sapientum — banana, *434. 
DICOTYLEDONES 

Salicaceae — willow family. 

Populus— poplar, 202, 374, 664. 
Salix— willow, *365. 

Cupuliferae — oak family. 
Betula— birch, *77, 146, *600. 
Quercus — oak, *681. 
Castanea — chestnut, *108. 

Ulmacese — elm family. 

Ulmus— elm, *2, 26, *571. 

Moracese — mulberry family. 

Cannabis— hemp, *355, *361, *363. 
Humulus— hop, 630, *992. 
Madura — osage orange, 217. 



218 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Morus — mulberry, *864, 867. 
breadfruit, *420. 

Rosacese — rose family. 

Pyrus — mountain ash, *366. 
apple, 534. 

Rosa— roses, *279, 511, *549. 
Prunus — cherry, *961. 

Leguminosse. 

Gleditsia — locust, 9. 

Linacese — flax family. 
Lunum — flax, 641. 

Rutacea— rue family. 
Citrus aurantium — orange, *279, *280. 
Citrus medica — lemon, *744. 
Citrus medica — citron, 433. 

Euphorbiaceas— spurge family. 
Hevea — India rubber tree, *411. 

Vitacese— vine family. 
Vitus— grape, *661, *691. 

Sterculiacese— silk-cotton family. 
Theobroma cocoa — cocoa tree, *419. 

Theaceae. 

Theasinensis — tea, *973. 

Cactacese — cactus family, 405, 848. 

Solanacese — nightshade family. 
Solanum — potato, 59. 
Nicotiana — tobacco, *431. 

Rubiacese — madder family. 
Coffee arabica — coffee, *817. 



BOTANY 219 

PLANT ASSOCIATIONS (Ecology) 
THE XEROPHYTIC ASSOCIATIONS 

The Rock Ledge Society, 14, *8o, 22y, *29i, 

480, *5 18, 603. 
The Dry Plains Society, ^2^8, *27i, *403, 405, 

*46o, 810. 
The Sand Dune Society, *io, 11, *5i3, *6y2, 

*6g2, 793, 848. 

THE HALOPHYTIC ASSOCIATIONS 

The Salt Marsh Society, 152, *620, *668. 

THE MESOPHYTIC ASSOCIATIONS 

The Ravine Society, 65, *y6, 146, *i64, 536, yy2, 

^37, 913- 
The Meadow Society, 84, 239, *483, ^543, 544, 

*6oo, 664, *724, *758, *83i, *987. 
The Pure Conifer Forest, *8i8, 825, 998. 
The Mixed Conifer and Deciduous Forest, *io8. 
The Pure Deciduous Forest, 552. 
The Evergreen Tropical Forest, *8i8, 825, 998. 

THE HYDROPHYTIC ASSOCIATIONS 

The Marsh Society, *842, 877. 
The Pond and River Society, 163, 373, 552. 
For tree list and Forestry and for Agriculture 
see under Nature Study by the same author. 



220 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



CHILD LIFE 

EDITED BY 
E. A. KIRKPATRICK, M.Ph., 

DIEECTOE OF CHILD STUDY DEPARTMENT, STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, 
FITCHBURG, MASS. 

112 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 112 
REFERENCES TO THEM. 

These travel studies through the stereoscope and 
in lantern slides give the children of our own coun- 
try delightful chances to see real children of other 
countries at work and at play, at home and at school. 

All teachers know that the "life" element adds 
for children, even more than for grown folks, just 
the spark of interest needed to kindle desire for 
knowledge. To see the boy and girl pushing a cart 
up an Austrian hill (758) may do more than all the 
teacher's exposition to make the Austrian Alps and 
their fertile valleys real places. To see the woolly- 
haired youngsters picking coffee in the blazing sun- 
shine of an East African plantation, with that snow- 
capped mountain showing in the distance (817), 
may help establish the puzzling fact that a snow- 
capped mountain can hold its snow even under an 
equatorial sun. To see the Breton children gather- 

221 



222 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

ing salt from evaporation beds on the coast of 
France (668) may make American children in in- 
land towns remember what a text-book paragraph 
fails to clinch about the origin of salt. 

Characteristic to a gratifying degree are the 
kinds of play or other amusement to be observed 
among children in foreign lands. British school- 
boys can be met on a tramp over breezy hills (524) 
or frolicking at the seashore (514). Dark-skinned 
little folks watch gay street processions in Burma 
(911), and wonder at the performances of snake 
charmers in India (894). Avenues of blossoming 
trees appeal to the young people of Japan (961). 

Community of interest, as ,we all know, helps 
toward acquaintance. The boy or girl who finds Es- 
quimaux children (395) and Lapp children (593) 
having dogs for pets will naturally think of those 
Northerners in a more friendly and intimate way 
than would be probable without some such bond of 
sympathy. The very fact that children in most 
countries go to schools of some kind is another 
point where a common interest brings strangers 
nearer together. The demure little girls at Manila 
(354) and the bright-faced boys of the Punjab 
(884) are felt to share, in a certain sense, the rou- 
tine of American school life. 

Children are naturally more interested in the 
dress of other children than in adult costume. They 



CHILD LIFE 223 

will notice, without being directed, peculiarities of 
Scandinavian dress (600, 601) and the Oriental 
fashions of Korea (981) or Palestine (848, 851). 
They will need nobody's comments to help them to 
infer the differences in the civiHzation of the lands 
where the French boys (672) and Australian boys 
(983) are dressed, and that where the Java (997) 
and Samoa children (348) go about in careless and 
scanty clothing. 

The children in other lands have much* to tell our 
own children. 

Written work on topics suggested by the teacher 
will make this evident. Topics like the following 
are likely to lead to careful observation and to orig- 
inal thinking: How African boys help raise coffee. 
How French children work at the seashore. A 
street show that boys see in Calcutta. My dog's 
home and an Esquimaux' dog's home. Good 
points about school life in India. 

Since the time allotted a pupil for the study of a 
single stereograph in class use is necessarily very 
short, the pupils should be given some directions as 
to what to look for in order to make the best use of 
their limited time. In the stereograph, a pupil is 
confronted with such a wealth of detail that, with- 
out some directing, he may spend the short time in 
observing things of lesser at the expense of those 
of greater importance. Such an outline as the fol- 



224 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

lowing, put on the board in whole or in part, or mod- 
ified according to circumstances, has been found of 
practical value as a guide to the pupils, and adds 
definiteness to their study. 

OBSERVATION OUTLINE 

I. General Appearance of Type Studied. 
II. Clothing. What? Different articles studied 
with reference to the material used, man- 
ner of wearing, and purpose as compared 
with our own. How obtained? 

III. Home. 

1. Environment. Description of the 

country. 

2. The House. Kind, where and how 

built, materials used, number and ar- 
rangement of rooms, provisions for 
cleanliness and health. 

3. Furnishings and utensils. What, how 

made, how used ? 

4. Foods. Kinds used, how procured, 

how prepared, how served, the rela- 
tions of food and health. 

5. Family life. Customs and manners, 

relations of parents and children, 
duties of each. 

IV. School. Purpose of, teachers, materials and 

utensils used, time spent. 



CHILD LIFE 225 

V. Social Life. Festivals, games, markets, 
feasts, entertainments. 
VI. Industrial Life. Occupations. What, how 

carried on. 
VII. Religious Life. Whether worshipers of na- 
ture, Gods and Goddesses, Deity. 

Publishers' Note: 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 

For further illustrations on Child Life the teacher is referred 
to the wider range of material to be found in our general 
catalogue, to our regular Travel Tours on the different 
countries, to the special tour of child life studies called ' ' Real 
Children in Many Lands," with fascinating descriptive guide 
of 250 pages, by M. S. Emery, particulars of which will be 
sent on application. 

IN THE UNITED STATES 

8 Children of Old New England. 

84 A glorious May morning among the daisies. 

*93 Girls attending the machines in a silk mill, Paterson, 

N. J. 

94 Little girls in the silk mills, Paterson, N. J. 

*114 Slate pickers at Scranton coal mines, Pennsylvania. 

116 After the day's work in the mines, Scranton, Pa. 

141 Children of Old Virginia. 

*143 Grandchildren of this country's Father. 

*156 Children in the great cotton mills of Georgia. 

*160 Little colored girl picking cotton. 

175 Children on the dike in Louisiana. 

191 Feeding the tame deer on a ranch in Misaouri. 



226 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*192 A little Indian baby and the home in which it lives. 

*252 Peering into depths of Box Canyon. 

*293 Little boy leading the cavalry through great tree — ■ 
California. 
310 Children of the Northwest picking berries, Washing- 
ton. 

POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 

*321 School children of Porto Eico. 

324 Children love the cocoanuts, Porto Eico. 

328 Children are always attracted by the soldiers. 

329 Our little cousins in Panama. 
*343 Children, also ferns and palms. 
*348 Little cousins in the Samoan Islands. 

354 Filipino school children at Manila. 

CANADA 

*378 Some of our little Canadian friends, Manitoba. 

LATIN AMERICA 

402 Little Mexican neighbors. 

*434 Gathering bananas under the sunny skies of Jamaica. 

*435 A sweet prospect. 

441 With the "Father" of another country (by the statue 
of Bolivar). 

*443 Children in the market place, Caracas, Venezuela. 

445 At the steamer landing, Maraeaibo, Venezuela. 

446 In a lumber yard — Venezuela. 
*450 Children of Colombia, S. A. 

*456 School children of Guayaquil, Ecuador. 

*458 A home full of children in Ecuador and a few extra. 

*459 Preparing dinner in a home in Ecuador. 

*473 Children of the Andes, Peru. 

GREAT BRITAIN 

*509 Near the home of their Queen. 



CHILD LIFE 227 

*514 Children on the beach at Southsea, England. 

*524 Some of our little English cousins, on the banks of 

the Teme. 

*526 Children of Shakespeare land. 

530 Children of the Wordsworth country. 

535 Little Welsh children on the bridge at Conway, Wales. 

*546 Little Scotch girls of Ayr, Scotland. 

*562 Looking for the giant. 

*567 Little Irish boys digging peat, Ireland. 

SCANDINAVIA 

*578 A little Norwegian boy among the haymakers. 

*593 Children of the far north — a Lapp family near 

Tromsoe, Norway. 
*594 Children at a Norwegian wedding. 

597 Children on a street in Stockholm, Sweden. 
*600 A little man of Rattvik, Sweden. 
*601 In a barley field, Sweden. 

NORTH OF EUROPE 

*608 Children of St. Petersburg, Eussia. 

*618 How would you like to be a little boy in Eussia? 

636 Happy children on the Rhine Eiver, Germany. 

*644 Quaint little folk of Holland. 

*649 Some children of Antwerp, Belgium. 

*650 Little Belgian boy near Courtrai. 

SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE 

*668 Children working in the salt fields of Southern France. 

*672 Boy ship buyers. 

*679 Boy of Spain delivering milk in its original package. 

*680 Children watching the water seller, Valencia, Spain. 

*687 Children of Seville, Spain. 

*692 Children of Gibraltar. 

ALPINE COUNTRY 

702 A boy of Lucerne, Switzerland. 
*704 Children in the streets at Berne, Switzerland. 



228 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

709 Little mountaineers of Switzerland. 
*756 School children in Austria. 
*758 A team in Austria. 

SOUTH OF EUROPE 

*731 A little boy near Naples, Italy. 

*734 Boy in the marble quarries at Carrara, Italy, 

*743 Children of Palermo, Sicily. 

*744 Little Italian boy in a lemon grove in Sicily. 

*747 Italian boy near the Strait of Messina, Sicily. 

762 Young Athenians — Gi'eece. 

*771 Modern Spartans, and their homes, Greece. 

*783 Children working on the rugs, Constantinople. 

784 A tired little boy of Constantinople. 

EGYPT AND ALGIERS 

*801 Children on the upper Nile, Egypt. 

AFRICA 

*817 Children helping in the coffee fields, East Africa. 

SYRIAN COUNTRY 

848 Little fellows in a caravan, Palestine. 
*851 A bright boy of Palestine watching to see where his 
bread is coming from. 

853 Children on the shores of Galilee, Palestine. 
*862 Little Syrian girl in her home. 
*864 Little Syrian boy feeding the silk worms. 
*866 Syrian boy sorting cocoons. 

867 Attractive coat of a little Syrian boy. 

868 Children boiling silk cocoons in a reeling mill, Syria. 
878 Little girl on banks of Tigris Eiver, watching the 

loading of the rafts. 
*880 A little boy of Bagdad. 
*881 Children of Bagdad. 



CHILD LIFE 229 

INDIA, BURMA AND CEYION 

*884 India of to-morrow, handsome schoolboys of Amritsar. 

*886 Children of Cashmere, India. 

*887 Shawl weavers of Cashmere, India. 

890 Children at Darjeeling, India, watching a "charming" 
scene. 

894 Children in Calcutta, India. 

905 High-class children out for a ride in India. 

*908 Children at Eangoon, Burma. 

911 Some of the youth of Mandalay. 

914 A little boy of Burma. 

916 On a timber raft in Burma. 

*921 Children in Ceylon. 

CHINA, JAPAN AND KOREA 

*929 Mission children in Canton, China. 

933 Children of Interior China. 
*961 Under the cherry blossoms in Tokyo, Japan. 
*973 Girls picking tea in Japan. 
*981 Children of the Hermit Kingdom in school. 

OCEANIA 
*983 An errand boy on the street in Melbourne, Australia. 
*992 Little girls among the hop vines in New Norfolk, Tas- 
mania. 
993 Girls of the old Maori race, as they are to-day, Auck- 
land, New Zealand. 
*997 Little Sudanese children, Garoet, Java. 
998 Children in the Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg, Java. 



SCHOOmOOSI DECORATIONS 

Tlie Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in the above list in sizes i6 x 20 — 20 x 24. 



CITIES AND CITY LIFE 

- BY 
J. A. C. CHANDLER, 

SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, RICHMOND, VA. 

362 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 1,001 
REFERENCES TO THEM. 

Under this classification are given references fur- 
nishing studies of 124 different cities in all parts of 
the world. 

First, the cities have been divided into three 
groups based on population ; those having a popula- 
tion of 1,000,000 and over; those having from 
100,000 to 1,000,000; and those having less than 
100,000. It will be interesting to note wherein the 
larger cities differ from the smaller ones. Often- 
times, the secret of the cities' growth is apparent. 
Note the characteristics of the homes, the business 
streets, the modes and conditions of traffic, the rela- 
tive size and heights of business blocks and such 
other features as may distinguish the several groups. 
Also compare the cities of nearly the same size in 
different countries. 

Second, there are many ways in which cities dif- 

231 



232 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

fer other than in size, and therefore the cities have 
been grouped according to situation and conditions 
of growth, as follows, in addition to the three 
groups based on size. 

Port Cities for Ocean Vessels (on the Coast). 

Port Cities for Ocean Vessels Reached by Rivers. 

Other Coast Cities. 

Inland Cities on Lakes. 

Inland Cities on Rivers. 

Other Inland Cities. 

Canal Cities. 

Cities of Rapid Growth. 

The third and last grouping takes into considera- 
tion that some cities center largely about one or two 
interests, without which they would not long con- 
tinue to flourish, and in some cases would never 
have sprung into existence; hence the following 
groups : 

Capital Cities. 

Resort Cities. 

University Cities identified with and dependent 
upon the university. 

Cities of large Universities where the University 
is not Predominant. 

Cities that center about an Industry. 

Money Centers. 

It is not necessary to point out the many compari- 
sons of interest that can here be made. Each 



CITIES AND CITT LIFE 233 

teacher will find ways of her own for utilizing the 
material thus arranged. 

Publishers' Note 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the lantern slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 

For further illustrations for Cities and City Life the teacher 
is referred to the wider range of material to be found in our 
general catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the dif- 
ferent countries, particulars of which will be sent on Applica- 
tion, 

PART I 

CITIES or 1,000,000 POPULATION AND OVER 

*29 to 52 (14 starred) New York City. 

106 In Philadelphia. 
*212 to *215 (4 starred) Chicago. 
*487, *488, *489 Buenos Ayres. 
*495 to 508 (9 starred) London. 
*607, *608, 612 St. Petersburg. 
*613, 614, 615 Moscow. 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin. 
*653 to *659 (6 starred) Paris. 
*751 to *755 (3 starred) Vienna. 
*777 to 784 (4 starred) Constantinople. 

892 to *897 (2 starred) Calcutta. 
*928, *929 Canton. 

930, *931 Shanghai. 

935, 936 Tientsin. 

939, *943 Peking. 

CITIES or 100,000 TO 1,000,000 POPULATION 

1 to 6 (4 starred) Boston, Mass. 
*128 to 140 (8 starred) Washington, D. C. 



234 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

*173, *174 New Orleans, La. 
*188, *189 St. Louis, Mo. 

190 Kansas City, Mo. 
*195 to *199 (4 starred) Cleveland, O. 

224, *225, *226 Minneapolis, Minn. 
*284, 285 San Francisco, Cal. 
*315 Seattle, Wash. 
*371 Montreal, Can. 
*398, 399 Mexico City, Mex, 
*421 Havana, Cuba. 
*451, *452, 453 Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. 
*466, 467 Lima, Peru. 
*492, *493, *494 Montevideo, Uruguay. 
*537, *538 Edinburgh, Scotland. 
*556 Dublin, Ireland. 
*560, *561 Belfast, Ireland. 
*572, *573 Christiania, Norway. 
*596, *598 Stockholm, Sweden. 
*604, *605 Copenhagen, Denmark. 
*625 Dresden, Germany. 
*638 Cologne, Germany. 
*639, *640 Amsterdam, Holland. 
*647, 648 Brussels, Belgium. 
*649 Antwerp, Belgium. 
*676, 677 Madrid, Spain. 
*679, *680 Valencia, Spain. 
*687, 688 Seville, Spain. 

693, 694, 695 Lisbon, Portugal, 

725, *729 Eome, Italy. 
*730 Naples, Italy. 
*736, 737 Florence, Italy. 
*738, 739 Milan, Italy. 
*740, 741, *742 Venice, Italy. 
*743 Palermo, Sicily. 

746 Catania, Sicily. 
*761 to *767 (5 starred) Athens, Greece. 



CITIES AND CITY LIFE 235 

*786, 787 Cairo, Egypt. 

*805 to 808 (2 starred) Algiers, Algeria. 

839 Smyrna, Turkey. 

856 to *860 (4 starred) Damascus, Syria. 

883 Bombay, India. 
*884 Amritsar, India. 

898 Benares, India. 
*899, 900 Agra, India, 

901 to *904 (2 starred) Delhi, India. 
*906 Madras, India. 

907, *908 Eangoon, Burma. 
*910, 911 Mandalay, Burma. 

927 Hong-Kong, China. 
*932 Hankow, China. 

968, *969, *970 Kyoto, Japan. 

979, *980, *981 Seoul, Korea. 
*982, *983 Melbourne, Australia. 

989 Sydney, Australia. 

CITIES OF LESS THAN 100,000 POPTTLATION 

12, 13 Gloucester, Mass. 

*25 Lawrence, Mass. 

*57 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
58 Albany, N. Y. 
82, *83 Atlantic City, N. J. 
*159 Wharfs at Savannah, Ga. 
*234 At Duluth, Minn. 

256 Salt Lake City, Utah. 

317 Juneau, Alaska. 
*320 San Juan, Porto Eico. 

341, *342 Honolulu, H. I. 
*349 to *355 (4 starred) Manila, P. I. 
*369, 370 Quebec, Can. 

372 Ottawa, Can. 
*375 Winnipeg, Can. 

402 Ameca, Mex. 



236 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

413 Guanajuato, Mex. 

415, *416 Monterey, Mex. 

*437 St. Pierre, Martinique. 

*440, 441^ *442 Caracas, Venezuela. 

*447, 448 Santa Marta, Colombia. 

449, *450 Barranquilla, Colombia. 

462 Quito, Ecuador. 

*478, 479 Arequipa, Peru. 

484 Cuzco, Peru. 

*517 Exeter, England. 

*554 Queenstown, Ireland. 

*584 Bergen, Norway. 

*634 Heidelberg, Germany. 

*665, 666 Nice, France. 

673 Monaco, Monaco. 

*684, *685 Granada, Spain. 

689, 690 Cadiz, Spain. 

696 Eunchal, Madeira la. 

*698 Lucerne, Switzerland. 

703, *704 Berne, Switzerland. 

745 Modern Syracuse, Sicily. 

748, *749 Messina, Austria. 

750 Salzburg, Austria. 

*760 Innsbriick, Austria. 

*829, *830 Cape Town, S. Africa. 

*844 Jaffa, Palestine. 

846, 847 Jerusalem, Palestine. 

890 Darjeeling, India. 

988 Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. 

PART II 
PORT CITIES FOR OCEAN VESSELS (ON THE COAST) 

1 to 6 (4 starred) Boston, Mass. 

*29 to 52 (14 starred) New York City. 

*284, 285, *286 San Francisco, Cal. 



CITIES AND CITY LIFE 237 

*320 San Juan, Porto Eico. 

341, *342 Honolulu, H. I. 

*349 to *355 (4 starred) Manila, P. I. 

*421 Havana, Cuba. 

*437 St. Pierre, Martinique. 

*447, 448 Santa Marta, Colombia. 

449, *450 Barranquilla, Colombia. 

*451, *452, 453 Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

455 Para, Brazil. 

*487, *488, *489 Buenos Ayres, Argentine. 

*492, *493, *494 Montevideo, Uruguay. 

*554 Queenstovrn, Ireland. 

*556 Dublin, Ireland. 

*558, *559, *560 Belfast, Ireland. 

*572, *573 Christiania, Norway. 

*584 Bergen, Norway. 

*596 to 599 (2 starred) Stockholm, Sweden. 

*604, *605 Copenhagen, Denmark. 

*665, 666 Nice, France. 

*672 Dieppe, France. 

*679, *680 Valencia, Spain. 

689, 690 Cadiz, Spain. 

693, 694, 695 Lisbon, Portugal. 

696 Funchal, Madeira Islands. 

*730 Naples, Italy. 

*740, 741, *742 Venice, Italy. 

*743 Palermo, Sicily. 

745 Syracuse, Sicily. 

746 Catania, Sicily. 

748, *749 Messina, Sicily. 
*761 to *767 (5 starred) Athens, Greece. 
*777 to 784 (4 starred) Constantinople, Turkey. 
*805 to 808 (2 starred) Algiers, Algeria. 
*829, *830 Cape Town, So. Africa. 

839 Smyrna, Asia Minor. 
*844 Jaffa, Palestine. 



238 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*883 Bombay, India. 

*906 Madras, India. 

927 Hong-Kong, China. 

930, *931 Shanghai, China. 

*946, 951 Port Arthur, Manchuria. 

959 to *962 (3 starred) Tokyo, Japan. 

989 Sydney, Australia. 

PORT CITIES FOR OCEAN VESSELS (REACHED BY 
NAVIGABLE RIVERS) 

106 Philadelphia, Penna. (Delaware Eiver). 
*159 Savannah, Georgia (Savannah Eiver). 
*173, *174 New Orleans (Mississippi Eiver). 
*315 Seattle, Wash. (Strait of Juan de Fuca, Admiralty 

Inlet and Puget Sound). 
*369, 370 Quebec, Canada (St. Lawrence Eiver). 
*371 Montreal, Canada (St. Lawrence Eiver). 

388 Vancouver, Canada (Strait of Georgia). 
*495 to 508 (9 starred) London, England (Thames Eiver). 
*602 Jonkoping, Sweden (Gota Canal), 
*607 to 612 (3 starred) St. Petersburg, Eussia (Neva 

Eiver). 
*639, *640 Amsterdam, Holland (Amstel & Y Eivers). 

641 Delftshaven, Holland (Meuse Eiver), 
*649 Antwerp, Belgium (Schelde Eiver). 

892 to *897 (2 starred) Calcutta, India (Hugli Eiver). 

907, *908 Eangoon, Burma (Irrawaddy Eiver). 
*928, *929 Canton, China (Canton or Pearl Eiver). 

979, *980, *981 Seoul, Korea (Han Eiver). 

OTHER COAST CITIES 

82, *83 Atlantic City, N. J. 
*169 Palm Beach, Fla. 
*514 Southsea, England, 
733 Amalfi, Italy. 



CITIES AND CITY LIFE 239 

INLAND CITIES ON LAKES 

*195 to *199 (4 starred) Cleveland, OMo (Lake Erie). 
*212 to *215 (4 starred) Chicago, 111. (Lake Michigan). 
*233 Two Harbors, Minn. (Lake Superior). 
*234 Duluth, Minn. (Lake Superior). 

INLAND CITIES ON RIVERS 

*57 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Hudson Eiver). 
58 Albany, N. Y. (Hudson Eiver). 
*128 to 140 (8 starred) Washington, D. C. (Potomac Eiver). 
*188, *189 St. Louis, Mo. (Mississippi Eiver). 

190 Kansas City, Mo. (Missouri Eiver). 

372 Ottawa, Canada (Ottawa and Gatineau Eivers). 
*375 Winnipeg, Canada (Eed and Assiniboine Eivers). 

413 Guanajuato,' Mexico (Guanajuato Eiver), 

415, *416 Monterey, Mexico (San Juan Eiver). 
*466, 467 Lima, Peru (Eimac Eiver). 
*478, 479 Arequipa, Peru (Chili Eiver). 
*512 Canterbury, England (Stour Eiver), 
*517 Exeter, England (Exe Eiver). 

*520 to 523 (3 starred) Worcester, England (Severn Eiver). 
*529 Durham, England (Wear Eiver). 

*613 to 616 (1 starred) Moscow, Eussia (Mosqua Eiver). 
*621 to 623 (1 starred) Berlin, Germany (Spree Eiver), 
*625 Dresden, Germany (Elbe Eiver). 
*628, *629 Nuremberg, Germany (Pegnitz Eiver), 
*634 Heidelberg, Germany (Neckar Eiver), 
*635 Bingen, Germany (Ehine Eiver). 
*638 Cologne, Germany (Ehine Eiver). 
*647, 648 Brussels, Belgium (Senne Eiver). 
*653 to *659 (6 starred) Paris, France (Seine Eiver). 

662, *663 Eheims, France (Vesle Eiver). 
*676, 677 Madrid, Spain (Manzanares Eiver). 
*687, 688 Seville, Spain (Guadalquiver Eiver). 
*698 Lucerne, Switzerland (Eeuss Eiver). 



240 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

703, *704 Berne, Switzerland (Aare Eiver). 

725 to *729 (3 starred) Eome, Italy (Tiber Eiver). 
*736, 737 Florence, Italy (Arno Eiver). 

750 Salzburg, Austria (Salzach Eiver). 
*751 to *7o5 (3 starred) Vienna, Austria (Danube Eiver). 
*760 Innsbruck, Austria (The Inn Eiver). 
*786, 787 Cairo, Egypt (Nile Eiver). 

890 Darjeeling, India (Eunjeet Eiver). 

898 Benares, India (Ganges Eiver). 
*899, 900 Agra, India (Jumna Eiver). 

901 to *904 (2 starred) Delhi, India (Jumna Eiver). 
*932 Hankow, China (Han and Yang-tse Eivers). 

935, 936 Tientsin, China (Pei-Ho Eiver and Grand Canal). 

OTHER INLAND CIXrES 

256 Salt Lake City, Utah. 
*398, 399 Mexico City, Mexico. 

402 Amecameca, Mexico. 

409 Jalapa, Mexico. 
*440 to *443 (3 starred) Caracas, Venezuela. 
*454 San Paulo, Brazil. 
*460 Quito, Ecuador. 

484 Cuzco, Peru. 
*684, *685 Granada, Spain. 
*738, 739 Milan, Italy. 

846, 847 Jerusalem, Palestine. 
*857 to *860 (4 starred) Damascus, Syria. 
*884 Amritsar, India. 
*910, 911 Mandalay, Burma. 

918, 919 Kandy, Ceylon. 

937 to *943 (2 starred) Peking, China. 
*966 to *970 (4 starred) Kyoto, Japan. 

988 Bendigo, Australia. 
*997 Garoet, Java. 

998 Buitenzorg, Java. 



CITIES AND CITY LIFE 241 

CANAL CITIES 

This group is here referred to as "Canal Cities," 
because the Canals are the most characteristic fea- 
ture common to these cities. The canals are merely 
the result of the physical features of the land, and 
therefore fall under the same general classification 
with coast cities. Hill Cities, Plain Cities, etc., — 
what have these cities in common with one an- 
other? What have they in common with other 
cities ? What have they, other than the canals, that 
other cities do not have? What do they lack that 
most cities have? 

*639, *640 Amsterdam, Holland. 
641 Delftshaven, Holland. 
*740, 741, *742 Venice, Italy. 

CITIES or SUDDEN GROWTH 

This group includes cities that have grown up in 
an abnormally short time, as the result of some 
great boom. This sudden growth has been as great 
a determining factor in the character of the city as 
the physical features of the surrounding country. 
How do these cities compare with the cities that 
have had a more normal development? Note any 
difference in the streets or in the buildings, etc. 
Where are these cities found, as a rule ? 

82, *83 Atlantic City, N. J. 
190 Kansas City, Mo. 



242 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*212 to *215 (4 starred) Chicago, 111. 

224, *225, *226 Minneapolis, Minn. 

*234 Duluth, Minn. 

*284, 285 San Francisco, Cal. 

*315 Seattle, Wash. 

317 Juneau, Alaska. 

*375 Winnipeg, Manitoba. 

*829, *830 Cape Town, British South Africa. 

988 Bendigo, Australia. 

989 Sydney, Australia. 



PART III 

As has been suggested in the introductory note at 
the beginning of this classification, some cities have 
built up around an industry, and others have been 
built up around a university, a government seat, or 
a health resort. Still others, while they have not 
actually sprung into existence because of such inter- 
ests, are largely dependent upon the continuance of 
such interest for their present and future develop- 
ment. 

CAPITAL CITIES 

As a rule, cities that are centered about the seat 
of government, whether state or national, are with- 
out much in the way of industry and are apt to de- 
velop slowly. The following group will furnish ma- 
terial for an interesting study : 

1 to 6 (4 starred) Boston, Mass. 
58 Albany, N. Y. 



CITIES AND CITY LIFE 243 

*128 to 140 (8 starred) Washington, D. C. 
*320 San Juan, Porto Eico. 

341, *342, *343 Honolulu, H. I. 
*349 to *355 (4 starred) Manila, P. I. 

372 Ottawa, Canada. 
*398, 399 Mexico City, Mexico. 
*421 Havana, Cuba. 

*440 to *443 (3 starred) Caracas, Venezuela. 
*451, *452, 453 Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

462 Quito, Ecuador. 
*466 Lima, Peru. 

*487, *488, *489 Buenos Ayres, Argentine. 
*492, *493, *494 Montevideo, Uruguay. 
*495 to 508 (9 starred) London, England. 
*572, *573 In Christiania, Norway. 
*596 to 599 (2 starred) Stockholm, Sweden. 
*604, *605 Copenhagen, Denmark. 
*607 to 612 (3 starred) St. Petersburg, Eussia. 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin, Germany. 
*625 Dresden, State of Saxony. 
*639, *640 Amsterdam, Holland. 
*647, 648 Brussels, Belgium. 
*653 to *659 (6 starred) Paris, France. 

673 Monaco, Monaco. 
*676, 677 Madrid, Spain. 

693 to 696 Lisbon, Portugal. 

703, *704 Berne, Switzerland. 

725 to *729 (3 starred) Eome, Italy. 
*751 to *755 (3 starred) Vienna, Austria. 
*761 to *767 (5 starred) Athens, Greece. 
*777 to 784 (4 starred) Constantinople, Turkey. 
*786, 787 Cairo, seat of British rule in Egypt. 
*805 to 808 (2 starred) Algiers, Algeria. 
*829, *830 Cape Town, seat of British rule in South Africa. 

839 Smyrna, seat of Turkish rule in Asia. 



244 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

901 to *904 (2 starred) Delhi, seat of Britisli rule in 

India. 
939 to *943 (1 starred) Peking, China. 
959 to *962 (3 starred) Tokyo, Japan. 
*982, *983 Melbourne, Australia. 
989 Sydney, New South Wales. 

RESORT CITIES 

Cities that have been built up about a resort have 
many features pecuHar to their class, and are usually 
altogether lacking in many of the things which one 
ordinarily expects to find in a city. One of the 
striking characteristics of this kind of a city is the 
large number of hotels. What are other distin- 
guishing features? Compare with industrial cities. 
Compare with University cities. 

82, *83 Atlantic City, N. J. 
*169 Palm Beach, Pla. 
*514 Southsea, England. 
*665, 666 Nice, Prance. 
*672 Dieppe, Prance. 
*698 Lucerne, Switzerland. 
*716 Village of Glion, Lake Geneva, Switzerland. 

733 Amalfi, Italy. 
*760 Innsbriick, Austria. 

CATHEDRAL CITIES 

(See under the classification on Architecture the list of 
cathedrals.) 



CITIES AND CITY LIFE 245 

CITIES THAT ARE OR HAVE BEEN CENTERS OF 
RELIGIOUS INTEREST 

In one way or another, and in varying degrees, 
the cities here listed are centers of religious interest. 
Some have given birth to new religions, some have 
been founded by religious sects, and others are the 
shrines of religious sects at the present time, or have 
been in the past. Note the characteristics of these 
cities, and contrast with those of other groups. 

1 to 6 (4 starred) Boston, Mass. (Has been the center of 
numerous denominations of the Christian Church, in- 
cluding Congregationalism, Unitarianism and Chris- 
tian Science.) 
106 Philadelphia, Penn. (The Quaker City.) 
256 Salt Lake City, Utah (Mormon). 
*512 Canterbury, England (seat of the Primate of the 

Church of England). 
*537, *538 Edinburgh, Scotland (Knox and Presbyterian- 
ism) . 
*607 to 612 (3 starred) St. Petersburg, Eussia (present 

head of Greek Catholic Church), 
*613, 614, 615 Moscow and the Kremlin, Eussia. (Former 
head of Greek Catholic Church.) 
725 to *729 (3 starred) Eome, Italy (head of the Eoman 

Catholic Church). 
773 Delphi, Greece (seat of the Ancient Oracle of Delphi). 
*777, 784 Constantinople (home of the Sultan — head of 

Mohammedanism) . 
*786, 787 Cairo, Egypt (center of Mohammedan education). 
846, 847 Jerusalem, Palestine (capital of the Jewish re- 
ligion and center of the early Christian church). 
*884 Amritsar, India (sacred shrine of the Sikhs). 



246 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

898 Benares, India (sacred shrine of Brahmanism and 
birthplace of Buddhism), 
*899, 900 Agra, India (Mohammedan). 

909 Pegu, Burma (Buddha). 
*910, 911 Mandalay, Burma (Buddha), 
937 to *943 (2 starred) Peking (former seat of Govern- 
ment of "The Son of Heaven"), 
*964, 965 Nikko, Japan (tombs of dead Shoguns and sacred 

shrine), 
*966 to *970 (4 starred) Kyoto — Japan (former head of 
the Government of the Mikado, who was regarded 
as divine). 
999 Boro Boedeor, Java (Buddhist). 

UNIVERSITY CITIES 

University Cities usually have many features all 
their own. What are some of them? These cities 
have a large proportion of floating inhabitants; are 
there so many hotels as in the Resort Cities? This 
and other comparisons will be found of value. 

(^Cities in which the University is predominant) 

*7, 8 Cambridge, Mass. (Harvard). 
511 Oxford, England. 
*634 Heidelberg, Germany, 

(^Cities with large Universities but not dependent upon these 
institutions) 

*29 to 52 (14 starred) New York City, N. Y. 
*212 to *215 (4 starred) Chicago, 111. 

*786, 787 Cairo, Egypt (center of Moslem learning — over 
7,000 students— once had 15,000). 

892 to *897 (2 starred) Calcutta, India. 
*906 Madras, India. 



CITIES AND CITY LIFE 247 

937 to *943 (2 starred) Peking, China. 
959 to *962 (3 starred) Tokyo, Japan. 
*982, *983 Melbourne, Australia. 

CITIES THAT CENTER ABOUT ONE OR TWO INDUSTRIES 

Many interesting questions arise in connection 
with cities that center about some one or two indus- 
tries. What first attracted the industry? Were 
there natural causes? If so, what? How has the 
character of the city been affected in this way? 
Compare with other groups. 

12, 13 Gloucester, Mass. (fisheries). 

*25 Lawrence, Mass. (textiles). 
92 to 104 (8 starred) Paterson, N. J. (silk industry). 
*173, *174 New Orleans, La. (sugar, cotton and rice). 

224, *225, *226 Minneapolis, Minn, (flour and lumber). 

317 Juneau, Alaska (gold). 
*375 Winnipeg, Manitoba (flour and agricultural products). 
*421 Havana, Cuba (tobacco). 

484 Cuzco, Peru (silver mines). 
*5o8, *561 Belfast, Ireland (shipbuilding and linen indus- 
try). 
*584 Bergen, Norway (fisheries). 
*639, *640 Amsterdam, Holland (diamond cutting). 

673 Monaco, Monaco (Monte Carlo— gambling) . 
*829, *830 Cape Town, South Africa (diamonds). 

GREAT CENTERS OF FINANCE 

There are a few cities that figure as the world's 
money centers. Other cities are centers of limited 
territory, but do not figure largely in the finances of 



248 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

the world. Note the facts in connection with this 
group of cities. 

*29 to 52 (14 starred) New York City, U. S. A, 
*495 to 508 (9 starred) Loudon, Eng. 
*607 to 612 (3 starred) St. Petersburg, Eussia. 
*621, 622, 623 Berlin, Germany. 
*653 to *659 (6 starred) Paris, France, 
*751 to *755 (3 starred) Vienna, Austria. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The PubHshers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs, suitable for wall decoration, of any 
subject in the above list in sizes i6 x 20 — 20 x 24. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 

EDITED BY 

E. H. BENNETT, 

CONSULTING ARCHITECT, CHICAGO, ILL. 

175 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 324 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM 

The subjects selected from the series for the 
study of Civic Betterment are chosen largely for 
the purpose of showing contrasts, and are here 
classified under the following general headings : 

City Planning 

Streets 

Buildings 

Parks 

Water Fronts 

Monuments 

Bridges 

Tenements 

Factories and other centers of industry. 

The contrasts are not drawn with equal sharp- 
ness in all cases ; and it may seem that in some cases 
what is good has been classed as bad or vice versa ; 

249 



250 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

but it all depends on the point of view. The aim 
has been to put the material into as convenient an 
arrangement as possible ; and those using it will have 
no difficulty in selecting those subjects that best 
illustrate the particular point in question. 

A condensed classification at the end is made to 
show specific features, as street lighting, street pav- 
ing, regularity or irregularity of architecture, etc. 

The numbers refer to the serial numbers in the 
upper right-hand corner of the stereographs. The 
numbers starred are included in the special 600 
series. 

CITY PLANNING 

'*J29 Washington, D. C, from Monument. 

*128 Washington, D. C. 

*I30 Washington, D. C, east from the Monument. 

*131 Washington, D. C. 

These views show some possibilities of city planning. 
Washington, in its main features, is a city beautifully 
planned at its beginning along lines which have been 
more or less closely followed up to the present time. 

34 New York City from the Flatiron Building. 

35 New York City. Looking south from Metropolitan 

Tower. 
*31 Skyscraper area of New York City from Brooklyn 

Bridge. 
*30 New York from the Harbor. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 251 

*33 New York, Looking over the Docks. 
*32 New York, Looking from World Building across 
Brooklyn Bridge. " 

The growth of New York and its street system has 
been determined by the shape of Manhattan Island. 
When the city was laid out by the early settlers about 
300 years ago, it was thought that most of the travel 
would be from one shore to the other, east and west, 
across the island, consequently many streets were laid 
out in this direction, and very few along the length of 
the island, north and south. This was a mistake in 
planning, and has led to inconvenience to property own- 
ers, and also to the city, in having too few north and 
south streets running the length of the island. 

New York is further marked in character by its un- 
governed development. The individual owners have had 
free choice in the development of their property, so that 
buildings have no harmony whatever. The downtown 
business area is too intensively developed for its street 
system, which is practically the same as it was at the 
time of the Dutch occupation. 

256 View of Salt Lake City. 

This is a typical city of the west in that its street 
system is on the rectangular plan. This plan has ad- 
vantages in that it is simple, although it does not have 
the diagonal streets which are necessary to provide easy 
access between one part of the city and another. The 
presence of shanties and unkempt spaces along streets 
finely developed and planned is not a feature to produce 
good conditions. 

*37l View of Montreal, Canada. 

This city is beautifully situated on the St. Lawrence 
Eiver. This river and the hill from which the city gets 
its name, Mount Eoyale, have shaped its development 



252 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

SO that it has spread up and down the river. The resi- 
dence district is shut off from the use of the river by 
the business, industrial and railroad sections, under 
whose control it has formed. The fine development of 
trees throughout the residential section should be noted. 

*37S Winnipeg, Canada. 

This city has had the most wonderful opportunity to 
grow along fine lines. It is a new city, less than fifty 
years old, unhampered by topographic features other 
than the presence of a river. The street system is good, 
but lacks diagonals. No control is exercised over rail- 
road development, and this will bring about a condition 
in a few years which will cause the utmost chaos in the 
uses of the areas of the city unless some control over 
the location of industries is exercised by the authorities. 

*320 San Juan, Porto Rico. 

This city has had an uncontrolled growth. There is 
no uniformity in the building lines. 

*466 Lima, Peru. 

No attempt has been made to control the growth of 
this city. Its shape and direction of development have 
been determined by the nature of the land. 

*S37 General View of Edinburgli. 

Edinburgh grew around the castle which, for the pur- 
pose of protection during early times, was placed on 
top of a cliff which had only one approach. No plan 
was laid out for this city, and its lines of growth have 
been determined largely by the nature of the ground. 
It is an admirable thing a city should have in its busi- 
ness center and around its railroad terminal a fine park 
development such as this. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 253 

*654 Paris, Looking south from the Arch of Triumph. 
*655 Paris, Looking east from the Arch of Triumph. 
*6S6 Paris, Looking soutb=east from the Louvre. 

There is only one Paris. Baron Hausmann, over fifty 
years ago, undertook and carried out the development of 
a city plan. The old, straggling city streets were unified 
and straightened, and a complete comprehensive plan 
was developed, so that to-day, although portions of the 
improvements projected at that time are still being car- 
ried out, Paris is a city, the most remarkable in the 
world for its well-planned street system and its beauti- 
ful development. 

689 Cadiz, Spain. 

A natural sense of order in the people has developed 
a general harmony of architecture. There is a uni- 
formity of height of buildings which relieves the in- 
tense occupation of the areas shown in the picture. The 
ventilation and lighting in the rear of these buildings 
must be very imperfect. The development of open 
spaces as parks in the midst of this densely built sec- 
tion relieves the otherwise bad conditions. 

*605 General View of Copenhagen, Denmark. 

This is a city marked by good general planning de- 
termined largely by its water front. 

*639 View of Amsterdam, Holland. 

This city is marked in its character by the natural 
taste of a people who appreciate the value of general 
harmony of arrangement. It is a very old city, whose 
growth has been determined largely by its land-locked 
natural harbor. In this stereograph there should be no- 
ticed a development of the shore front as a park and at 
the same time its unhampered commercial use. It 
should be noted also in this picture that factories are 



254 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

scattered throughout the residential areas of the city. 
Also, that no attempt is made to retain the river for 
large shipping, which is taken care of in the outer har- 
bor. Only small boats use the river. 

*62l Berlin, Oermany. 

This is a city whose character is marked by good 
general planning, well carried out. There should be 
noticed in this stereograph the fact that of the whole 
lot on which each building stands certain portions are 
left vacant for the purpose of admitting light and air. 
The principle of setting aside areas for industrial, resi- 
dential and business purposes is followed. Laws and 
regulations are enforced, which control the growth of 
the city, both as to nature and character of the build- 
ings. Outlying districts are bought up by the Govern- 
ment and reserved for certain purposes. 

*638 Cologne, Oermany. 

This city is marked by its good general planning. 
In this view should be noted the development of the 
river front for the use of all the people by making it a 
boulevard. 

*634 Heidelberg, Oermany 

This city has had no plan. It has just grown indis- 
criminately, and its growth has been shaped by the 
lay of the land and water. 

*584 Bergen 

This city is marked by its natural unguided growth. 
Houses are built as close together as possible, and there 
is no regularity in the buildings. 

*751 View of Vienna, Austria 
*752 View of Vienna, Austria 

The growth of this city has been planned for from 
time to time, and has been marked by the natural taste 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 255 

of the people. Industries, business and residence areas 
have been provided in such a way that industry will not 
encroach on and spoil residence districts, and in such a 
way also that they will give way before the advance of 
these residential areas. 

750 General View of Salzburg, Austria. 

The character of Salzburg is marked by the general 
harmony of arrangement arising from the natural taste 
of its people. Its growth has been determined by the 
general topographical nature of the country and by the 
presence of water. The fine development of the river 
front is a feature of this city. 

*726 View of Rome, Italy, from St. Peter's Dome. 

It is curious that this city, which was founded by one 
of the most efficient of the earlier peoples, should have 
had a later growth absolutely uncontrolled. The disre- 
gard for city planning was further accentuated by the 
shape of the surrounding country and the presence of 
the Eiver Tiber. It is proposed to run a vista from the 
Eiver to St. Peter's. 

*728 View of the Forum in Rome, Italy. 

This view shows in the old city of Eome, built by 
the Eomans, a regularity of architecture and an orderli- 
ness of arrangement. 

*736 General View of Florence, Italy. 

In this city the cathedral centers the attention. This 
is one of the free cities of very early times. It was one 
of the centers of commerce in the 13th, 14th and 15th 
centuries. 

737 View of Florence, Italy. 

The intense occupation for dwelling purposes of the 
area in the foreground of this picture should be noted. 
This is bound to create, along with the narrow streets 



256 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

of the old cities, unhealtliy and immoral conditions 
among the people. 

*730 Bird's-eye View of Naples. 

This is an old city, and its growth has been deter- 
mined by the shape of the land and its position on the 
water front. It is beautifully situated and attractively 
developed. The narrow streets and intensive occupation 
of the ground make living conditions in the congested 
sections of this city very unhealthy. In this view 
there should be noted this intensive occupation and nar- 
rowness of the streets, shutting out light and air. 

748 View of Messina, Italy. 

The regularity of the building development along the 
river should be noted. This development is worthy of 
better setting. 

733 Amalfi, Italy. 

This city has had its development controlled by the 
shape of the land and its location on the sea. The 
town has had to build itself on the side of a cliff, and 
consists practically of two streets cut out of solid rock. 
What is seen in the view is the remains of what was 
once a thriving and independent city, with a population 
of 50,000 people. 

*740 Venice from S. Giorgio Island. 

It was impossible for this city to be developed ac- 
cording to any plan, since it grew up on a number of 
islands. The waterways between these islands take the 
place of what would be the arteries of traffic in other 
cities. These features have developed a city which has 
no parallel in the world, and just as there is only one 
Paris, so there is only one Venice. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 257 

*761 *766 Athens, Greece. 

There is no attempt in Athens to regulate the devel- 
opment of the buildings. The streets are, generally 
speaking, narrow and crooked. The city has an un- 
cared-for appearance. 

*857 View of Damascus. 

The very intense occupation of the areas make for 
congested and unhealthy conditions. This city is over 
5,000 years old. Its growth has been stopped for many 
years, and its problems, although dating back to its 
early days, are practically the same as the problems 
which have to be met in modern cities. 

839 Smyrna. 

There has been no control of development in this city. 
Its streets are narrow and the houses seem to face in 
any direction at the will of the owner. 

940 Peking, China. 

This city, although distinctly Oriental, has been de- 
veloped according to a plan. It presents a symmetry in 
growth and in its street arrangement. 

930 View of Shanghai, China, from the south, along the 

Whangpoo River. 
927 Kowloon, China, view from above Hong-Kong. 
959 Tokyo, Japan. 

There is no regularity in development, and hardly any 
street system has been developed in this section of the 
city. 

TYPICAL STREETS 

*33 West Street, New York City. 

This is a water-front street, and very different from 
those of European cities. This view shows the irregu- 
larity of architecture arising from private disregard for 
order. The paving on this street, although apparently 



258 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

bad, is of a durability to handle the very heavy truck- 
ing of merchandise to and from the docks. The appar- 
ent confusion of traffic arises from wagons turning into 
and out of the docks, and it would be impossible to 
regulate it to any degree of satisfaction. 

34 View of 4th Avenue at Madison Square, New York 
City. 

In the development of this street there has been pri- 
vate disregard for order in the irregularity of the 
architecture. There has been no relation between one 
building and another. The paving and the lighting in 
the street are both good. 

36 Lower Broadway, New York City. 

There has been no private regard for order in the 
architectural relation of the buildings along this street, 
although the street in recent years has had a strong 
tendency toward improvement. The traffic flows freely 
because it is policed ; the paving is good. Being a busi- 
ness street, there is no planting on it of any kind. 

*38 Wall Street, New York City. 

This is one of the narrow streets of the downtown 
business section. In spite of the irregularity of the 
architecture of the buildings, the church at the end of 
the street removes somewhat from its purely material 
aspect. The sidewalks are not quite free from obstruc- 
tions. 

39 Broad Street, New York City. 

The irregularity of the architecture along this street 
arises from the private disregard for order. This street 
is congested by its use on the part of stock-broking 
houses as a curb market. The paving and lighting on 
this street are good. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 259 

*40 Broadway & 6tb Avenue at Herald Square, New York 
City. 

This street is marked by the irregularity of the archi- 
tecture arising from the private disregard for order. 
It is a point where traffic concentrates and becomes 
congested and requires very careful policing in order to 
make it safe for foot passengers. The presence of the 
elevated road, where no attempt has been made to make 
it attractive, adds to the lack of harmony. The street at 
this intersection is well paved to suit the mixed kind of 
traffic which uses it. The lighting along this street is 
good. 

41 Fifth Avenue, New York City. 

This street is marked by the irregularity of its archi- 
tecture arising from private disregard for order. It is 
well built, however. Its traffic flows freely, and is un- 
der complete police control. Its paving and lighting 
are both good. Being a business street, it is un- 
planted. 

*42 Elizabeth Street, New York City. 

This street is unattractive, and is in the heart of the 
lower East Side tenement district of New York City. 
It is interesting to note that the use of the street by 
peddlers is typical of this section. The roadway is in- 
clined so that the traffic, of which there is a great deal 
for a street of this nature, has difficulty in getting 
around. The lighting on this street is poor and insuffi- 
cient. 

*3 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. 

The architecture on this street has an irregularity 
arising from private disregard for order. This street is 
well lighted and well paved. Although this picture does 
not show it, the congestion on this street is fearful and 
a menace to people on foot. The tangle of overhead 



260 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

wires should be noted and the presence of signs over- 
hanging the sidewalk. The street is narrow and one of 
the oldest in Boston. 

*131 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C. 

The irregularity in the architecture, arising from pri- 
vate disregard of order, marks this street. The paving 
and lighting are both good, and the traffic being well 
policed flows freely. Being an avenue, and not used 
for business, this street is broad and tree planted. 

*189 Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. 

This street is in general unpleasing. There is pres- 
ent that irregularity of architecture arising from pri- 
vate disregard of order which is found in most Ameri- 
can cities. Here the one redeeming feature in the 
street is the absence of overhanging signs. There is no 
planting since it is used for business. The pavement 
on this street is irregular, that underneath the street- 
car line needing repair. The telegraph poles and over- 
head wires add to the general unsightliness. The light- 
ing is fairly good. 

*212 State Street, Chicago. 

This street has many good features. It is wide, but 
is injured by the presence of trolley poles. It has good 
lighting, and its pavement, except for that in the 
neighborhood of the car tracks, is good. There is lack 
of control of traffic which is in confusion, and this 
creates a condition which is dangerous to pedestrians. 
This view shows this street before the pavement was 
improved and before the traffic was properly regulated. 
This street is the main shopping street of Chicago. 

*342 Port Street, Honolulu, H. I. 

This street is well paved, but there is an irregularity 
about the architecture which gives it an unattractive 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 261 

appearance. The tangle of overhead wires, some of 
them to support the electric lights, presents a terri- 
ble condition of danger to pedestrians. 

*351 Escolta Street, Manila, P. I. 

This is a street where the Oriental is mixed with the 
European. The paving, although not good, is of a qual- 
ity which is durable. The street is unclean and danger- 
ous from the overhead wires and hanging signs. There 
is no orderly development in the architecture. 

*4S2 Central Avenue, ^io de Janiero. 

The architecture along this street, being regulated by 
law, is uniform. The paving on this street is good, 
and is kept clean. The lighting in the center of the 
street is good and adequate. The width of this street 
gives it an attractiveness, which is added to by the 
planting and by its orderliness. There is a total ab- 
sence of overhead wires, although there is evidence of 
the presence of overhanging signs. 

455 Para, Brazil. 

This is a typical example of misuse of streets on the 
part of business houses. It is here used for packing 
goods and services which should be done inside the 
premises of a business house. The overhead wiring is a 
bad feature of this street. 

*493 Principal Street in Montevideo. 

Uniformity of architecture in the buildings in this 
street appears to be regulated by law. The pavement 
is of a nature suitable to the sloping street. It needs 
repair at the car tracks. It is clean and attractive and 
well planted, and is worthy of better lighting than is 
provided by lamps hung from wires which are a menace. 
The breadth of this street is one of its attractions. 



262 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

\ 

500 Cheapside, London. 

There is an orderliness about the architecture on this 
street, arising from the natural sense of order in the 
people. The traffic, although congested, is regulated and 
flows freely. The pavement is good, and the lighting, 
though antiquated, is good. 

*538 Princess Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. 

There is a general sense of order in the development 
of this street. The lighting is good and adequate. The 
park along one side, which screens the railroad station 
and yards, enhances the attractiveness of the street. 
It is a business thoroughfare. The paving on the street 
is rough and suitable for a street on a slope. There is 
a certain lack of regulation in the traffic. 

*SS6 Westmoreland Street, Dublin, Ireland. 

This street is marked by orderliness. It is marred by 
the overhead trolley wires and by the rough pavement 
suitable for heavy trucking. This street is well lighted 
and clean. 

*S61 Royal Avenue, Belfast, Ireland. 

The character of this street is marked by the uni- 
formity of its architecture. The lighting of the street, 
though antiquated, is plentiful. The traffic is regulated 
and its paving is good, and suitable for heavy teaming. 

*S73 Karl Johan Street, Christiania, Norway. 

This street presents a fine vista. Its attractiveness is 
added to by the uniformity of the architecture along its 
streets. The pavement is rough and suited to the na- 
ture of a sloping street. It is clean and well kept, al- 
though the street in general is marred by the overhead 
wires. It is interesting to note the placing of street 
cars on one side of the street instead of in the center. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 263 

597 Vasagatan Street, Stockholm. 

In spite of tlie overhead trolleys the effect in this 
street is pleasing. There is an orderliness arising from 
the natural sense of order in the people. The paving is 
good, as is the lighting. The street is lined with trees, 
which add to its attractiveness. 

*607 The Principal Street of St. Petersburg, Russia. 

This is a splendid wide street, with adequate road- 
ways and good, wide sidewalks. The buildings along the 
street are irregular, and there is little uniformity in the 
architecture. The lighting on this street is good and 
the pavement of a nature suitable to the sloping street. 
The traffic is regulated and, in general, there is an or- 
derly appearance to the street. 

622 Unter='den=Linden, Berlin. 

The uniformity of the architecture, which is regu- 
lated by law, is one of the marked features of this 
street. The parking in the center adds greatly to the 
planting along the sides. This is entirely a boulevard 
street, no business being done on it. Its traffic is under 
complete control by the police. Its paving and lighting 
are good. 

623 Bulow Street, Berlin, Germany. 

This street is well-kept, clean and well paved. It is, 
however, marred by the overhead wiring for the street 
cars. The elevated structure has been made pleasing 
by means of proper architectural treatment and plant- 
ing, and has not the ungainly and ugly appearance so 
common in this country. The lighting of gas is out of 
date. 

*654 Avenue Kleber, Paris. 

The architecture in this street is uniform, being regu- 
lated by law. Its paving is good. Being free from 
business, it is broad and tree-planted. 



264 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*655 Champs ElysSes, Paris. 

This street is a broad, tree-lined avenue on which 
traffic flows freely, being well policed. It is well lighted 
and paved. The architecture is uniform, being regulated 
by law. 

677 Calle de Alcala, Madrid, Spain. 

This is one of Madrid 's best streets. It is marked by 
orderliness. The planting along the sides of the street 
and its great width and its well-kept appearance add to 
its attractiveness. It is marred, however, by the trolley 
poles and overhead wires for the use of the street cars. 

*679 A Street in Valencia, Spain. 

The paving in this street has a solid, clean appearance. 
The sidewalks, however, are narrow, and it is imper- 
fectly lighted. 

*760 Main Street in Innsbruck. 

The attractive feature of this street is its width. 
The buildings are irregular, except for the sky line, 
which is fine. The attractiveness of the street is en- 
hanced by the presence of a mountain. 

*751 Pranzens Ring, Vienna, Austria. 

The uniformity of the architecture in this street, 
which is regulated by laAv, is very pleasing. Paving and 
lighting are good and, being free from business, it is a 
broad tree-planted avenue. 

'*807 Main Street in Algiers, Africa. 

The general attractiveness of this street is due to 
occupation by the French. For a frontier town, one 
would not expect paving or lighting to be much better. 
Neither of these is of very good quality. The regu- 
larity of the architecture is very pleasing. The street 
is marred by overhead wires, but is otherwise orderly. 



CIVIC BETTEKMENT 265 

*782 "Step" Street in Constantinople, Turkey. 

This is a typical Eastern street, narrow, congested 
and with as much business done in the street itself as 
in the buildings which line it. The lighting in this 
street is poor, the pavement is suitable. 

787 A Street in Cairo, Egypt. 

Note the narrow, congested nature of this street and 
the quality of the buildings. The sheds which line this 
street add to the disorder created by the grade. 

846 Christian Street, Jerusalem. 

This is a typical street of the East. It is narrow and 
congested, and used for business purposes. 

*830 Adderly Street, Cape Town, South Africa. 

The private disregard for order has brought about the 
lack of regularity in the architecture along this street. 
The overhead trolley wires are here limited to the cen- 
ter of the street. The pavement of this street is very- 
bad. Note the regulation of standing vehicles. 

892 Street in Calcutta, India. 

This street, though marred to some extent by the 
presence of overhead wiring, has a fine appearance. The 
paving is fine. Traffic is not regulated. This is hardly 
necessary, as the street has a great width and the street 
cars being off to one side do not interfere. This is an 
example of European influence on civic development in 
India. 

*895 Harrison Street, Calcutta, India. 

This street is an example of the worst possible condi- 
tions. The use of the street as a sewer is typical of 
the East. It is disease-creating and awful. 



266 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

939 Tborougbfare in Peking, China. 

The disordered architectural condition of this street 
is typical of the streets of the Orient. It is unpaved, 
undrained, uncontrolled, and the buildings are erected 
in any way that the individual sees fit. There is no 
community spirit. 

*983 Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia. 

The irregularity of the architecture is brought about 
by the private disregard for order. The paving in this 
street is good, and the lighting is good, but the tele- 
graph poles and the overhead wires add unsightliness 
to the street. There is no traffic congestion on this 
street. 

BUILDINGS 

58 Capitol Building, Albany, N. Y. 

A building of charm and dignity of design, situated 
on an elevation. It dominates the entire city. 

53 A Railway Station, Larcbmont, N. Y. 

34 Madison Square Garden, New York. 

39 New York Stock Exchange & U. S. Sub^Treasury 
Building. 

The Stock Exchange Building, architecturally, shows 
the modern use of the classic elements suited to particu- 
lar conditions imposed by the character of the occu- 
pancy. The Sub-Treasury Building shows the old style 
of Government building, faithful to architectural tra- 
dition with the occupancy adjusted to the building. 

*45 Immigrant Station, New York Harbor. 

Modern architecture. Building built on a symmet- 
rical plan — the towers and gable roof giving a varied 
sky-line. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 267 

106 Philadelphia, Independence Hall. 

Example of rich Colonial architecture. The later 
■wooden addition to the tower completes an interesting 
silhouette. 

*2 The State House, Boston, Mass. 

Architecturally of early Colonial period, its gilded 
dome, surmounting the broad pediment and expansive 
colonnade, overlooks the whole of the city. 

6 Boston, The Public Library. 

This building is marked by its dignity and simplicity. 
Its exterior expresses clearly the utility of the interior. 
The proportion of the great windows in the reading 
rooms, and their relation to the whole fagade, are excel- 
lent. 

*132 Washington Capitol. East Front. 

Marked by simplicity of design and dignity of pro- 
portion and mass. 

*129 White House, Treasury and State Department 
Buildings, Washington, D. C. 

These buildings, varying greatly in architecture and 
purpose, are, however, admirably located and grouped in 
a dignified and symmetrical plan. 

*/J 7 Washington, g White House. 

A building of beauty and excellence in design, 
typical of the best in America's early architecture. 

*4 Faneuil Hall, Boston, Mass. 

More valued historically than architecturally. The 
building would gain by the removal of the markets 
on its first floor and also of the overhanging canopy 
over the sidewalk. 



268 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*398 Mexico. The Cathedral. 

Its Spanish architecture is traditional to this coun- 
try, and its location on the principal square or Plaza 
dominates the whole city. 

372 Government Buildings. Ottawa, Canada. 

The towers and great roofs are characteristic of the 
Gothic government buildings of England; here, how- 
ever, in detail treatment, is much of individual influ- 
ence. 

370 Quebec. The Chateaux. 

The building has the dominant position on the river. 
The characteristics of the building, its towers and mass- 
ive structure harmonize with its position and suggest 
the fortified Chateaux of France. 

*330 Panama, Ancon Hospital. 

These buildings are primarily utilitarian, but have a 
definite decorative sense of their structural lines. Ab- 
sence of landscape treatment. 

*638 Cologne Cathedral. The Greatest of German Gothic 

Churches. 

It has remarkable grace in its lines, considering its 
mass. The twin spires are of openwork construction, 
characteristic of many German churches In this style. 

*488 Buenos Ayres, South America. 

An example of good architecture of a governmental 
and monumental type. 

*494 Public Square. Montevideo, Uruguay, S. A. 

Example of formal treatment of tropical planting. 
The use of the similar colonades on the buildings front- 
ing the square give a unity and orderly character to 
both architecture and the Plaza. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 269 

*454 San Paulo, Brazil. 

A magnificent structure — in plan similar to the Paris 
Opera House. The conical roof covers the dome of the 
great auditorium and the gabled roof the scene or stage. 

*S37 National Gallery and Royal Institute, Edinburgh. 

These two buildings, strongly classic in design, are 
marked by their simplicity and dignity of character. 
The cleverly planted terrace conceals the fact that the 
railroads pass through a tunnel underneath the gallery. 

*502 London - Houses of Parliament. 

Imposing example of English Gothic architecture of 
the perpendicular style. 

*556 Old Parliament House. Dublin, Ireland. 

This building owes its dignity of character and 
beauty of lines to its fine classic proportions. 

*657 Paris, France. Palace of Justice. 

A composite of several types of architecture. The 
building is an attempt to harmonize and preserve frag- 
ments of historical interest. 

*716 Olion - Lake Geneva. 

I A most successful treatment of the waterfront. Note 
the picturesque planting along the shore, the orderly 
arrangement of the railroad tracks and the terrace over 
these tracks in front of the Casino. 

989 General Post Office. Sydney, Australia. 

Good public architecture. Note the arcaded passage 
giving increased sidewalk capacity and shelter from sun 
and rain. 

*S98 Palace - Stockholm, Sweden. 

This building is rather severe in its general lines, but 
the symmetry of composition and the planted court- 
yard add a softening influence. It has an important 
and commanding position. 



270 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

615 Grand Bazaar. Moscow, Russia. 

Example of modern Eussian architecture. This pa- 
vilion, composed around the great arched entrance, has 
good proportions, and is large in scale. 

614 Moscow, Russia. 

The dome-surmounted towers, the arched openings 
and bells, are characteristic of Muscovite architecture. 

610 Imperial Palace Garden - Russia. 

An example of intensely decorative formal treat- 
ment. The use of separate basins for the jets at the 
sides leave the central basin undisturbed, thereby pre- 
serving the reflections of architecture and fountains. 
The formality is relieved by irregular planting of 
trees. 

*621 Royal Palace - Berlin. 

This monumental building with the formal plaza and 
open spaces about it has a dignified and impressive 
setting. 

*62S Dresden, The Zwinger. 

The plan of this building includes a fore court sur- 
rounded by galleries. The entrance on the axis of the 
building is marked by an architectural motive rising 
to two stories. The gardens within the courtyard are 
treated formally in contrast to the irregularity of the 
exterior planting. 

648 Brussels. Town Hall. 

The character of the building is marked by a general 
• beauty and rhythm of architectural form. 

*647 Brussels, Belgium. Palace of Justice. 

Shows the value of a site on an elevation in enhanc- 
ing the power and dignity of a public building. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 271 

*752 Imperial Museums - Vienna. 

These two great buildings face each other across an 
open plaza. Their architectural treatment being the 
same, gives greater power and civic beauty. Note the 
value of the parked vista on the dome. 

*7SS The Imperial Opera, Vienna. 

Forceful, dignified architecture relieved by sculptured 
figures and decorative detail. The variation in height of 
parts of the building expresses by the central higher 
portion the great hall or auditorium, while the sur- 
rounding lower structure expresses the foyer, vestibule, 
ofiices and service. 

732 {Residence - Pompeii, Italy. 

Characteristic room in court surrounded by a marble 
colonnade and painted wall surfaces. The floors were 
in colored marble mosaics. The furnishings were mar- 
ble sculptures, fountains and flowering planting. 

*738 6t 739 Milan Cathedral. Milan, Italy. 

The most important example of Northern Italian 
Gothic (1385-1418), is built almost entirely of white 
marble. The character of the exterior is expressive of 
richness and lace-like intricacy accentuated by the many 
slender spires. The dome spire at the intersection of 
the central and cross circles was built at a later date by 
the architect Brunelleschi. 

*742 Palazzo Ca d'Oro, Venice. 

Fine example of domestic Venetian Gothic. 
The fine decorative tracery of the windows and their 
composition is noteworthy. 

*740 Doge's Palace - Venice, Italy. 

This civic building has an original treatment of 
Italian Gothic architecture. The double story of ar- 
cades and the broad wall surface above pierced by large 
arched windows. 



272 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

737 The Duomo - Florence. 

The two remarkable features of this church are the 
dome and the campanile — both perfect examples of their 
kind. The town, built by Goths, is Gothic in style simi- 
lar to the church. It stands apart from the church, 
which is characteristic of Italy at this period. The 
dome was built at a later period during the Renaissance 
by Brunelleschi. It retains much that is Gothic in its 
structural lines. 

727 Rome. Library of the Vatican. 

This gallery combines beauty of decoration with 
perfection of architectural forms. 

*729 Coliseum - Rome, Italy. 

This great amphitheatre of Eoman classic design is 
remarkable for its size and in the method of its con- 
struction. The great loads were carried on piers and 
arches of brick, stone and concrete. The seats, columns 
and interior walls were of white marble, while the 
exterior was faced with blocks of travertine, set with- 
out mortar and tied together with metal ties. Access to 
the various rows of seats was had by numerous stair- 
ways leading directly from the arched openings at the 
base. 

*676 Madrid, Spain. Royal Palace. 

It fronts on an inner courtyard. The principal en- 
trance is marked by the pavilion, and the whole facade 
is enriched by ornament characteristic of the Spanish. 

*883 Railway Station. Bombay, India. 

A monumental structure built in the European style, 
with influence of Eastern design, as shown in tlie en- 
trance arches. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 273 

*906 Law Court Buildings. Madras, India. 

The architecture is marked by the towers, the scal- 
loped arches, finely detailed mouldings and latticed 
balustrades — all typically Oriental. 

802 Island of Philae, Egypt. 

This group of massive stone structure was the shrine 
of the Goddess Isis. The great pylon, with sloping 
walls, led into a fore court surrounded on the west by 
the temple of Hattor Isis, on the east by the colonnaded 
house of the priests, while the fourth side conducting 
to the temple proper, consisted of courts and colon- 
naded halls. All the buildings were covered by inscrip- 
tions, both inside and out. 

942 Grand Porcelain Tower. Peking, China. 

This building, octagon in plan, is covered entirely 
with glazed porcelain in various colors. The scalloped 
roofs and decorated projecting eaves are typically char- 
acteristic of Chinese architecture. 



PARKS 

*48 I^iverside Parkway. New York City. 

The city has concluded an agreement vsdth the rail- 
road to cover the tracks at the water edge, and with 
the removal of the unsightly piers projecting into the 
river, the park and drive will become an acquisition of 
great value and beauty to the city. The treatment is 
informal throughout, owing to the sloping banks and 
irregular shore line. 

*2 Boston Common. 

This park is irregular in arrangement and planting. 



274 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

6 Copley Square, Boston. 

This park is small and suited to the rest and refresh- 
ment of the people in the center of the city. It is 
regular or formal in arrangement. 

*129 Washington, D. C. 

The Mall, President's grounds and Lafayette Square 
from the Monument. 

*130 Washington, D. C. The Malt from the Monument. 

Properly speaking, this park is a setting for a public 
building. 

*13t President's Grounds. Washington, D. C. 

This park is essentially a setting for public buildings, 
its landscape treatment is informal, 

*69 Niagara Falls, U. S. A. Prospect Park. 

An extensive natural park, protecting the beauty of 
the Palls and furnishing a recreation ground fo"r the 
people. All the available shore frontage along the river 
should be secured for park purposes. 

372 Ottawa, Canada. 

Park and Government Grounds. 

*494 Montevideo, S. America. 

Public Square. This park is small and suited to the 
rest and refreshment of the people in the center of the 
city; it is regular or formal in arrangement. 

*488 Buenos Ayres, South America. 
610 Peterhof, Russia. 

Avenue of fountains at Imperial Palace. 
This park is regular in arrangement or formal. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 275 

*75l The Pranzens Ring, Vienna. 

The public buildings face on a magnificent boule- 
vard, which encircles the city. The formally parked 
open spaces in front of these buildings, give them a 
properly dignified and beautiful setting. 

*752 Vienna, Austria. 

Small parks add greatly to the beauty of the city. 
This park is small and suited to the rest and refresh- 
ment of the people in the center of the city. It is 
regular or formal in arrangement. 

*982 Melbourne, Australia. 

An informal but orderly treatment of parks and 
drives. The bridge is simple in design and in harmony 
with its environments. 



WATER-FRONTS 

*29 New York Harbor. 

The lower end of Manhattan Island is reserved as 
a public park. The shore line at this point is unen- 
cumbered by commercial use, and is finished by a good 
sea wall, walks and parking. On the west side of' the 
park is the Aquarium. 

*30 Water-front. New York. 

The varied and interesting sky-line of the city is 
here shown. 

*31 River=front, New York City. 

A commercial utilization and growth of the water 
frontage. There should be a uniform system of docks, 
piers and warehouses fronting on a wide service road 
and rail connections where possible. 



276 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*33 Water-froat. New York City. 

A system of clocks; right in principle, but not uni- 
formly developed. Eventually West Street may be- 
come a double- decked street to relieve congestion of 
traffic. 
*48 Riverside Drive, New York City. 

A water-front development marred by an untidy 
wharf. 

82 Atlantic City, A. J. 

A water-front devoted entirely to amusement. 

12 Gloucester Wharfs, Mass. 
*77 Niagara River, U. S. A. 

The right bank shows beauty of nature strongly 
in contrast to the incursions of the works of man on 
the left. The whole water-front should be preserved 
as a park. 
*369 Quebec, Canada. 

This water-front is misused both by the people and 
by traffic, and could not be more unbeautiful. 

350 Manila, P. I. 

Water-front on the Passig Eiver, which is entirely 
commercial in character. The native boats and the 
piles of merchandise tend to destroy the impression 
of good order. 

453 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

This water-front is affected by the needs of traffic 
and enjoyment of the people, but is beautiful. 

*596 The Water-fronts of Stockholm, Sweden. 
*598 The Water-fronts of Stockholm. 
*649 Antwerp, Belgium. A welhkept water-front. 
*604 Copenhagen, Denmark. Freight Docks. 
*605 Copenhagen, Denmark. 

A perfect development of orderly shores, bridge and 
architectural setting. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 277 

*6S6 Paris, Prance. 

A well-kept water-front. 

*665 Nice, Prance. 

The city faces the Mediterranean, its fagade is 
framed by a beautiful palm avenue. The promenade is 
on the outside of the planting to give an unobstructed 
view of the water and of the bathers. 

666 Port of Nice, Prance, 

A picturesque and orderly arrangement of a com- 
mercial port. Note the well-designed breakwaters and 
quays and the easy graded approach for teams to the 
lower level. 

*687 Seville, Spain. 

The water-front having drives or streets on both 
sides of the river, has invited the construction of beau- 
tiful buildings. 

725 Rome, Italy. 

Progressive development of water-front. 

748 Messina's water= front, Italy. 
*740 Venice, Italy. White Swan of Cities. 
750 Salzburg has a beautiful water=front on the Salzacb 

River, Austria. 
898 Benares, India. 

Unfortunate lack of any water-front treatment. 
Shores unfit for pleasure or commercial usage. The 
city is interesting in the mingling of its foliage and 
its architecture. 

*982 Melbourne, Australia. Water-front. 



278 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

MONUMENTS 

*48 Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Grant's Tomb in 

tlie distance), Riverside Drive, New York City. 
*29 Statue of Liberty, New York. 

This monument was presented to the American peo- 
ple by the French government. Its massive height and 
location on Bedloe Island in the middle of the bay 
dominates both water and land. It faces the east and 
commands the admiration of all who enter this gate- 
way of America. 

/ Bunker Hill Monument. Boston, Mass. 

A monumental shaft commemorating an event of 
national importance. It crowns Bunker Hill and over- 
looks Charlestown and the Bay. 

9 Minute Man. Concord, Mass. 

This monument is well placed — it is on the axis of 
this vista — slightly raised above the ground level and 
backed by foliage. Its surroundings add a note of 
picturesqueness. 

*128 Washington Monument. Washington, D. C. 

A monument to commemorate the greatness of 
Washington. This severe shaft of white marble rising 
to the height of 550 feet dominates both city and 
river. It is located on a slight elevation at the inter- 
section of the axial vistas of the Capitot and the 
White House. 

*760 Innsbruck, Austria. 

This monument consists of a corinthian column and 
base surmounted by sculptured figures. It is of excel- 
lent proportion and workmanship. The character is 
religious, and its location one of superior judgment, 
being symmetrically placed to dominate the entire 
street. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 279 

*S38 Scott Memorial. Edinburgh, Scotland. 

This monument, owing to tlie physical influences of 
the city, is happily situated. The street being built 
on but one side, permits of the placement of the moun- 
ment clear of the traffic of the street. Also it is a 
visual point from that part of the city lying to the 
left in the photo. 

*6S3 Arcb de Triumph, Paris, France. 

The arch is situated in one of the principal focal 
points of the city; a circular plaza out of which ra- 
diate twelve streets, the greatest of which is the 
Champs Elysees. 

*704 Fountain. Berne, Switzerland. 

Typical fountain of the streets. The figure sur- 
rounding the shaft is accompanied by a bear, the em- 
blem of the city. Many of these fountains have re- 
ceptacles on the shafts in which are grown flowering 
plants. 

677 Madrid, Spain. Cibeles Fountain 

An allegorical subject treated formally in its setting. 
Having a definite direction or face, it is used as a 
terminating vista to the street. 

441 Statue of Bolivar. Caracas, Venezuela. 

A commemorative monument of commanding propor- 
tions and expressive of the greatness of this national 
hero. 

*899 Taj Mahal. Agra, India. 

A royal mausoleum of white marble, symmetrical in 
form, with entrances on all sides. The interior is 
lighted through marble-screened openings in the second 
story. The decoration is obtained by the inlay of 
precious stones and the use of fretwork and scrolls. 
The formal use of water and planting is in keeping 



280 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

with the symmetry of the building and contributes to 
its great beauty. 



BRIDGES 

*188 St. Louis Bridge. 

An example of engineering skill not particularly 
artistic. 

*3t Brooklyn Bridge. 

View shows some of the structural steel and cables 
used in the support of the bridge. 

*32 Brooklyn Bridge. 

The approach to the bridge proper, showing the va- 
rious divisions and levels for traffic. The stations or 
bridge-end treatments need architectural considera- 
tion. 

*25 Lawrence, Mass. Old type of utility bridge. 

The Falls would have greater beauty were the bridge 
not so close or placed at a less disturbing angle. 

497 The Tower Bridge. London, England. 

An original treatment of the tower type of bridge. 
Architecturally, it is more picturesque than pure in 
style. 

*496 London Bridge. London, England. 

A historic crossing point of the Thames. A sub- 
stantial utilitarian type of construction. 

*542 Forth Bridge. Scotland. 

An engineering triumph rather than an artistic one. 

*656 Bridges over the Seine. Paris, France. 

The Ponte des Sts. Peres in the foreground, some- 
times called "du Carrousel," is a steel arched bridge 
in three spans. It has artistic value in the treatment 
of the ironwork. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 281 

The second bridge, the ''Pont des Arts," is a small 
steel bridge used only for pedestrians. It is built with 
its axis on a line with the dome of the Institute. 

The Pont Neuf, crossing the end of the island, is the 
oldest bridge in Paris, and is built of stone. The 
stone brackets supporting the balustrade are carved 
with grotesque heads. 
*657 Like all the bridges over the Seine, this one, built by 
Napoleon III, is of good design. Its ample proportions 
care for the crowd of traffic at this point. 

*605 Copenhagen, Denmark. 

An example of civic beauty and order. 
The simplicity of the bridge, the continuation of 
the street lines, and the formal landscape treatment 
of the approaches are its characteristic features. 

*598 Stockholm, Sweden. A utilitarian bridge with sim- 
pie lines. 

The relation of the arch curve to the span is good. 

*634 Heidelberg, Germany. 

Eugged old masonry bridge, military in character, 
with its defensive towers at the ends and the niches 
in the buttresses. The arches varying in size add to 
its picturesqueness. 

703 Berne, Switzerland. Two types of masonry bridges. 

As to character, the lower bridge with three spans 
is probably more suited to use in the town proper. 
The great arch tends to dwarf the scale of the build- 
ings. 

741 Venice. Bridge of Sighs. 

A striking architectural treatment of this problem, 

725 Bridges over the Tiber. Rome, Italy. 

The old arched bridges leading to the island have 
more artistic merit and their existence at the present 
day does credit to their construction. 



282 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



TENEMENTS 

^42 Blizabetb Street tenements, New York City. 

Unsanitary and unsightly. 



FACTORIES AND OTHER CENTERS OF 
INDUSTRY 

*119 Steel Works at Homestead. 

Such places as this make Pittsburgh notoriously 
dirty. 

120 Steel Works at Pittsburgh. 

Some of the smudge that enshrouds a great city. 

*178 Cotton Qins in Texas Mill. 
*15 Shoes at Lynn. 

Factory conditions that are bearable, if not all that 
could be desired. 

17 Sorting Wool. 

Some industries are naturally conducive to untidiness. 

*18 *19 *20 21 *22 23 *24 Wool in Mass. 

Plenty of light and breathing space go a long way 
toward making a sanitary factory. 

*25 A Factory at Lawrence, Mass. 

Clean, well-kept and practical. 

*154 155 *156 H57 *158 

Factory conditions that are generally good; but note 
the child labor in the spinning room. Olympian Cot- 
ton Mills, Columbia, S. C. 
467 Factory conditions in Lima, Peru, are not bad. Cotton 

Mill. 
*210 *211 Beet sugar factory at Menominee, Michigan. 



CIVIC BETTERMENT 283 

SUB-CLASSIFICATION FOR TOPICAL STUDY 

Here are grouped for more convenient reference, 
the numbers referring to particular topics not indi- 
cated in the main headings above. Reference should 
be made to the explanatory notes given above. 

ARCHITECTURE— REGULARITY. 

*33, *452, *493, 500, *573, 622, *654, *655, *751, *807. 
ARCHITECTURE— IRREGULARITY. 

34, 36, *38, 39, *40, 41, *3, *131, *189, *351, *607, *760, 
*830, *929, *983. 

STREET LIGHTING— GOOD. 

34, 39, *40, 41, *42, *3, *131, *189, *212, *452, 500, *538, 
*556, *561, 597, *607, 622, *655, *751, *983. 

STREET LIGHTING— BAD. 

*493, *679, *807, *782. 
STREET PAVING— GOOD. 

*33, 34, 36, 39, 41, *3, *131, *212, *342, *452, *493, 500, 
*538, *561, *573, 597, *607, 622, 623, *654, *655, *679, 
*751, *782, 892, *983. 

STREET PAVING— BAD. 

*189, *351, *556, *807, *830, 939. 
STREET PLANTING. 

*131, *452, *493, *538, 597, 622, 623, *654, *655, 677, 
750, *751. 

STREET TRAFFIC. 

*3, *40, *42, *189, *342, *496, 500, *538, *556, *573, *807, 
*655, *561, 597, 622, *33, 41, *131, *212, *351, *607, 677, 
*760, *830, 846, 623, *983. 



284 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

WIRING— OVERHEAD. 

*3, *189, *212, *342, *351, 455, *493, *556, *573, 597, 
623, 677, *807, *830, 892, *983. 

WIRING— UNDERGROUND. 

34, 36, *38, 39, *40, 41, *452. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beautiful 
photographs suitable for wall decoration of any sub- 
ject in the above list in sizes i6 X20 — 20 x 24. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

BY 
JAMES FLEMING HOSIC, Ph.M., 

SECRETARY OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF TEACHERS OP ENGLISH 

HEAD OF ENGLISH DEPT. IN CHICAGO NORMAL SCHOOL 

AUTHOR OP "ELEMENTARY COURSE IN ENGLISH" 

EDITOR OF "ENGLISH JOURNAL" 

887 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 1043 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM. 

The subjects here selected for use in English com- 
position are not all that can be used to advantage in 
this way; but they represent some of the best ma- 
terial from the i,ooo collection for the purpose. 
Nearly every teacher has found how difficult it is 
for children of any age to write or express them- 
selves coherently without some concrete object or 
experience to stimulate and centralize the thought. 
But let the teacher give the child a stereograph of 
Lee's old home at Arlington, for example, and tell 
him to describe it, and he has something real and 
concrete to describe, whether orally or on paper. 
Or give the child a stereograph of excursionists re- 
turning to New York City on a steamer, and there 

285 



286 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

is a concrete and distinct experience to quicken the 
thought and stir the imagination, and the child who 
could not ordinarily write a narrative of twenty-five 
words will surprise himself as well as the teacher. 

The chief value of the stereographs for composi- 
tion work lies in their suggestiveness. By the use 
of them the knowledge and experience of the chil- 
dren may be called vividly to mind and new interests 
and problems may be developed. Composition, it 
should be remembered, is primarily the getting to- 
gether of ideas. Spelling, punctuation, and the like 
must wait upon thought. Hence, any material so 
thought-provoking as stereographs of striking ob- 
jects and processes is full of possibilities for good 
speaking and writing. How certain kinds of stereo- 
graph scenes may be employed to the best advantage 
will be briefly indicated under the various class 
headings. 

These class headings are supplied chiefly to facil- 
itate ease of reference. Doubtless, teachers will 
often find quite other uses for the stereographs than 
those suggested. 

Publishers' Note 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 

For further illustrations for English Composition the teacher 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 287 

is referred to the wider range of material to be found in our 
general catalogue, and to our regular Travel tours on the dif- 
ferent countries, particulars of which will be sent on applica- 
tion. 

NARRATION 
PERSONAL EXPERIENCES 

This group of stereographs makes possible a num- 
ber of interesting visits and adventures which will 
arouse the imaginations of the pupils and set them 
to recalling the most memorable occasions in their 
own lives. Through oral and written narrative each 
should contribute what he can to the exercise of the 
hour. Older pupils may be required to inform 
themselves concerning the places depicted and then 
tell the story which the stereograph scene suggests. 
The teacher should always willingly bear his part 
in giving these accounts. 

1 A visit to Bunker Hill Monument, Boston. 
*2 The State House and the Common, Boston. 
*10, 11 Among the sand dunes on Cape Cod. 
*30 Excursionists returning to New York City on a 

steamer. 
*38, 39 A visit to downtown New York City. 
*49, 50, 51, 52, 819, 820, 827 A visit to Bronx Park and 

the Zoo, N. Y. City. 
*45, 46, *47 A visit to Ellis Island, New York Harbor. 
*48, «*54, 55, *56, *57, 58, *80 A trip up the Hudson Eiver, 
New York. 
82, *83 A day at Atlantic City, N. J. 
*128 to 140 (8 are starred) A visit to Washington, D. C. 



288 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*225 In the great lumber yards at Minneapolis, Minn. 

235 to *243 (5 are starred) A trip through Yellowstone 
Park. 
*252 A visit to Box Canyon, Colorado, 
*254, 255 A visit to the cliff dwellings of Colorado. 
*257, 258 *259 On a great Western ranch, Arizona. 
*261 to *264 Among the Indians in Arizona. 
*265 to 268 (3 are starred) In the copper country of Ari- 
zona. 
*274 to *278 (2 are starred) In the Grand Canyon, Arizona. 
*288 to *292 (3 are starred) In the Yosemite Valley, Cali- 
fornia. 
*312, *313 Mountain climbing in Washington, U. S. A. 
*316 A visit to a village in Alaska. 

317 In far north Juneau, Alaska. 
*318 Among the icebergs in Taku Inlet, Alaska. 

326 A holiday jaunt in a horseless carriage, Porto Eico. 

341 to *347 (5 are starred) A trip to Hawaii. 
*349 to *363 (10 are starred) In the Philippine Islands. 
*389 to 397 (6 are starred) A visit to the Arctic regions. 
*398, 399, *400, 401, 405, 413 Experiences in Mexico. 
*447, 448, 449, *450 A visit to Santa Marta and Barran- 

quilla, Colombia, S. America. 
*451, *452, 453 A visit to Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

479, 480 To the top of El Misti, Peru. 
*487, *488, *489 A visit to Buenos Ayres, Argentine. 
*492, *493, *494 At Montevideo, Uruguay. 

532 Narrow streets and quaint houses of Shrewsbury, Eng- 
land. 
*495 to 508 (9 starred) A visit to London. 
*505 At the coronation of England's King, London. 

511 A visit to Oxford University, Oxford, Eng. 

515 Quaint cottage homes of Shanklin, Isle of Wight, Eng. 
*537, *538, 539 In Eciinburgh, Scotland. 
*556 In Dublin, Ireland. 
*557 to *561 (all are starred) Around Belfast. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 289 

*579, 580 At Odde, Norway. 

*596 to 599 (2 are starred) In Stockholm, Sweden. 

*604, *605 At Copenhagen, Denmark. 

*613, 614, 615 In Moscow, Russia. 

*621, 622, 623 A visit to the German capital. 

636 On the Rhine near the Lorelei Rocks, Germany. 
*639, *640 In Amsterdam, Holland, 
*653 to *659 (6 are starred) A visit to Paris. 
*665, 666 At Nice, France. 
*672 A day on the beach at Dieppe, France. 
*676, 677 In Madrid, Spain. 

696 A stop at Funchal, Madeira Islands. 
*698 to 702 (4 starred) Around old Lucerne, Switzerland. 

703, *704 A visit to Berne, Switzerland. 

717 Up among the dizzy heights of the Alps, Switzerland. 

718, *719 Up Mont Blanc, Switzerland. 

725 to *729 (3 are starred) In Rome, Italy. 
*736, 737 At Florence, Italy. 
*740, 741, *742 In Venice, Italy. 
*743, *744 Some experiences in Sicily. 
*751 to *755 (3 are starred) A visit to Vienna, Austria. 
*761 to *767 (5 are starred) A visit to Athens, Greece. 
*777 to 784 (4 starred) In and around Constantinople. 
*786 to *796 (5 starred) A visit to Cairo and the Pyramids, 

Egypt. 
*805 to 808 (2 starred) A day at Algiers. 

846, 847 At Jerusalem. 
*857 to *860 Experiences at Damascus, Syria. 
*881, 882 A visit to Bagdad. 

892 to *897 (2 are starred) In Calcutta, India. 

901, *904 At the Durbar in Delhi, India. 
*928 Visiting the boat population of Canton, China. 

930, *931 In Shanghai, China. 

937, *943 In Peking, China. 
*956, 958 To the top of Mount Fuji, Japan. 

976, *977 Experiences on Aso-San volcano, Japan. 



290 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

EXPERIENCES OF OTHERS 

The stereographs in this group will lend them- 
selves to the method of treatment outlined above, 
namely, that of having each pupil work up a sub- 
ject and then narrate the experience of the chief 
actor or actors. In some instances the narrative 
may be in the first person. In such cases it will be 
well to have the pupil decide upon a time and place 
for the narrative and upon the character of the 
audience. In other cases the narrative may be in 
the third person and partake more nearly of the 
nature of a historical account. Of course the 
teacher will aid the pupils in gathering information 
and in sifting out the necessary facts. 

*3 Washington street and Old South Church, Boston. 

26 Up around Webster 's old home, Franklin, N. H. 
*44 People from rural New Jersey coming to New York 

City by ferry. 
*61, 62 Life-saving corps on Long Island Beach. 

84 A glorious May-day among the daisies. 

85 Huge oil tanks on fire at Bayonne, N. J. 

145 Battleship fleet starting on the world tour in 1907. 
*166 Hauling logs over pine-grown sands of Florida. 
*169 Enjoying life in wheel-chairs amid tropical surround- 
ings, Palm Beach, Florida. 
172 Rapid transit in southern Mississippi. 
*253 In the Rocky Mountains, Colorado. 
*259 Cowboys examining the brand of a yearling to settle 

ownership, Arizona. 
*325 Aguadilla, where Columbus first landed in Porto Rico. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 291 

329 Native life in the interior of Panama. 
*349 Manila Bay, P. I. 
*352 American Army encamped at Manila, P, I. 

374 Portage of the Muskoka river, Canada. 
*386, *387 In the mining country of the Klondike. 
*422 Wreck of the Battleship Maine, Havana Harbor, 

Cuba. 
*423, 424, 425 Morro Castle and site of the Battle of San- 
tiago, Cuba. 
*426 Birth of the Cuban Eepublic. 
*427 American Army encamped south of Santiago, Cuba. 

510 After the races at Henley, England. 

516 After a hard run with the otter pack, Wiltshire, Eng. 

541 Tantallon Castle, Scotland. 
*572 En route to "The Land of Promise". 

610, 611 The Imperial Palace and grounds at Peterhof, 
Kussia. 

612 The Eoyal Yacht of Eussia at St. Petersburg. 
*687 Seville and the Guadalquiver Eiver, Spain. 

688 A bull fight at Seville, Spain. 

697 The Palls of the Ehine and Laufen Castle, Switzerland. 

709 The road winding down the Maloja Pasg into Italy. 

715 At the world-famed monastery of St. Bernard, Switzer- 
land. 
*768 The battlefield of Marathon, Greece. 

770 Agamemnon's Council chambers at Argos, Greece. 
*771 Over modern homes in ancient Sparta, Greece. 

772 In the great Langada Pass, Greece. 

774 Battlefield of Thermopylae, Greece. 

809 Ivory on the way from the jungle to America. 

810 A zebra hunt in Africa. 

*830, *832 British soldiers in South Africa. 

*835 With Lord Eoberts in South Africa. 

838 In Zululand, South Africa. 

852 Joseph's Well at Dothan, Palestine. 

947, *948, 949 Around Port Arthur, Manchuria. • 



292 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

*952 Awaiting an attack by Eussian Cavalry; Japanese 

soldiers in a trench near Port Arthur. 
953 Eoosevelt and envoys of the Mikado and the Czar on 
the Mayflower 



DESCRIPTION 
SCENERY 

Descriptions of scenery should aim not at photo- 
graphic accuracy but at emotional effect. Hence, 
the pupils must be trained to avoid cataloguing the 
objects to be seen in the stereographs and to choose 
instead those suggestive phrases vi^hich will call up 
images and convey impressions. In doing this it 
will be well to find and have the children find de- 
scriptions in books which deal with similar subjects 
in a literary way. The class may then try to see 
how the author succeeded in appealing to his read- 
ers. 

*25 Falls in the Merrimae, Mass. 

*27 In the charming White Mountains, New Hampshire. 
*54 North up the Hudson River from West Point, N. Y. 
65 Fairy Cascade in Watkins Glen, N. Y. 
69 to 74 (3 are starred) The Falls of Niagara, New 

York. 
75 Great mass of frozen spray at Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
*76, *77 Down at the gorge below the Falls, Niagara. 
*79 A drive through a forest of crystal, Prospect Park, 
Niagara Falls. 
*108 The Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania. 
146 Natural Bridge, Va. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 293 

147, *148 In the Luray Caverns, Va. 
163 In the Florida jungle. 
*164 Eaee-track at Ormond Beach, Florida. 
202 On the shores of Lake Michigan. 
*223 Beautiful Dalles of Wisconsin. 

242 Lower Falls of the Yellowstone from Point Lookout. 
*243 Ten miles of yawning chasm in the Yellowstone 
Canon. 
244 Gray's and Torrey's Peaks from Mt. McClellan, Col- 
orado. 
*245 Snow-streaked Mummy Eange in Colorado. 
*250 In the Eoyal Gorge of Colorado. 

251 Marshall Pass in the Eocky Mountains, Colorado. 
*269 Canon Diablo, Arizona. 
*282 Magnolia Avenue, Eiverside, California. 
*288 Looking down the Yosemite Valley, California. 
290 N. W. from Glacier Point, in Yosemite Valley, Cali- 
fornia. 
*291 Overlooking Nature's grandest scenery, Yosemite Val- 
ley. 
*292 From Clouds' Eest in Yosemite Valley to the distant 
Matterhorn of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Cali- 
fornia. 
302 Everlasting snow on Mt. Hood, Oregon. 
*311 Mt. Tacoma, Washington. 

*314 The sun-scarred face of Nisqually Glacier on Mt. Ta- 
coma, Wash. 
*332 Overlooking Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal. 
379 The "Three Sisters" from the Bow Valley, Alberta, 
Canada. 
*380 Beautiful Valley of the Bow Eiver, Alberta, Canada. 
*381 The placid waters of Lake Louise and Mt. Victoria, 
Alberta, Canada. 
382 At the base of Mt. Stephens, B. C. 
*383 Eoger's Pass in Canadian Eockies. 
*384 The great lUicilewaet Glacier, British Columbia. 



294 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

402 Over Ameca to Ixtaccihuatl, Mexico. 
*403 From Puebla to Popocatapetl, Mexico. 
*460 Ice-crested Chimborazo, Ecuador. 

465 Pichineha's Peak, rising 15,706 feet on the Equator, 
Ecuador. 
*476 Pacific waves on the rock-ribbed coast of Peru. 

479 Threatening majesty of El Misti, Peru. 
*486 In the Straits of Magellan. 
*518 The boundless ocean from the cliffs at Land's End, 

England. 
*524 Charming country around Ludlow, England. 

536 Fairy Glen, Bettws-y-Coed, Wales. 
*548 The winding Forth Eiver, Scotland. 
*549 North from Stirling Castle toward the Highland, Scot- 
land. 

550 West from Stirling Castle up the Valley of the Forth, 

Scotland. 

551 Ben Venue, from across Loch Achray, Scotland. 
*555 Over beautiful Enniskerry, Ireland. 

565 The splendid cliffs of Menawn, S. E. across Keem Bay, 
Ireland. 
*570 Magnificent cliffs at Loop Head, Ireland. 
*571 Lower Lake of Killarney, Ireland. 
575 Snowy heights of Mt. Gausta, Norway. 
*576 Ejukanfos Falls, Norway. 

*577 Beside the Vrang Falls — the Bandak Nordsjo Canal, 
Norway. 
581 At the foot of the cliffs, where the Skiseggedals Falls 
leap 525 feet, Norway. 
*585 Gudvangen's outlook over the Naerofjord, Norway. 
*592 Down the Vidde Valley, Norway. 
*595 The Midnight Sun in July over cliffs of Spitzbergen, 

Norway. 
*600 On a hillside overlooking Eattvik, Sweden. 
603 The Toppo Falls at Trollhattan, Sweden. 
619 The winding Dnieper Eiver, Eussia. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 295 

*631 The great Watzmann on the Konig's See, Bavaria, Ger- 
many. 
*632 Neuschwanstein from the heights, Bavarian Alps. 
*633 Upper valley of the Danube, Germany. 
*634 Heidelberg and the Neckar Eiver, Germany. 
*635 From Ehrenfels Castle across the Ehine to Bingen, 
Germany. 

637 From Coblenz across the Ehine, Germany. 
*646 Miles on miles of peaceful pastures where windmills 

beckon to each other, Holland. 
*667 Glacier-covered heights of the Pyrenees, France. 

670 On the rock-bound coast of Finisterre, France. 
*684 The Alhambra and snowy Sierras, Granada, Spain. 
*700 The backbone of Europe from the summit of Pilatus, 

Switzerland. 
*705 The Jungfrau, Switzerland. 

*713 The charming Zermatt and the Matterhorn, Switzer- 
land. 
*716 Lake Geneva and the Dent du Midi from the village of 

Glion, Switzerland. 
*724 The picturesque Chamonix Valley, Switzerland. 

750 Salzburg and the winding Salzach, Austria. 

757 The Drei Zinnen from Lago Misurina, Austria. 
*758 An Austrian hamlet, Val Ampezzo. 

759 The Ortler, from Trafoi, Tyrol, Austria. 

775 North from Pharsala over the Plain, Greece. 

802 Over the island of Philae, Egypt. 
*831 Over the South African veldt. 
*828 The Cape of Good Hope. 

849 The Wilderness of the Scapegoat, Palestine. 
*863 The Highlands of Moab, Syria. 

872 The Cedars of Lebanon and Mt. Lebanon, Palestine. 
*874 Traditional Garden of Eden on the Euphrates Eiver. 
*885 The Vale of Cashmere in India. 

*891 Up to the everlasting snows of Mt. Kinchinjanga, 
India. 



296 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*921 Charming valleys and mountains in Ceylon. 

*956 Mount Fuji, Japan. 

*964 Cryptomerias on road to Nikko, Japan. 

*967 Under the bamboo trees in Japan. 

*970 Over a beautiful Japanese garden. 

*975 Over a rice field in the crater of Aso-San, Japan. 

*982 Over Melbourne, Australia. 

*987 A fertile valley in Australia. 

996 Mount Elliot, New Zealand. 

998 Avenue of canary trees in Botanical Gardens of Bui- 
tenzorg, Java. 

PLACES AND OBJECTS OF INTEREST 

The stereographs in this list have been grouped 
because each makes accessible some place or object 
which has special historical or other significance. 
The class may try to explain offhand what this sig- 
nificance is, and thus obtain practice in impromptu 
composition, or they may search for the necessary 
information and undertake to arouse the class to a 
proper appreciation of the place or object. In doing 
this they should be encouraged to try various de- 
vices of composition without regard to any particu- 
lar "form of discourse." For example, a pupil may 
tell why he would enjoy living in a house such as 
that seen in 526, or why he would like to visit the 
birthplace of Robert Burns. 

*4, *5 Interior and exterior of Faneuil Hall, Boston. 
*7 The old home of Henry W. Longfellow, Cambridge, 
Mass. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 297 

8 The old home of James Eussell Lowell, Cambridge, 

Mass. 

9 The North Bridge and Statue of the "Minute Man" 

at Concord, Mass. 
*29 Castle Garden and Aquarium, S. W. over Statue of 
Liberty and New York Harbor. 

34 The Flatiron Building, past Madison Square Garden to 

Williamsburg Bridge, N. Y. City. 

35 From Metropolitan Tower south to the Singer Bldg., 

and New York Harbor. 
*40 Looking north over Herald Square and the 6th Avenue 

Elevated E. E., N. Y. City. 
*42 Tenement houses on Elizabeth Street, New York City. 
*56 Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh, N. Y. 
106 Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
*107 View south to Bound Top, Gettysburg battlefield, 

Pennsylvania. 
*153 Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, S. C. 
*159 The greatest resin market in the world — wharfs at 
Savannah, Ga. 
162 Oldest house in the United States — St. Augustine, Fla. 
*173 On the sugar levee at New Orleans, La. 
184 Confederate signal station. Lookout Mountain, Chat- 
tanooga, Tenn. 
*186 Lincoln's birthplace at Hodgensville, Kentucky. 
*188 The levee at St. Louis, Missouri. 
*236 Fort Yellowstone in Yellowstone National Park. 
*249 Nightingale Gold Mine at Cripple Creek, Colorado. 
*293 A majestic triumphal arch — cavalry passing through 

the great tree, "California," Cal. 
*321 Public School in Porto Eico. 
322 A suburban home in Porto Eico. 
328 The city of Panama. 
*331 Eural Panama. 

*364 Yarmouth Harbor at high tide, Nova Scotia. 
*365 The historic village of Grand Pre, Nova Scotia. 



298 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

*366, 367 Perce Bay, Quebec. 

*369, 370 Quebec on the St. Lawrence Eiver, Canada, 

*371 Montreal, Canada. 

*386, *387 In the Klondike gold country, 

388 At Vancouver, B. C. 

*389, *391, 392, *394 In the Arctic region, 

409 Public washing fonts at Jalapa, Mexico. 

410 Hall of Mosaics, ruins of Mitla, Mexico, 
*442 The bread-mule in Caracas, Venezuela, 

446 A lumber yard in Maracaibo, Venezuela, 

*482 Straw boats on Lake Titicaca, Peru, 

*495 The Albert Docks on the Thames at London, 

*513 Chalk cliffs at Dover, England. 

*514 On the sands at Southsea, England. 

*524 Eiver Teme and green country around Ludlow, Eng- 
land. 

*525 In Shakespeare's home, Stratford-on-Avon, England, 

*526 Anne Hathaway 's cottage, at Shottery, England. 

530 Dove Cottage, old home of Wordsworth in Grasmere, 

England. 

531 Romantic ruins of Furness Abbey. 
*540 Melrose Abbey, Scotland. 

*546 Birthplace of Eobert Burns at Ayr, Scotland, 

*5'47 Stirling Castle, Scotland. 

552 The "Brig O'Turk" in the Trossachs, Scotland, 

*553 Ellen's Isle in Lake Katrine, Scotland. 

*554 Queenstown, Ireland. 

*562, 563, 564 The Giant's Causeway, Ireland, 

568 Fireplace in a home in Ireland. 

*569 Picturesque home of a farmer in Ireland, 

574 Old Viking ship in Christiania, Norway. 

583, *586, *587, *590, *591 Norway glaciers. 

*584 Bergen and its harbor, Norway. 

*624 The Kiel canal, Germany. 

641 The church at Delftshaven, where the Pilgrims prayed 
before leaving Holland for America. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 299 

652 The "Field of the Cloth of Gold," France. 
*653 The Arch of Triumph in Paris. 

664 The battlefield of Sedan, France. 
*669 Interior of a Breton village home in France. 

673 The Ducal Palace at Monaco. 

678 The bridge and Flying Ferry at Portugalete, Spain. 
*679, *680 Valencia, Spain. 

689 Cadiz, Spain. 

693 The castle of St. George and city from the Tagus, Lis- 
bon, Portugal. 

695 Old aqueduct that brings water 15 miles to Lisbon, 
Portugal. 
*698 Lucerne and lofty Pilatus, Switzerland. 
*699 An Alpine elevator to the top of Pilatus, Switzerland. 
*710 Fiescher Glacier, Switzerland. 

711, 712 Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland. 
*721, 722 The great Mer de Glace, Switzerland. 

723 Boulders on the bosom of the Mer de Glace, Switzer- 
land. 
*730, *731 Naples and Vesuvius, Italy. 

733 Amalfi and the sea, Italy. 
*734, 735 Marble quarries at Carrara, Italy. 

745 A fifth century theatre, Sicily. 
*760 The principal street of Innsbriick, Tyrol. 
*764 On the Acropolis at Athens. 

779 In St. Sophia at Constantinople. 
*785 The Suez Canal. 
*801 The Nilometer at the first cataract of the Nile, 

Egypt. 
*814 The beginning of the Nile Kiver, East Africa. 
*815 The throne room in the Sultan's palace, Zanzibar, East 

Africa. 
*821 Victoria Falls, East Africa. 

825 Forest trail in the heart of Africa. 

841, *842 Oasis in a desert, Sinai. 
*855 The springs at Dan, Palestine. 



300 THE wOkld visualized 

873 to *876 (3 are starred) At Babylon and along the 

Euphrates Eiver. 
877, 878, 879, *880, *881, 882 Strange sights at Nineveh 

and along the Tigris Eiver, Mesopotamia. 
898 Benares on the bank of the Ganges Eiver, India. 
905 An Indian '■ ' reet ' ' or bullock carriage at Ulwar, India. 
940, 941 The "Forbidden City" in Peking, China. 
*944 The Great Wall of China. 
945 Chinese junk under full sail on the Yellow Sea. 
*946, 951 Port Arthur and the harbor. 
*961 The cherry blossoms in Shiba Park, Tokyo, Japan. 
979 The suburbs of Seoul, Korea. 

986 Dalgetty's salesrooms, where wool buyers come from 
all parts of the world, Australia. 

ART AND ARCHITECTURE 

Composition is an art and has principles of struc- 
ture analogous to those of architecture. Hence, the 
teacher who will secure and read a few of the nu- 
merous guides to pictures and to architecture which 
are now to be had may lead his pupils to understand 
and enjoy the art of good writing by a method no 
less effective because indirect. There is here, also, 
a typical opportunity for teaching a vocabulary 
peculiar to a certain field of human interest and en- 
deavor. Let the pupils learn how to give a correct 
description of a Gothic church, and how to compare 
Notre Dame with St. Paul's. 

6 The public library on Copley Square, Boston. 
37 The Woolworth Bldg., in New York City. 
58 The State Capitol Bldg., at Albany, N. Y. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 301 

*132 The United States Capitol at Washington, D. C. 

135 In the Supreme Court Eoom, Washington, D. C. 

136 Decorative splendor of entrance hall, Congressional 

Library, Washington, D. C. 
*137 The White House, Washington, D. C. 

141 Gen. Lee's old home at Arlington, Va. 

142 Christ Church, Alexandria, Va. 

*143 Mount Vernon, home of Washington, Va. 

328 The Cathedral in Panama City. 

372 The government building at Ottawa, Canada. 
*398 The Cathedral in Mexico City. 
*428 Courtyard of typical Cuban home. 

462 One of the massive aisles in La Compania Church, 
Ecuador. 

497, *498 The new Tower Bridge and the Tower of Lon- 
don, England. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, London. 
*509 Windsor Castle, England. 
*512 Interior of Canterbury Cathedral, England. 
*517 Ancient Elizabethan house at Exeter, England. 
*529 Nave of Durham Cathedral, England. 
*598 Eoyal Palace, Stockholm, Sweden. 
*608 St. Isaac's Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Russia. 
*625 The Zwinger, Dresden, Germany. 
*632 Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany. 
*638 The great cathedral at Cologne, Germany. 
*647 Palace of Justice, Brussels, Belgium. 

648 Town Hall of Brussels, Belgium. 
*653 The Arch of Triumph, Paris. 
*659 Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. 

860 Gallery of Battles in the Palace at Versailles, France. 

662, *663 Eheims Cathedral, France. 

675 Aqueduct of Trajan's time, Segovia, Spain. 
*685 Court of the Lions in the Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 

694 Court and beautiful cloisters of Sao Jeronymo Con- 
vent^ near Lisbon, Portugal. 



302 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

727 Interior of Vatican Library at Eome. 
*728 The ruins of the Forum at Eome. 
*729 The Coliseum at Eome. 

732 Beautiful home of the Vetii at Pompeii, Italy. 

737 The Cathedral of Florence, Italy. 
*738, 739 The beautiful Cathedral at Milan, Italy. 
*742 Palazzo Ca d'Oro in Venice, Italy. 
*751 Franzens Eing at Vienna, Austria. 
*752 The Imperial Museums, Vienna, Austria. 
*755 Imperial Opera House, Vienna, Austria. 

763 Temple of Nike, Athens. 
*764, *765 The Parthenon at Athens. 
*767 The temple of Olympian Zeus at Athens. 

770 Agamemnon's Council Hall at Argos, Greece. 

790, 791, 793, 794 The Great Pyramid at Gizeh, Egypt. 

800 Temple of Luxor in Egypt. 
*883 Eailway station at Bombay, India. 
*899, 900 The Taj Mahal, India. 

942 Grand Porcelain Tower in Peking, China. 
*962 Interior of Count Okuma's home in Tokyo, Japan, 

989 General Post Office building at Sydney, Australia. 

CONSTRUCTION 

This group calls for a good deal of mechanical 
interest and knowledge, and will be found of special 
value to boys who like to make things. It is prob- 
able that only a few of the older pupils will be able 
to speak or write successfully about these subjects. 

*31, *32 Brooklyn Bridge, New York City. 
*43 Building a great steel skyscraper, New York City. 
53 Electric locomotive train with overhead cables. New 

York. 
*60 Curtis in his bi-plane, Mineola, N. Y. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 303 

*78 In the great power plant at Niagara Falls. 
81 Great freight escalators on Bergen Hill, New Jersey. 
*127, *915 Great oil pumps at work in the oil fields of 

western Pennsylvania and in Burma. 
*174, *187 End-wheel steamboats on the Mississippi Eiver. 
*206, 207, *208 The locks of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. 
*229 A 5-ton steam shovel in an open pit mine in Minne- 
sota. 
*233 Docks with two miles' frontage at Two Harbors, Minn. 

333 to *340 (4 are starred) Panama Canal and Gatun Locks. 
*472 Eailroad bridge in the Andes Mountains, Ecuador. 
*490 Cog Eailroad at Los Andes, Argentine. 
*496 London Bridge from the Surrey side. 

497 The new Tower Bridge, London. 

535 The curious suspension bridge at Conway, Wales. 
*542 The Great Forth Bridge, Scotland. 
*560 Building an ocean liner at Belfast, Ireland. 

769 The Corinthian Canal, Greece. 
*803 The Assuan Dam, in Egypt. 
*980 Building a house in Korea. 

PEOPLE— THEIR DRESS AND MANNERS 

The suggestions made above with regard to bring- 
ing to expression the pupils' own life and with re- 
gard to the looking up of the facts necessary to 
amplify the places or objects seen in the stereoscope 
apply here. Older pupils may compose specific nar- 
ratives, supplying time, place and circumstances for 
some of the stereographs. 

59 Digging potatoes on a Long Island farm. 
*138 President Wilson and his Cabinet. 
139 Admiral Dewey and fellow officers in Washington, 
D. C. 



304 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*170 Colored students plowing at Tnskegee Institute, Ala. 
*171 Booker T. Washington and guests at Tuskegee, Ala. 
*192, *194 Some of the original inhabitants of America. 
*348 ■ Our Samoan cousins. 
*356 People of Ermita, P. I. 

390, *393 People of the Arctic. 
*404, *412, 415, *416 People of Mexico. 
*456, *458, *459, *461, *464 People of Ecuador. 
*475 South American Indians in Peru. 

477 On a country road in Peru. 
*542 Scotch Highlanders in the famous kilts. 
*566 People on the Island of Achill, Ireland. 
*567 Irish lads in the peat bogs of Ireland. 
*578 A farmer's family at Eoldal, Norway. 
*593 Lapp family in their native home. 
*594 Bridal party in costume in Norway. 
*601 A farmer's family at Lerdal, Sweden. 
*602 Happy throngs at the Vorfest in Jonkoping, Sweden. 
*618 Eussians at their country home. 
*626 German women hoeing sugar beets, Germany. 

627 Dressing dolls in Germany. 
*642 Industrious peasants with milk cart — Holland. 

643 Substantial dignity of a Dutch matron in her dog 
cart, Holland. 
*644 Quaint costumes of village girls at Zuider Zee, Holland. 
*645 Picturesque country women with pails balanced on 
yokes, Goes, Holland. 

671 Autumn in Brittany, France. 

674 On a farm in Spain. 
*756 School children's morning devotion in Austria. 
*758 An Austrian hamlet, Val Ampezzo. 
*782 In Constantinople. 

787 A crowded street in Cairo, Egypt. 
*811 Kikuyu women in East Africa. 
*816 People of a Wachagga village in East Africa. 
*818 The Safari, East Africa, 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 305 

823 A new river settlement near the Equator, Congo Free 
State. 

825 On a forest trail in East Africa. 

826 The Pigmies of the Congo. 
*844 The bazaar of Jaffa, Palestine. 

846 On Christian Street in Jerusalem. 

850 Bedouins on north shore of the Dead Sea, Palestine. 

853 Life on the shore of Galilee, Palestine. 

*881 Strange round boats and pontoon bridge used on tlie 

Tigris Eiver, Mesopotamia. 

*884 School boys of Amritsar, India. 

888 Hindus on the river Sutlej in India. 

890 Bhutanese milkmen at Darjeeling, India. 

*903 Devout Mohammedans at prayer, Delhi, India. 

911 At a Buddhist funeral, Mandalay, Burma. 

*912 Burmese natives searching for rubies, Mogok, Burma. 

916 Natives on a timber raft on the Irrawaddy Eiver, 
Burma. 

918 Goldsmiths of Kandy, Ceylon. 

*920 Natives harvesting rice in China. 

*929 Mission children in Canton, China. 

933 Natives of Interior China. 

*943 Bride and groom in costume, China. 

954 Japanese lady in a rickshaw, Japan. 

*960 Burden-bearers of Japan in Tokyo. 

963 Japanese family at dinner in Japan. 

965 Japanese lady in a yama-kago, near Nikko. 

*973 Girls picking tea in Japan. 

*981 Boys and men in school in Seoul, Korea. 

*990 Sons of aboriginal Australians. 

993 Girls of the old Maori race in Auckland, New Zealand. 

*997 Sudanese in Garoet, Java. 

*1000 Fiji Islanders. 



306 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

PRODUCTS 
These subjects should be handled in the recitation 
in geography. It should be remembered that much 
of the best composition work consists in excellent, 
well thought-out and well-expressed recitations in 
the various classes. Little is accomplished in Eng- 
lish when it is not taught throughout the school day. 

*167, *168, 324 Cocoanuts. 

*193 Corn in Kansas. 

*279, *280, *281 Oranges in California. 

*293 to *299 (5 are starred) Big trees of California. 

*323 Pineapples in Porto Eico. 

*344, *407, *408, *434 Bananas. 

*404 Pulque from the maguey plant, Mexico. 

418, *419, *457 Cocoa beans. 

433 Citron. 

*686 Dates in Spain. 

*691 Malaga grapes. 

*744 Lemons in a grove in Sicily. 

*897 A banyan tree. 

*934 Cultivated bamboo. 

PROCESSES 

See the suggestions under Products 

*15, *16, *628, *629 Processes in the making of shoes. 
140 Printing money at Washington, D. C. 
*200 Cutting corn with reaper, Michigan. 

300 Polling logs in McCloud River, California. 
*303 Irrigating a strawberry field in Oregon. 
*304 Floating timber down the Columbia River. 
*305 Logs shooting down a mountain side, through a 350- 
ft. flume to the water, Oregon. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 307 

*309 Modern American reaper and binder at work in Wash- 
ington. 

310 Picking red raspberries in Washington. 

362 Filipino saw mill on Island of Cebu. 

*386 Gold miners at work in the Klondike, 

*355, 415 Making rope. 

*416 Making matting in Mexico. 

*435 Crude method of grinding sugar cane. 

*469 Irrigation in Peru. 

*527 Unloading and stacking hay in England. 

528 Using a motor plow in England. 

*558 Hatcheling flax. 

*567 Cutting peat in a bog. 

*578 Making hay in Norway. 

606 Packing prize butter in Denmark. 

*609 Making hay in Russia. 

*620 Turning up salt in Russia. 

*650, *651 Curing flax in Belgium. 

658 Making Gobelin tapestry. 

*668 Collecting salt for stacks, France. 

690 Stacking salt in Spain. 

*783, 784 Making oriental rugs in Constantinople. 

*797, *798 Irrigation in Egypt. 

*799 Threshing in Egypt. 

845 Plowing in Palestine. 

*851 Grinding out flour in Palestine. 

*861 Making bread in a Syrian home. 

*862 Churning in Syria. 

*875 Drawing water from the Euphrates River to water the 
fields. 

879 Making sun-dried bricks in Mesopotamia. 

*886 Shelling rice in India. 

*887 Shawl weaving in Cashmere, India, 

889 Making road at Darjeeling, India. 

*908 Handling freight in Rangoon, Burma. 

917 Washing rubies in Burma. 



308 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

919 Grinding moonstones with primitive lathe — Ceylon. 

*932 Unloading tea at Hankow, China. 

*955 Heading millet in Japan. 

968 A potter fashioning a vase on his wheel. 

*969 Decorating cloisonne, Japan. 

*971, *972 Transplanting rice in Japan. 

*974 Flailing barley in Japan. 

978 Coaling a steamship. 

*985 Shearing sheep by electricity in Australia. 

ANIMALS 

See the suggestions under Products 

*63, 64 Whale on the beach on Long Island, N. Y. 

191 Tame deer on a ranch in Missouri. 
*201 Prize-winning sheep in Jackson, Michigan. 
*216 Feeding the pigs. 

217 Steers grazing in pastures in Illinois. 
*225 A TTOrk-horse in Minnesota. 
*238 Bison in Yellowstone National Park. 

239 A bear in Yellowstone National Park. 

275, 277, *403, *461 Burros. 
*273, *442 Mules. 

*287 Young seals on beach at Santa Catalina Island. 
*357, *363, 914 Water buffalo. 
*358 Caraboa in the Philippine Islands. 
*473, 477 Pack trains of llamas in the Andes, Peru. 
*543 Fine sheep in Scotland. 

544 Highland cattle in Scotland. 
*569 Farm animals at a country home in Ireland. 
*582 Eeindeer herd in their native haunts. 
*586, *743 Goats. 
*593 A family reindeer in Lapland, 

643 A harness dog of Holland. 

664, 757 Cows in pasture. 
*676 Military horses in Madrid. 

788, *789, 790 Camels. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 309 

810 Zebras (dead) in East Africa. 

850 Arabian horses in Palestine. 

894 Snakes exhibited on the streets in Calcutta, India. 
*895 Hindu cows in Calcutta. 

896 A huge tiger in India. 

905 Bullock in India. 

907, 923 to *926 (2 are starred) Elephants in Ceylon and 
Burma. 

984 A boxing kangaroo in the Zoo at Melbourne, Australia. 
*987 Beautiful specimens of horses in Australia. 

991 5,000 thirsty sheep in Australia. 

FISH 

See the suggestions under Products 
*307, 308 Salmon in northwestern United States. 

BIRDS 

See the suggestions under Products 

*165 Pelicans on the Pelican Islands off coast of Florida. 

*283 Ostrich on farm in California. 

*286 Gulls on San Francisco Bay, California. 

*368 Gannets on the St. Lawrence Eiver. 

*394 Auks on the west coast of Greenland. 

533 Song thrushes and their nest. 

534 Goldfinch, its nest and eggs. 

DISASTERS 

Some pupils may be able to present thrilling per- 
sonal accounts. Others may relate the actual hap- 
penings depicted in the stereographs. Still others 
may recall various similar horrors and may discuss 
means of prevention and relief. 



310 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

14 Scene of the "Wreck of the Hesperus," Cape Ann, 
Mass. 
118 The Johnstown Flood, Pennsylvania. 
176 Floating wreckage after the flood at Galveston, Texas. 
185 After the tornado in Louisville, Kentucky. 
190 The flood in Kansas City, Missouri. 
*284, 285 Earthquake in California. 

*436 to 439 (3 are starred) Eruption of Mont Pelee and 
destruction of Martinique. 
748, *749 Earthquake at Messina, Italy. 



WORLD WONDERS 

Among possible exercises with this group is that 
of a debate as to whether the greatest of all wonders 
is included or not and, if so, which. After proper 
preparation the pupils may write travel letters from 
some of the places suggested or travelogue about all 
of them. 

*31, *32 Brooklyn Bridge, New York City. 

36 Singer Building, New York City. 

37 The Woolworth Building, New York City, 
147, *148 Luray Caverns, Va. 

*237 Pulpit Terrace in the Yellowstone Park. 

240, *241 Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone Park. 

247, 248 Eroded forms in the Garden of the Gods, Col. 

260 The Petrified Forest of Arizona. 
*271, *272 Eed Mountain blown asunder, Arizona. 
*301 Crater Lake, Oregon. 

*336 to 340 (3 starred) The great ^cks in the Gatun Dam, 
Panama. 

345, *346, *347 Volcanic Hawaii. 
*542 The Great Forth Bridge, Scotland. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION 311 

*795 The Granite Temple, SpMnx and Pyramid at Gizeh, 
Egypt. 

804 Abu Simbel Temple in Egypt. 

856 The Sun Temple at Baalbek, Syria. 

909 Towering images of Buddha in Burma. 
*910 Buddhist pagodas in Mandalay, India. 
*966 Yasaka pagoda in Japan. 
*994, 995 Geysers in Australia. 

999 Bore Boedeor, the most remarkable and magnificent of 
the Buddhists' Temples, Java. 



EXPOSITION 

These stereographs suggest explanations of 
processes. The pupils should consider how they can 
make their accounts clear. Often drawings and ad- 
ditional illustrations will be needed. 

12, 13 Codfishing at Gloucester, Mass. 
*28 Granite quarrying and making of paving blocks. New 
England. 
*985 and 17 to *24 (5 are starred) Shearing of sheep and 
making of woolen goods. 
*86, *87, *88, *66, *67, 68 Dairying in New York and 
New Jersey. 
*109 to 116 (6 are starred) Mining hard coal. 
227 to *234 (6 are starred), *195 to *199 (4 starred), and 
*203, 209, *119, 120, *121 Mining and manufactur- 
ing of steel. 
122 to *126 (4 are starred) Manufacturing plate glass in 
Pennsylvania. 
*149, *150, *151 Gathering and distilling turpentine, North 

Carolina. 
*160 and *177 to *180 (3 are starred) Growing and ship- 
ping of cotton. 



312 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*154 to *158 (4 are starred) Manufacture of cloth from 

cotton. 
*181, *182, 183 Eice in Texas. 
224 and *219 to *222 (all are starred) Paper made from 

wood pulp. 
*817, *922 Coffee. 

*376, *377, *378 Wheat in Manitoba. 
*519 to 523 (4 starred) Porcelain. 
*681, 682, *683 Cork industry. 
*864 to *871 (6 starred) Silk production in Syria and early 

processes. 
92 to 104 (8 are starred) Manufacture of silk in America. 
*435, *210, *211, *89, 90, *91 The manufacture of sugar. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in this list in sizes i6 x 20 — 20 x 24. 



GEOLOGY 

EDITED BY 

ALBERT P. BRIGHAM, Ph.D., 

PEOFESSOK OF GEOLOGY, COLGATE UNIVERSITY. 

239 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 472 
REFERENCES TO THEM. 

The arrangement of the stereographs and sHdes 
for the study of Geology takes into consideration 
three different aspects of the subject, and is in ac- 
cordance with the order followed generally in mod- 
ern text-books on Geology. Therefore, it will be 
easy for the busy teacher to turn quickly to just the 
subjects needed. The three groups illustrated are 
as follows : 

I. Dynamical Geology. 
II. Structural Geology. 
III. Physiographical Geology. 

Naturally, in Group I, there are many close 
parallels to the classification on Physical Geography, 
and where it is possible to do so reference is made to 
that classification rather than to make a repetition. 
It may be found advantageous to refer to the Physi- 
ography Classification for supplemental material 

318 



3 14 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

even in cases where it is not here suggested. For 
Group III no special classification has been made, 
but the teacher is here referred to the above-men- 
tioned classification on Physical Geography. 

Publishers' Note: 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special " 600 " set. 

For further illustrations on Geology the teacher is referred 
to the wider range of material to be found in our general 
catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the different 
countries, particulars of which will be sent on application. 

DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY— SUBTERRANEAN 
MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST 

DEFORMATION 

*700 Folding of the rocks shown on summit of Mt. Pilatus, 
Switzerland. 

OSCILLATION 

14 A coast that has undergone subsidence, Cape Ann, 
Mass. 
*29 Overlooking the drowned channel of the Hudson, from 
lower Manhattan. 
82 Coastal plain. New Jersey, resulting from the uplift of 
an old sea bottom. 
*128 Washington, D. C, on the banks of a drowned river, 

the Potomac. 
*166 Pine-grown sand levels of an uplifted sea bottom, 
Florida. 



GEOLOGY 315 

*394 West coast of Greenland, whose fiord character is due 
to subsidence. 

*513, *514, *518, *562, 563, 565, *570 British coast, whose 
drowned rivers and tidal inlets are due to subsidence. 

*596 Stockholm, Sweden, built on ground that was formerly 
higher than now. 
670, *672 North and west coast of France, a region of 

past subsidence. 
843, 850, 854 Jordan Valley, due to faulting and subsi- 
dence. 

EARTHQUAKE 

*284 Visible results of earthquake shocks in San Francisco, 
Cal. 
285 Eesults of the San Francisco earthquake, showing 

faulting. 
748, *749 Kesult of the earthquake at Messina, Sicily. 

VULCANISM 

In the classification for Physical Geography will 
be found under the head of "Hot Springs and Gey- 
sers" and ''Caves and Caverns" nine references to 
excellent examples of those subjects, and under the 
head of "Vulcanism" 41 good examples of the fol- 
lowing : 

Volcanic Cones. 

Eruption and Results. 

Craters and Fissures. 

Lava. 

Volcanic Ash. 

Lava Floes. 

Volcanic Dikes, sills and bosses. 



316 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

To avoid useless repetition, attention is called to 
the Physical Geography classification. 



DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY— SURFACE AGENTS 
DESTRUCTIVE AGENTS 

THE ATMOSPHERE 

In the Physical Geography classification, under 
the head "Erosion," will be found sub-heads, "Ac- 
tion of Wind, Frost and Rain," "Conspicuous Ac- 
tion of Frost," "Peculiar Forms Caused by Ero- 
sion," "Talus" and "Sand Dunes." The sixty-seven 
stereographs there listed will meet the present needs. 

RUNNING WATER 

In the Physical Geography Classification, under 
the head of "Erosion," will be found sub-headings, 
"River Erosion" and "Action of Ground Water." 
The twenty-three stereographs there listed will, it is 
believed, answer the present need. However, the 
number of examples may be greatly increased by 
referring to "Rivers," "Rapids," "Falls," and "Val- 
leys." 

SNOW AND ICE 

In the Physical Geography Classification, under 
the head of "Erosion," will be found the sub-head 



GEOLOGY 317 

"Glacial Erosion," and under the head "Plains" will 
be found the sub-head "Glacial Plains," and under 
the head "Lakes" will be found the sub-head "Gla- 
cial Lakes." 

The thirty-six stereographs there listed, together 
with twenty listed under the head of "Glaciers," will 
answer the present need. 

THE SEA 

In the Physical Geography Classification, under 
the head of "Erosion," will be found the sub-head, 
"Sea Erosion." 

The eighteen stereographs there listed will, it is 
believed, meet the present need. These may be 
supplemented by the stereographs listed under the 
head of "Coast Line and Seashore." 

ORGANIC AGENCIES 

VEGETATION 

*80 Vegetation destructive to the Palisades. 
146 Vegetable growths rooting in Natural Bridge, Va. 
*305 A wooded slope in Oregon, showing protective effects 
of vegetation. 
373 Tree rooting in a rock in the Thousand Islands, 
*699 Unprotected Mt. Pilatus. 
708 Lichens corroding the rocks in the Gorge of the Aar, 
Switzerland. 
*944 Eoots in the old Chinese wall. 

Note. — The part man has played in the destructive 
forces of the earth is not unimportant. The pumping 
of oil from the depths of the earth, the mining of coal 



318 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

and ore, the building of canals, and damming of rivers, 
are examples of man's effective action. 

*127, *915 Pumping oil from the earth. 

*109, *110, *111, 113, *195, *203, *204, 227, *228, 230, *231, 
*232, *249, *265, *266, *267, 268, 474, *833, *912 
Mining of coal, iron and other substances. 

*803 The great dam at Assuan, Egypt. 
333, *334, 335, 337 Digging the Panama Canal. 

CONSTRUCTIVE FORCES 

MVER DEPOSITS 

190, 382, *548, *549, 550, *579, 580, 619, *792, *876, *885 
Examples of river flood deposits. 

118 Flood in a valley caused by breaking of dam. 

175 Delta of the Mississippi Kiver. 
*483 Fan delta in Peru. 
*586 Fan delta in Norway. 
*716 Fan delta on Lake Geneva, Switzerland. 
*724 Fan delta at foot of La Brevent, France. 
*876 The Euphrates in Upper Mesopotamia. 

LAKE DEPOSITS 

551 Lake plain formed by Loch Achray, Scotland. 

*600 Lake plain in Sweden. 

850 On the shore of the Dead Sea. 

854 The Plain of Gennesaret, Palestine. 

SWAMP DEPOSITS 
*110, *111, 113 Coal deposits. 
152 Marsh vegetation. 
163 Florida jungle. 
*343 Pacific Paradise showing tropical vegetation. 
*567 Peat beds in Ireland. 
*842 Bog in the oasis of Elim, Sinai. 

*357 A rice field in the Philippines. Though artificially 
flooded, it is suggestive of natural bog. 



GEOLOGY 319 

ICE DEPOSITS 

*49 Glacial boulder on striated bed rock, Bronx Park, N. Y. 
*384, *705, *710, 714, 718, *721, 722, 759 Glacial moraines. 
*721, 723 Erratic rocks on glaciers. 
*590 At the foot of Kjendal Glacier in Norway. 
*667 Deposits washed from glaciers in the Pyrenees, France. 
*318, *391, *396 Icebergs that may carry and deposit ma- 
terial. 
*389, *394 Floe ice and the source of the drift it carries. 

VARIOUS LAND DEPOSITS 

*10, 11, 793, 795, 796, *804 Sand dunes and drifts. 

244, *253, 289, *301, *380, *381, 382, 471, *472, *490, 491, 
711, 996 Talus slopes. 
*237, 240, *241, *994, 995 Geyserite terraces and other de- 
posits. 

147, *148, 276 Cave deposits. 

3IARINE DEPOSITS 

*10, 11, 82, *83, *164 Sand beaches. 
*287, *514, *665, *672 Gravel beaches. 
541 Deposits near Tantallon Castle, Scotland. 



II 



STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY— ROCKS 

IGNEOUS ROCKS 

*80 The great diabase rocks of the Palisades, N. J. 
81 Huge masses of diabase rock composing Bergen Hill, 
N. J. 
*288, 290, *291 Diorite formations in Yosemite Valley, Cal. 
289 El Capitan, huge andesite rock in Yosemite Valley. 
*476 Great masses of andesite on western coast of Peru. 



320 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*518 Trap rock at Land's End, England. 
*562, 563, 564 Great basalt columns of the Giant's Cause- 
way, Ireland. 

242, *243 Volcanic agglomerate in Yellowstone Park. 
*271, *272 Volcanic ash of Eed Mountain, Arizona. 
*301 Tuffs in Crater Lake, Oregon. 

345, *346 In the crater of Kilauea, H. I. 
*347 Lava beds around Mokuaweoweo, H. I. 
*731 In the wilderness of lava at the base of Vesuvius. 

957 Agglomerate in the crater of Fujiyama, Japan. 

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS— (AQUEOUS EOCKS) 

MECHANICAL DEPOSITS 

Silicious 

82, *164 Sands laid down by the sea. 
*223 Conglomerate rock on the Wisconsin Eiver. 
*287, *514, *665, *672, 850 Gravel beaches.- 

367 Perce Eocks, Canada. 
*570 Millstone grit cliffs at County Clare, Ireland. 
617 Sandy sea bottom uplifted. 
804 Carved sandstone at Abu Simbel, Egypt. 

Argillaceous 

*519 Porcelain clay pit at Bugle, England. 
Chemical Precipitates 

147, *148 Stalactites and stalagmites in the Luray Cav- 
erns, Va. 
*237 The beautiful Pulpit Terrace at Yellowstone Park. 

240 Geyserite formation, Yellowstone Park. 
*241 Sinter deposits around "Old Faithful" in Yellow- 
stone Park. 
276 Dendritic stalagmites in a limestone cave, Grand 

Canyon, Arizona. 
995 Accumulations around the geysers of New Zealand. 



GEOLOGY 321 

ORGANIC ACCUMITLATIONS 

Calcareous 

73 Limestone rock at Niagara Falls. 
*76 Great, gorge of Niagara cut through limestone. 
*513 Chalk clififs at Dover, England. 

Carbonaceous 
*110 An Anthracite mine in Pennsylvania. 
*567 Peat bogs in Ireland. 

METAMORPHIC ROCKS 
NON-FOLIATED ROCKS 

*734, 735 Marble quarry at Carrara, Italy. 
FOLIATED ROCKS 

Gneiss 

14 Eeef of Norman's Woe, Massachusetts coast. 

*250 In the Eoyal Gorge, Colo. 

*476 Eocks on the coast of Peru. 

*576 By the falls of the Ejukanfos, Norway. 

583 Near the mouth of the Hardanger Glacier, Norway. 

603 The Toppo Falls, Sweden. 

636 Lorelei Eocks, Germany. 

*699 The southern slopes of Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland. 
See numbers *631, *632, 670, 708, *710, 996. 

Mineral Veins and Ore Deposits 

227, *228 Open-pit iron mining, Hibbing, Minn. 
230, *232 In an iron mine at Hibbing, Minn. 
*266, *267, 268 In the copper mines in Michigan and Ari- 
zona. 
*249, *386, *387, 474 Gold and silver mining. 
*833 In a diamond mine in Kimberley, South Africa. 
*912 Dredging for rubies in Burma. 



322 TECE WORLD VISUALIZED 

THE STRUCTURE OF ROCK MASSES 
STRATIFIED ROCK 

65 Shale strata of Watkins Glen, N. Y. 

*76 Limestone strata in the gorge of Niagara. 

255 Strata in the canyon at Mesa Verde Park, Colo. 

260 In the Petrified Forest, Arizona. 
*269 Strata in Canyon Diablo, Arizona. 

*274, 277 Angular unconformity in Grand Canyon, Arizona. 
^278 Strata in Grand Canyon. 

382 Strata in Mt. Stephens, British Columbia. 

581 Folded strata in the mountains of Norway. 
*631 The great Watzmann Mountain in Germany. 

636 The Lorelei Eocks on the Rhine, Germany. 

670 Plicated folds of the rock on coast of Finistere, 
France. 
*700 Closed recumbent fold on Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland. 

769 Thrusts in the strata of the Corinthian Canal, Greece. 

804 Strata clearly marked on the sandstone figures at Abu 
Simbel Temple, Egypt. 
*828 Strata of the rock at Cape of Good Hope. 

996 Plicated folds on Mount Elliot, Australia. 

JOINTING 

14 Irregular jointing in the Reef of Norman's Woe, Mass. 
*80 Irregular jointing in the diabase of the Palisades, N. Y. 
146 Jointing in the limestone of Natural Bridge, Va. 
*223 Jointed rock on Wisconsin River. 
*250 Royal Gorge, Colorado. 
*261 Joint planes in a rock. Mesa, Arizona. 
290 Irregular jointing on Glacier Point, Yosemite. 
373 Irregular joints in the granite rock of Thousand Isl- 
ands. 
*476 Irregular jointing of the rocks on Pacific Coast of 

Peru. 
*518 Irregular jointing at Land's End, England. 



GEOLOGY 323 

*633 Irregular jointing in the Danube Valley, Germany. 

717 Joint planes on Aiguille Eouge, France. 
*821 Zambesi Eiver, East Africa, following the jointing in 
the basalt rock. 

MASSIVE ROCKS 

*80 Palisades along Hudson Eiver. 
*271 Anticlinal form of volcanic ash in Eed Mountain, 
Arizona. 

289, *291 Massive El Capitan and Half Dome, Yosemite 
Valley. 

300 Mt. Shasta, California. 

302 Mt. Hood, Oregon. 
*311 Mt. Tacoma, Washington. 

345, *346, *347 Lava beds in various stages of crystalliza- 
tion, Hawaiian Islands. 
*389 Cape Sabine, Arctic. 
*562, 563, 564 Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 

575 Snowy heights of Mount Gausta, Norway. 
*731 Mt. Vesuvius and lava beds. 

746 Mt. Etna, Sicily. 
*956 Mt. Fuji, Japan. 

976, *977 Mt. Aso-San, Japan. 



Ill 

PHYSIOGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY 

A classification has already been made for the 
study of Physical Geography which gives access to 
all the best material on the various topographical 
features, and while the material is necessarily some- 
what differently arranged, and more inclusive than 



324 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

would be a list made especially to correspond with 
the subject of Physiographical Geology, the essential 
elements are all there, and it is believed will be quite 
as convenient as would such a special classification. 
Therefore, to avoid any needless repetition, refer- 
ence is here made to that classification. 



SCHOOIROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



GENERAL HISTORY 

EDITED BY 

HENRY E. BOURNE, L.H.D., 

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, 
CLE\'ELAND, OHIO. 

290 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 370 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM. 

Stereographs have a very direct and immediate 
value in teaching history. The pupil's imagination is 
poor in materials from which to construct ideas of 
the places and events suggested by the text. For ex- 
•ample, no description, however vivid, or flat picture, 
however good, can supply the aid furnished by the 
stereograph (486) of the Strait of Magellan in con- 
structing an idea of Magellan's famous voyage. The 
stereograph (633) of the upper Danube imparts a 
new interest to the highway through which the Hun- 
garian invaders in the tenth century reached south- 
ern Germany, the same route that many later armies 
took in moving to or from the Austrian basin of the 
great river. Again, the views (513, 518) of the 
Channel near Dover and of the ocean near Land's 
End give the pupil a fresh idea of the natural de- 
fences of England. 

325 



326 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

In order that the stereographs may be most in- 
structive, the pupil should be guided in his study 
by questions. His powers of attention and observa- 
tion are not developed enough to lead him to the 
discovery of all the stereograph can teach. This is 
true whether the stereographs present mediaeval 
cathedrals or modern industrial methods. For each 
topic, therefore, the teacher should prepare a series 
of questions to which answers, either oral or writ- 
ten, should be found. 

In the lists which follow, various groupings of 
stereographs or slides will be noted. The number of 
these groups could be increased. Others may be ar- 
ranged by the teacher to illustrate phases of the sub- 
ject which she desires to emphasize. The lists do 
not include all the stereographs or slides in the geo- 
graphical classification, because the lists are intended 
to suggest a method of use rather than exhaust the 
possibilities of the method. Stereographs or slides 
which have no immediate reference to the subject in 
hand may add to the interest if they give impres- 
sions of the present conditions in the particular 
country being studied. When pupils are studying 
the earlier history of a region they feel a natural in- 
terest in its present appearance, and many questions 
are suggested as to how the distant past led to the 
present situation. 

It should be noted that the topics for the study 



GEN3E21AL HISTORY 327 

of events, which are arranged roughly in chronolog- 
ical order, are not a complete list of the leading 
events of the period for which they are listed, but 
include only those which are immediately illustrated 
by the stereographs in the geographical classifica- 
tion. 

In teaching a history lesson with this material, it 
has been found helpful to place on the board a few 
simple observation rules, in order to guide the atten- 
tion of the pupils to the things of most importance 
in their study. Such an outline as the following has 
been successfully used, and is here offered as a sug- 
gestion. 

OBSERVATION OUTLINE 

FOR THE STUDY OF HISTORY 

1. Location, or country under observation,. 

2. Specific object or place seen. 

3. Historical importance of object or place seen. 

4. Date or period of history pertaining to object or place 

seen. 

5. Particular event of history pertaining to object or place 

seen. 

6. Why the event took place here. 

7. Could it have taken place elsewhere and why? 

8. Did the visible physical features have any causal relation 

to the event and how? 

9. What results have followed the event? 

10. What race of people lived here at the time of the event? 

11. What language did they speak? 

12. What religion did they hold? 



328 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

13. Were they civilized, warlike or peaceful? 

14. How did they differ from the people who live there now? 
(Note. — The numbers used below are the serial numbers to 

be found on the upper right-hand corners of the stereographs. 
Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. For further illustrative material 
for History on any country, teachers are referred to our com- 
plete tours of Egypt, Italy, Greece, and other countries and to 
our general catalogue. — The Publishers.) 

ANCIENT HISTORY 

List of stereographs given in the i,opo series 
available for Ancient History. 

*789 to 804 (9 are starred) Egypt. 

840, *842 Sinai. 

845, 847, 848, 849, *851, 852, 854 Palestine. 
*875, *876, 873, 877, 882, 878, 856, *857, *859, *860, *863, 

872 Syria. 
*761, 762, 763, *764, *765, *767, *768, 770, *771, 772, 773, 
774, *776 Greece. 

745, *747 Greek Sicily. 
*777, 780 Modern Turkey. 

709, 725, *726, *728, *729, *730, 732, 735 Eoman Italy. 

675 Eoman Spain. 

775 Eoman Greece. 

ANCIENT HISTORY STUDIED TOPICALLY 
TOPOGaAPHY 

Egypt, *792, *796; Shiai, 840; Palestine, 847, 849, 854. 
Syria, *863, 872; Mesopotamia, *876, 877, *874; Greece, 762, 

*768, 770, *771, 772, 773, 774, *776, 780, *747; Borne, 

709, 725, *730, *747. 

MONUMENTS (BUILDINGS) 

Egypt, *789, 790, 791, 793, 794, *795, 800, 802, 804. 
Palestine, 847. 



GENERAL HISTORY 329 

Syria, 856. 

Babylon, 873. 

Greece, 762, 763, *764, 767, *770, 745. 

Borne, 725, *728, *729, 732, 675. 

Many of these views, of temples especially, illustrate the 
topic of Eeligion. 

INDUSTRIES 

Egypt, *797, *798, *799, *801; Palestine, 848, *851, 845; 

Syria, *860. 
Mesopotamia, *875, 878. 

MAKNEK, OF LIFE 

Egypt, *789; Palestine and Syria, 848, 852, *859, *863; Meso- 
potamia, *874; Greece, 770, 772; Eome, *728, *729, 
732, 675. 

NOTABLE EVENTS 
*789, 790, 793, *795 Building of the Pyramids (2700 B. C). 
840, *842, 847, 848, 849, *863 Story of the wanderings of 
the Israelites (1200 B. C). 
*747 Legend of Scylla and Charybdis. 

770 Citadel of Agamemnon's kingdom (1000 B. C). 
*776 Mount Olympus on whose summit dwelt the gods. 
877 Pall of Nineveh (606 B. C). 
873 Fall of Babylon (539 B. C). 
*768 Battlefield of Marathon (490 B. C). 
*761 Athens, burned by Xerxes in 480 B. C; just before 
the battle of Salamis. 
774 Thermopylae, where Leonidas and 300 Spartans died de- 
fending the pass, just before Athens was captured. 
*771, 772 The home of the Spartans and one of their war 
trails. 
762, 763, *764, *765 Eemains of Periclean Athens. 
745 Greek colony of Syracuse, founded 734 B. G. 
778 Constantinople, once founded as the Greek colony of 
Byzantium (658 B. C). 



330 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

725 Story of Horatius. 
*728 The reforms of the Gracchi; scenes of their struggle 

(133-121 B. C). 
*728 Scene also of Caesar's triumphs (49-44 B. C). 

775 Csesar's victory over Pompey (48 B. C). 
*730, *731, 732 Destruction of Pompeii (79 A. D.). 

MEMORABLE EVENTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS 
OF MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN TIMES 

List of stereographs in World Visualised for the 
Classroom directly available for the study of medi- 
aeval and modern history. Other stereographs in the 
geographical classification should be used to stimu- 
late interest whenever a particular country is 
touched during the course of a lesson. 

American History will be found as a separate classification 
by Professor Fordyce. 

Great Britain, *498, *502, 503, *509, *512, 531, 535, 539, *547. 

Ireland, *556. 

France, *655, *656, *657, *659, 662, *663. 

Spain, *676, *684, *685, *687, 689. 

Italy, 725, *726, *728, *729, 733, 737, *738, *740, 748, *849. 

Holland, 641. 

Germany and Austria, *621, *633, *635, 636, 637, 750, *752, 

753, *756, *760. 
Russia, *607, *613, 614. 
Turkey, 778, 780, *781, 779. 
Africa, *785, 802, *805, 806, *807, *815, 826, *828, *829, *832, 

*835, 838, 
Palestine, 847. 
Asia, 882. 
India, *883, 892, *899, 900, *904, *906. 



GENERAL HISTORY 331 

Philippine Islands, *349. 

Japan, 954, 957, 959, *967, *969, *970, *971, *974, *975, 978, 

*955. 
China, 927, *932, 935, *943; Manchuria, *946, 953. 

MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY; TOPICS AR- 
RANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY 

FAIL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 

778 Constantinople, once the capital of the Empire, founded 

by Constantine. 
780, *781 Views on the Bosphorus, showing strategic posi- 
tion of Constantinople. 

779 Mosque, once Church of St. Sophia, built by the Em- 

peror Justinian. 
725, *728, *729 Ruins of Ancient Rome, havoc wrought by 
the medigeval inhabitants as well as by the barbarian 
invaders. 
*635, 636, -637 Views of the Rhine, once the boundary be- 
tween the Roman Empire and Barbarian Germany. 

MOVEMENTS OF THE PEOPLES 

*633 Defile of the upper Danube through which the Hun- 
garians invaded Germany before their defeats by 
Henry the Fowler and Otto the Great in the 10th 
Century. 

*684 One of the Moslem capitals in Spain, invaded by them 
first in 711. 
882 View in Bagdad, where Haroun-al-Raschid, the great 
Caliph, ruled. 

*656 Distant view of the Island of the Seine (He de la 
Cite), where mediaeval Paris was built, and which the 
Danes besieged for several months in 885. 

*498 Norman Conquest of England (1066). The Tower, part 
of which was built by the Norman, William the Con- 
queror. 



832 THE WORLD VISUALIZE!* 

THE CRTISADES 

*781 The Bosphorus, crossed by the Crusaders on their march 
to Palestine in 1096. * 

847 Jerusalem, captured by the Crusaders in 1099. 
*740 Venice, from which the Fourth Crusade started in 1203. 
*777 Constantinople, the side on which it was attacked by 
the Crusaders in 1204. 
733 Amalfi, a mediaeval town which profited by the trade 
growing out of the crusading movement. 

BEMINDERS OE MEDI.a:VAL KINGS 

*512 Canterbury cathedral, in which Henry II 's enemy, 

Becket, was murdered in 1170. 
*547 Stirling Castle, overlooking Bannockburn battleground 

(1314). 
535 Conway Castle built by Edward I in 1284 to defend 

himself against the Welsh. 
*657 Towers of the Conciergerie, remains of an old French 

royal palace. 
662, *663 Eheims cathedral, where many French kings were 

crowned, including Charles VII, to whom Joan of Are 

brought aid in 1429. 

ACHIEVEMENTS OE MEDIEVAL BTJILDERS 

*512, *529, *569, 662, *663 Durham, Canterbury, Notre Dame 
of Paris, and Eheims cathedrals. 
511 Magdalen College, Oxford. 
531, *504 Furness Abbey and Westminster Abbey. 
*509, 535 Windsor and Conway Castles. 

648 Brussels town hall. 
*685 Court of Lions, Alhambra, beautiful specimen of 

Saracenic architecture. 
*899, 900 Taj Mahal, India, completed early in the 17th 
Century, showing how far Saracenic influence extended 
and how long it lasted. 



GENERAL HISTOKT 333 

MEDIiEVAL ARMOR 

753 Imperial armory, Vienna, Austria. 

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES AND 
CONUUESTS 

*828 Cape of Good Hope, discovered by Diaz in 1487. 

693, 694 Lisbon, capital of Portugal. 
*687 Seville, to whieli Columbus returned after his first 
voyage, and from which the Spaniards usually set out 
for the New World. 
*486 The Strait of Magellan, discovered by Magellan in 
1520. 
413, *398, *400, *403 Scenes in Mexico, conquered by Cortes 
(1519-1521). 
*466, 474, *478, 479, 480, 484 Scenes in Peru, conquered by 
Pizarro in 1531. 
162 St. Augustine, founded in 1565. 

THREE INCIDENTS IN THE RELIGIOUS STRUGGLES OF 
THE 16TH CENTURY 

*760 Innsbruck, from which Charles V fled in 1552 to escape 
Maurice of Saxony. 
539 Tragedy of Mary Stuart, Holyrood Palace. 
689 Cadiz, from which the Invincible Armada sailed against 
England in 1588. 
*513 Dover, near where the Armada was defeated by the 
English fleet, 

INCIDENTS FROM THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE 17TH 
AND 18TH CENTURIES 

641 Delftshaven, from which the Pilgrims sailed in 1620. 

*883, 892, *906 Scenes in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, 
centers of rule of the British East India Company. 

*369, 370, *371 Quebec and Montreal, captured by the Eng- 
lish from the French in 1759 and 1760. 



334 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*3, *4, *5 struggles between the colonies and the mother 
country — Faneuil Hall and the Old South Meeting 
House. 
1, 9 Opening of the Revolutionary War at Concord and 
Bunker Hill (1775). 
106 Independence Hall, Declaration of Independence, July 
4, 1776. 
*143 Mount Vernon, home of Washington. 

PETEE, THE GREAT 

*613, 614 Moscow, the old capital of Eussia. 
*607 St. Petersburg, the new capital founded by Peter the 
Great. 

THE FRENCH REVOLTITION 

*655, *656 Views of Paris, where the Revolution began in 

1789. 
*657 The Conciergerie where the Revolutionary Tribunal sat 

during the Reign of Terror. 
*659 Notre Dame, where took place the Worship of Reason 

in November, 1793. 

NAPOLEONIC PERIOD 

750 Salzburg, capital of an ecclesiastical principality seized 
by Austria in 1803. 

*751, *752 Vienna, captured by Napoleon in 1805, before the 
battle of Austerlitz. 

*633 The upper Danube, a great highway of war in Na- 
poleon's time. 

*621 Berlin, occupied by Napoleon in 1806, after the battle 
of Jena. 
693, 694 Lisbon, seized by the French in 1807. 

*676 Madrid, seized by Napoleon in 1808. 

*613 Moscow, the goal of the fateful campaign of 1812. 

*756 The Tyrol, scene of Hofer uprising of 1809. 

*556 The old Parliament Building in Ireland, Union of 
Great Britain and Ireland, 1800. 



GENERAL HISTORY 335. 

AFRICA IN THE 19TH CENTURY 

*829 Cape Town, seized by the British in 1806. 
*805, 806, *807 Algiers, seized by the French in 1830. 
*814 Livingstone discovers the source of the Nile (1863). 

826 African pigmies. 
*785 Suez Canal, opened in 1869. 
*786 Cairo, capital of Egypt, occupied by the English in 

1882. 
*803 Assuan dam completed (1902). 

838 Zulu war band (1877). 
*830, *832, *835 Scenes from the Boer War (1899-1901). 

INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO AND THE SOUTH AMERI- 
CAN REPUBLICS (1816-1824) 

*440, 441, 462, 465, 466, 474, *478, 479, 480, 484. 
*440, 441 Venezuela. 

448, 449, *447, *450 Colombia. 
*463, 465 Ecuador. 

*466, 474, 477, *478, 479, 480, 484 Peru. 
*451, *452, 453 Brazil becomes a republic in 1889. 

328 Panama. 

400, *403, 410, 413, 415 Mexican scenes. 

THE FAR EAST 

927 Hong-Kong, seized by the British after the first Opium 

War. 
954 Mississippi Bay, where Perry entered Japan in 1854 

to open it to American trade. 
954, 957, 959, *967, *969, *970, *974, *975, 978, *955, *971 

The New Japan. 
927, *932, 935, *943 The New China and the Old. 
*938, 940, 941 The Boxer outbreak (1900). 
*946 to 953 (3 starred) Scenes from the Eusso-Japanese War 

(1904-1905). 
*349 Battle of Manila Bay (1898). 



336 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

PACIFIC ISLANDS 

*1000 A Fiji national dance. 



ENGLAND OR GREAT BRITAIN 

*495 to 508 (9 starred), 511, 516, 531, 532, 535 England. 
*537 to *553 (10 starred) Scotland. 
*554, *556 Ireland. 
*692 Spain. 

693, 694 Portugal. 
*785 to 804 (11 starred) Egypt. 
*828 to 838 (7 starred) British South Africa. 
*883 to *906 (12 starred) India. 

909 to 917 (3 starred) Burma. 

927 to 930 (2 starred) China. 
*982 to *994 (7 starred) Australia and New Zealand. 

MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY OF GREAT 
BRITAIN (ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY) 

*498 Tower of London, built in part by William the Con- 
queror (1078). 

*512 Canterbury Cathedral; in the northwest transept, 
Becket was murdered in 1170. 

*529 Durham Cathedral; completed about 1140. 

*496 London Bridge. Near where stood the famous medi- 
aBval London Bridge. 
535 Conway Castle, built in 1284. 

*509 Windsor Castle. Rebuilt by Edward III, in the 14th 
Century. 

*547 Stirling Castle. Stormed by Edward I, in 1304. 
550 Landscape near Stirling Castle. A mile from Ban- 
nockburn battleground (1314). 

*540 Melrose Abbey, a mediaeval Scottish monastery. 



GfiNEEAti HISTORY 337 

*502 Modem Parliament Buildings. The medi83val West- 
minster Hall still stands just behind these buildings 
at the right. At the left are seen the towers of 
Westminster Abbey, built in the 13th Century. • 
532 Shrewsbury, near where Henry IV overthrew Hot- 
spur in 1403. 
652 Field of the Clotli of Gold, where Henry VIII met 
Francis I, in 1520. 
*517 House used by Drake and Ealeigli in the 16th Cen- 
tury. 
*525 Shakespeare's house. 
*526 Anne Hathaway 's cottage. 
539 Holyrood Palace, scene of Darnley's murder, 1567. 
*883 Bombay, which was the dowry Catherine of Bra- 

ganza brought to Charles II. 
*692 Gibraltar, captured by the English from Spain in 

1704. 
*369 Quebec, captured from the French in 1759. 
*829 Cape Town, taken by the English from the Dutch in 
1806. 
693, 694 Lisbon, from which Sir Arthur Wellesley com- 
pelled Napoleon's marshal, General Junot, to with- 
draw in 1808. 
927 Hong-Kong, taken by the English from the Chinese 

after the first Opium War in 1842. 
901 A palace in Delhi, one of the scenes of the Indian 
Mutiny in 1857. 
*785 Suez Canal, which passed under British control in 

1874. 
*786 Cairo, capital of Egypt, ruled by England since 1882. 
*830 to *835 (5 starred) Scenes from the Boer War, 

1899-1901. 
530 Wordsworth's cottage in Grasmere. 
*546 Robert Burns' cottage. 
551, 552, *553 The Scottish Lakes, Ben Venue. 



338 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

THE BRITISH EMPIRE 

*495 The London docksi, center of imperial trade. 

*506 Imperial officials. 

*505 Coronation Procession. 

*507 A colonial force in London. 

*513 The channel, a defense and a highway to the conti- 
nent. 

*518 The Ocean, the road to the Western World. 

*692 Gibraltar, England's sentinel at the entrance of the 
Mediterranean. 

*785 Suez Canal, part of the highway to India. 

*829 Old Halfway station to India, Cape Town. 

*828 The Stormy Cape, on the old route to India, discov- 
ered by Diaz in 1487. 
927 Hong-Kong, the British center of trade with China. 

*982 Melbourne, part of the new England or Greater 
Britain in Australia. 

THE GREAT CITIES OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 

*495 to *507 (9 starred) London. 

*537, *538 Edinburgh. 

*556 Dublin. 

*561 Belfast. 

*369, 370 Quebec. 

*371 Montreal. 

372 Ottawa. 

*982 Melbourne. 

988 Victoria. 

*829 Cape Town. 

*786 Cairo. 

*883 Bombay. 

892 Calcutta. 

*906 Madras. 

927 Hong-Kong. 



GENERAL HISTORT 339 

INDUSTRIAL LIFE OF THE BRITISH PEOPLE, AND 
THEIR COLONIES 

AGRICULTURE 

*548, *549, 550 Scottish country life. 
*831 South African veldt. 
*798, *799 Primitive agriculture in Egypt. 
*885 Vale of Cashmere in India. 

INDUSTRY AND TRADE 

*496, 497, 500 Busy streets and bridges of London. 

*495 Shipping. 

*513, *518 The sea. 

*785 Suez Canal. 

*386 Mining in the Klondike. 

*833, 834 Diamond mining at Kimberley. 

988 Gold mining at Victoria. 

917 Mining in Burma. 

AMERICAN HISTORY 

Note. — The list for American History is not 
given here, but the subject is fully covered in a 
separate classification called "Political, Social and 
Economic History of America," by Prof. Fordyce, 
to which the teacher is referred. — The Publishers. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beautiful 
photographs suitable for wall decoration of any sub- 
ject in the above list in sizes i6 x20 — 20 x 24. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECO- 
NOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 

EDITED BY 

CHARLES rORBYCE, Ph.D., 

DEAN OP teachers' COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. 

439 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 736 
REFERENCES TO THEM. 

The list of stereographs or shdes chosen to illus- 
trate the important facts in American history con- 
cern themselves with both the geographic and his- 
toric data in our history. The object is to empha- 
size such historic places as are significant in the nar- 
rative of the evolution of life in America- The 
views throw much light on the social and industrial 
aspects of our development during the past century. 
The retardation and elimination of students in our 
public schools are largely due to a lack of interest in 
the teaching process. Since stereographs give ob- 
jects in their proper space relation and in all the 
detail of nature, they have very special value in 
meeting this need. It is hoped that the stereographs 
here offered will contribute much toward the vital- 
ization of the subject matter of the ordinary text, 
adding interest hitherto absent from much of the 
341 



342 THE "WORLD VISUALIZED 

teaching of American History. Rightly used, these 
stereographs become ^.enters around which the his- 
torical narrative may be so organized as to add con- 
creteness to the work of the text. As in other lists, 
the numbers at the left-hand margin refer to the 
serial numbers in the upper right-hand corner of the 
stereographs. The slides are designated by the 
same numbers. The numbers preceded by a star 
(*) are the ones included in the special 600 series. 
Publishers' Note. — For illustrative material on the history 
of other countries, see the classification for ' ' General History, ' ' 
by Prof. H. E. Bourne. For additional material on the history 
of either America or other countries, reference should be made 
to the Publishers' General Catalogue, and to their regular 
Travel Tours on the different countries. 

THE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD 

A VISIT TO THE HOMES OF A PREHISTORIC 
PEOPLE 

The stereographs or slides of this section portray 
the remains from which we may reason the condi- 
tions of life of the prehistoric inhabitants of North 
America, the forerunners of the Indians found by 
Columbus. 

Describe the Cliff Dwellers, the crude instruments 
used in their art, their attempts at building villages, 
etc. In what way do these conditions parallel the 
early conditions in the progress by all prehistoric 
races? What advance in social conditions is exhib- 
ited by their common system? 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 343 

*254 Cliff 'Palace, largest of prehistoric homes in Mesa 
Verde Park, Colo. 
255 A canyon where ancient cave dwellers lived, Mesa 
Verde Park, Colo. 

AMERICAN INDIANS 

Describe the Indians. Were their homes, their 
language, their arts and industries, a fair index of 
the character of these primitive people? Give the 
pupils an opportunity to enjoy the views of the 
Grand Canyon, the village of the Hopi Indians, 
blanket weaving, etc., and be sure to incorporate 
facts gained from these views in the story given by 
the text. 

*192 Home life of the Sac and Fox Indians, Oklahoma. 
*194 Feathered and mounted braves of the warlike Sioux, Ne- 
braska. 
*269 Primitive inhabitants in Canyon Diablo, Arizona. 
*261 A village of Hopi Indians, Arizona. 
*262 Typical desert home of Navajo Indians, Arizona. 
*263 Home duties of Hopi man, Arizona. 
*264 Blanket weaving — a Hopi Indian at work, Arizona. 
*316 An Indian village in Alaska. 
410 Hall of Mosaics — marvelous ruins of the Aztecs at 

Mitla, Mexico. 
*412 Natives of Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico. 

SIGNIFICANT GLIMPSES OF EUROPE IN COLUM- 
BUS' TIME 

These old-world conditions in the time of Colum- 
bus were of great significance, for they really con- 



344 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

tain the foundation causes that led to the great dis- 
covery. The extravagant hving typified by the 
"Field of the Cloth of Gold" called for the success 
of what particular kind of commerce? What side 
of the life of the fifteenth century is given expres- 
sion by the splendid cathedrals? What motives 
were natural to the great thinkers and to the great 
adventurers of the age? How do the commercial 
and the religious aspects of the age combine to make 
it the most romantic period the world has ever 
known? Were conditions of life parallel in France, 
Spain and England? How far did the despotism 
of kings retard the advances in discovery? Where 
and how was justice administered? What was the 
strategic point for the European trade ? What dan- 
gers had arisen for the caravan trade? To what 
consequence did these conditions lead? Make such 
use of the stereographs under this heading as may 
stir in the pupil an interest in these beautiful, his- 
toric scenes. 

*498 Tower of London. 

*547 Stirling Castle, home of the Stuarts, Scotland. 

652 The ''Field of the Cloth of Gold," France. 

*657 The Palace of Justice, Paris. 

*659 Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. 

662 Eheims Cathedral, France. 

*676 Eoyal Palace at Madrid. 

*684 The Alhambra at Granada, Spain. 

*685 The court of the lions in the Alhambra, Spain. 

*687 The Guadalquiver Eiver and City of Seville, Spain. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 345 

689 Cadiz and harbor, Spain. 
*692 The great rock of Gibraltar. 
693 Lisbon, the castle of St. George. 

703 Bridge over the Aare Eiver built in 1461, Switzerland. 
725 Eome from Cosmedin Church to St. Peter's. 
*726 Eome from the Dome of St. Peter's. 
*736 Florence and the Arno, Italy. 

737 The Duomo, Italy. 
*738 Milan's Cathedral. 
739 The cathedral of Milan — up among its myriad spires — 
Italy. 
*740 Venice, the royal palace, the Campanile and the Doge's 

Palace. 
*742 Palazzo Ca d'Oro, home of an old merchant of Venice. 
753 The Imperial Armory, Vienna, Austria. 
780 Across the Bosphorus, a commanding sea route to the 
East, cut off by Mohammedans. 
*781 On the European side of the Bosphorus. 
*842 Oasis in the desert, on a 15th Century caravan route 
to the Eed Sea and the East. 
848 A caravan route to the East very important in the 15th 
Century. 
*938 A typical caravan such as connected Europe with the 
Far East in the 15th Century. 



PERIOD OF THE DISCOVERY AND EXPLORA^ 
TION OF AMERICA 

THE NORSEMEN 

The old Viking ship, so indicative of the charac- 
ter of the Norse adventurers, stirs us with admira- 
tion for their daring. What is known of their voy- 
ages, when were they made, and why is so Httle sig- 



346 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

nificance attached to them? The Norse spirit 
passed on to the great European nations, and we 
still see it cropping out in their present-day de- 
scendants. 

574 Old Viking ship — explorer of northern seas and burial 
boat of a Norse chief, Christiania, Norway. 

*589 Some present-day descendants of Norse adventurers. 

*591 The spirit of adventure is inborn in the Norse breast — 
exploring a glacier. 

COLUMBUS 

The stories of the four voyages of Columbus may 
be made concrete by the stereographs of the actual 
scenes where he made history and where to this day 
is preserved the Spanish tone in manners, customs 
and system of government. The followers of Co- 
lumbus succeeded to the fruits of his discoveries 
with less of peril and more of fame. The pupil will 
take great delight in the views depicting the scenery 
in the wild flower-scented country revealed by our 
famous discoverers. 

(CUBA) 

*421 The Plaza at Havana. 
*422 In the harbor of Havana. 
*423 The harbor at Santiago. 

424 The coast of Cuba near Santiago. 
*427 The hills south from Santiago. 

(PORTO RICO) 

*320 Columbus Square, City and Bay, from San Christobal 
fortress, San Juan. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 347 

322 The palm trees of Porto Eico. 
*323 Amidst the charms of Porto Eico. 

324 In a cocoanut forest near Mayaguez, Porto Eico. 
*325 Aguadilla — Columbus' first landing-place on the Isle 
of Porto Eico. 

(VENEZUELA) 

*440 Overlooking Caracas. 

*443 A market-place in Caracas. 

(COSTA RICA) 

*417 Looking over the largest banana plantation in the 

world at Zent. 
*419 Gathering cacao pods near Port Limon. 
*420 Breadfruit trees in grove near Port Limon. 

PINZON AND VESPUCCI 

*444 Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. 

*451 Harbor at Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

THE CABOTS 

14 The Eeef of Norman 's Woe, Cape Ann, Mass. 
*364 Yarmouth harbor. Nova Scotia. 



SPANISH EXPLORATION, CONQUEST AND 
SETTLEMENT 

Before opening the book for a study of these ex- 
plorations, the teacher should awaken an interest in 
the places of historic note by a few moments spent 
with the stereoscope. These views should lie in 
some easily accessible portion of the schoolroom 
where students at their convenience may spend an 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



hour in enjoying them. Such pastime will be found 
to direct in an educative channel energy that might 
otherwise be expended in mischief. After the views 
have been carefully studied, let the student open the 
pages of his book to find that Spain, when at the 
zenith of her power, sent her people to claim the 
land of treasure in the name of her king. How does 
the quest of Ponce de Leon for the fountain of im- 
mortality reflect upon the character of the men of 
his nation and time? What faults of the Spanish 
government are indicated by the formidable, yet dis- 
astrous, expedition of De Narvaez? What defect in 
Spain's religious policy is so well illustrated by the 
crusade of Mendez? Where did he build the first 
stronghold for the king? Through the stereo- 
graphic pictures of the Panama Canal Zone and 
neighboring regions, interest in Balboa, Magellan, 
Pizarro and other Spanish explorers may be re- 
vived, and the economic relations of these regions 
and of the South American states tO' the United 
States may be made more clear, and the effect of 
the Panama Canal upon economic and industrial 
conditions may be better explained. 

PONCE DE LEON, DE NARVAEZ AND MENDEZ 

162 The oldest laouse in. the United States, St. Augustine, 

Florida. 

163 "The Palm Tree Nodded to the Mirror in the Jungle," 

Florida. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OP AMERICA 349 

*164 The beach at Daytona, Florida. 

*165 Pelican Islands, Florida. 

*166 White sand levels of Florida. 

*167 Cocoanut palms in the white sands of Florida. 

*169 At Palm Beach, Florida. 

BALBOA, PIZARRO AND OTHERS 

327 French Government model of the Panama Canal. 

328 The Cathedral, finest structure in Panama. 

329 Native life in the interior of Panama. 

*330 Palm-shaded buildings of Ancon Hospital, Panama. 
*331 Indian dugouts on the River Chagres, Panama. 
*332 From old Spanish fort S. E. to Islands guarding Pa- 
cific entrance to Canal, Panama. 
333 In the great Culebra cut, Panama. 
*334 A section of the canal, showing work in progress, 
Panama. 
335 A portion of the finished Canal, Panama. 
*461 Traveling up among the Andes, Ecuador. 
465 "Where Pichincha's Peak rises 15,706 feet on the equa- 
tor, Ecuador. 
*468 At the foot of the Andes, Peru. 
471 In the heart of the awesome Andes, 
474 Work to-day in a silver mine that enriched the Span- 
ish centuries ago, Cerro de Pasco, Peru. 
*475 Squaws carrying water from Lake Paparcocha, Peru. 
*476 Where the Pacific waves dash high on the rock-ribbed 
South American coast at Mollendo, Peru. 
477 On road to Arequipa, Peru. 
*478 Prosperous and beautiful Arequipa, 800 feet above the 
sea, E. to Piehapicha Mt., Peru. 

479 El Misti from Arequipa, Peru. 

480 Coming down from El Misti, Peru. 
*483 In a sunny valley among the Andes, Peru. 

484 Cuzco, once the richest city in America, from fort of 
the Inca Kings seized by Pizarro. 



350 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

MAGELLAN 

*486 In the Strait of Magellan. 

DE SOTO 

*160 A great cotton plantation in Georgia. 
*170 Colored students plowing at Tuskegee, Ala. 

172 Eapid transit in Mississippi. 
*173 The sugar levee beside the Mississippi, New Orleans, 

La. 
*174 On the wharf at New Orleans, La. 

175 Along the Mississippi delta near New Orleans, La. 
*187 On the Mississippi near St. Louis, Mo. 
*188 On the bustling levee at St. Louis, Mo. 

CORTEZ, CORONADO AND OTHERS 

*257 On the great plains of Arizona. 

258 On the oldest ranch in Arizona. 
*259 On the great plains of Arizona. 

260 A long-buried chapter in the tale of the ages — petri- 
fied forest, Arizona. 
*261 South to the picturesque village of Hopi Indiana, 

Arizona. 
*262 Desert home of Navajo Indians, Arizona. 
*265 The hills around Morenci, Arizona. 
*266 In the copper hills of Morenci, Arizona. 
*267 Copper mines at Metcalf, Arizona. 
*269 Primitive inhabitants of Canyon Diablo, Arizona. 
*270 A wooded wilderness in Arizona. 
*271 Blown asunder by volcanic energies, Kea Mountain in 

N, W. Arizona. 
*273 The great Painted Desert, Arizona. 
*274 The sinuous Colorado, Grand Canyon, Arizona. 

275 Short, steep path on Grand View Trail, Grand Canyon. 

277 Prospecting for gold — Indian Gardens, Grand Canyon. 
*278 Nature's greatest amphitheatre from Rowe's Point, 
Grand Canyon. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OP AMERICA 351 

*279 Eedlands and its wealth of orange groves, California. 
*280 Orange groves at Eiverside, California. 
*282 Magnolia Avenue, Eiverside, California. 



FRENCH EXPLORATION, CONQUEST AND 
SETTLEMENT 

Under what leaders were the first French explora- 
tions made? What was the character of the coun- 
try explored? Why was it less attractive to men of 
the time than the regions of the Spanish explora- 
tions? Why were the French less active than the 
Spanish in exploration during the greater part of 
the sixteenth century? What contrast in the aim 
of the two nations is noticeable? With the views, 
contrast the picturesque lands explored by the 
French with the beauty of those explored by the 
Spanish. 

VERRAZANO 

*29 New York Harbor from Manhattan. 

*30 Lower Manhattan from New York Harbor. 

62 Boisterous waves of the Atlantic, Long Island beach. 
*83 Life on the ocean wave at Atlantic City. 
145 Fleet in Hampton Eoads, Va. 
*149 In the great pine forests, North Carolina, 
*150 Sweating out turpentine in the pine forest of North 
Carolina. 

CARTIER 

*366 Perce Bay, Quebec. 

367 Famous Perce Eocks, Quebec. 
*368 Gannet ledges, St. Lawrence Eiver, Quebec. 
*369 The City of Quebec on the St. Lawrence. 



352 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

370 View up the St. Lawrence from Quebec 
*371 Bird's-eye view of Montreal, Quebec. 

JOHN RIBAUT 

*153 In Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. 
*159 Loading ocean vessels at Savannah, Ga. 

CHAMPLAIN AND DE MONTS 

*364 Yarmouth Harbor, Nova Scotia. 
*365 Village of Grand Pre, Nova Scotia. 
*366 Perce Bay, Quebec. 

367 Perce Rocks, Perce, Quebec. 
*368 On the St. Lawrence near Perce, Quebec. 
*369 Quebec founded by Champlain in 1608, the first perma- 
nent French settlement in Canada. 
370 Frowning citadel of Quebec — view up St. Lawrence 
River. 
*371 Bird's-eye view of Montreal. 
373 Amidst the island gems of the St. Lawrence, Thousand 
Islands. 

THE JESUITS 
*69 Niagara Falls from the steel bridge. 

70 The Falls from "Maid of the Mist," Niagara. 
*71 Horseshoe Falls from above Niagara. 
*72 American Falls from Goat Island. 
74 The Rapids above Niagara Falls. 
*76 Whirlpool Rapids from steel bridge, Niagara. 
*77 From Canadian side looking S. W. up river toward 
the Falls, Niagara. 
*173 On the sugar levee at New Orleans, La. 
*174 On the wharf at New Orleans. 
175 Dike along the delta of the Mississippi River, La. 
*187 On the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Mo. 
*188 On the bustling levee, St. Louis, Mo. 
*189 Main Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
202 Along the shore of Lake Michigan. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 353 

*206 Looking toward Lake Superior, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 

*223 Looking up beautiful Dalles of Wisconsin Eiver, Wis. 

*226 Tails of St. Anthony, Minneapolis, Minn. 

372 Ottawa Park and Government grounds, Ottawa, Can. 



ENGLISH EXPLORATION, CONQUEST AND 
SETTLEMENT 

Make use of the stereographs as indicated above. 

Why were Englana and Spain religious, commercial 

and political rivals during the reign of Elizabeth? 

How did the singeing of King Philip's beard lead to 

the strife for a continent? In what way does 

Raleigh truly represent the social conditions of his 

time ? 

FROBISHER 

*389 Arctic explorers preparing for the long winter night — ■ 
historic Cape Sabine and Baffin Bay. 
390 Interior of Fort Magnesia, Cape Sabine, Ellesmere 
Land. 
*391 Cape Sabine and Baffin Bay. 
392 Esquimaux homes, Peteravik, Ellesmere Land. 
*393 Esquimaux belles and their garb in far North, Cape 

York, Greenland (76 deg. N.). 
*394 The west coast of Greenland. 
*395 Esquimaux in summer tents in Greenland. 
*396 Whalers in Dexterity Harbor, Baffin Land. 
397 Whaling in Baffin Bay. 

DRAKE 

*286 San Francisco Bay, California. 

*287 On the shores of Santa Catalina Island, off the coast 
of California. 



354 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

328 In the City of Panama. 

329 Native life in the interior, Panama. 

*331 Indian dugouts on the Chagres Eiver, Panama. 

*332 The Pacific Ocean from old Spanish fort, Panama. 
333 In the Culebra Cut, Panama. 

^35 In the finished Canal before the water was let in, 
Panama. 

*463 The center of the equatorial Andes, looking W. toward 
the Pacific Ocean, Ecuador. 
465 Where Pichincha's Peak rises 15,706 ft. on the equa- 
tor. Almost on the Pacific coast, Ecuador. 

*466 Overlooking Lima on the west coast of Peru. 

*468 Cotton plantation at the foot of the Andes on western 
coast of Peru. 

*469 Irrigating plains for sugar cane at Santa Clara, Peru. 

*470 Harvesting sugar cane near Lima, Peru. 

*476 Where the Pacific waves dash high on the rock-ribbed 
South American coast, Peru. 
477 On road to Arequipa, Peru. 

*486 In the Straits of Magellan. 

RALEIGH 

145 In Hampton Eoads — ^low-lying coast line in the dis- 
tance. 

*149 In a great pine forest, North Carolina. 

*150 Sweating out tar from pine wood, North Carolina. 

*517 Ancient house in Exeter, England, where Ealeigh once 
lived. 

OTHER ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLE- 
MENTS 

*10 Amid the sand dunes on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 
11 Cape Cod and its drifting sands, Massachusetts. 
14 The Eeef of Norman's Woe, Cape Ann, Massachusetts. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 3SS 



BUTCH EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 

The views of New York Harbor, East River, the 
Hudson and neighboring scenery will prove very- 
fascinating to the pupil. Try to decide what con- 
ditions there are here in this region that have de- 
termined the location of the metropolis of our coun- 
try. What in the character of the Hollanders would 
lead them to settk here rather than farther north? 
Tell the story of the leading Dutch explorers. 

*29 Overlooking New York Harbor. 

*30 In New York Harbor. 

*31 In East Eiver, New York City. 

*32 Looking from Manhattan over the East Eiver to Long 

Island. 
*33 On the Hudson near the mouth of the river, New York. 
35 Overlooking lower Manhattan and the harbor, New 

York. 
*44 Looking across the Hudson Eiver from Manhattan to 

New Jersey. 
*48 Looking up the Hudson Eiver from the lower end of 

Eiverside Drive, New York City. 
*54 The Hudson Eiver N. from West Point, N. Y. 

55 The hills along the Hudson, West Point, N. Y. 
*57 Looking north up the Hudson — near Poughkeepsie, 

N. Y. 
*61 On the shores of Long Isiand probably skirted by 

Hudson. 
62 Boisterous waves on the shores of Long Island. 
*80 The Palisades along the west bank of the Hudson 

Eiver. 



356 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

PERIOD OF COLONIZATION 

The periods of discovery and exploration cul- 
minated in that of colonization; by use of the ex- 
cellent views for this period, and by contributions 
of the class as brought from various texts, the con- 
trast between the social, economic, industrial and 
political conditions in the various colonies may be 
shown and traced to their primeval causes. 

JAMESTOWN 

*160 In the early days of this period negroes were im- 
ported as slaves. 

*431 The cultivation of tobacco, the new American weed, 
became the all-important occupation in Jamestown. 

COMING OF THE PILGRIMS 

*10 Cape Cod and its drifting sands, Massachusetts. 

11 Sand dunes of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 

14 On the rocky shores of Cape Ann, Massachusetts. 
641 Church at Delftshaven, Holland, where the Pilgrims 
prayed before embarking for America. 

THE QUAKERS 

106 In Philadelphia, Pa. 

THE DUTCH ABOUT NEW YORK AND ALBANY 

*30 Lower Manhattan from the harbor. 
35 Lower Manhattan from the Metropolitan Tower, New 

York City. 
*44 Looking across the Hudson to New Jersey from 

Manhattan. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 357 

58 The state Capitol at Albany, N. Y. 
*639, *640 In Amsterdam, Holland, home of the Stuyves- 
ants and Van Kensselaers. 

LORD CLARENDON AND THE CAROLINAS 

*149 In the great pine forest of North Carolina. 

*150 Sweating out turpentine in pine woods of North 

Carolina. 
152 Along Government dike at Georgetown, South 

Carolina. 
*153 Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. 

OGLETHORPE AND GEORGIA 

*159 The wharves at Savannah, Ga. 
*160 Cotton plantation in Georgia. 

MISSOURI 
*188, *189 St. Louis settled in 1764. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 

What was the location of the chief Indian tribes? 
What were their relations with the colonizing na- 
tions of Europe, and why was struggle inevitable? 
What were the strategic points ? Examine the views 
of the St. Lawrence River, and draw conclusions as 
to why Quebec and other strongholds were selected 
for fortifications. Why were the Erench particu- 
larly attracted to the St. Lawrence and the adjacent 
regions? 

WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 

*119 Great steel works at Homestead, Pa. 

*127 In western Pennsylvania, among the oil wells. 



358 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

ARCADIA 

*364 Yarmouth Harbor at high tide, Nova Scotia. 
*365 The village of Grand Pre, Nova Scotia. 
*366 Perce Bay, Perce, Quebec. 
367 Famous Perce Eoeks. 

NIAGARA 

*69 Niagara Palls from the steel bridge. 

*72 Niagara River and American Palls from Goat Island. 

74 The Eapids above Niagara Palls. 
*76 The Niagara Gorge and Whirlpool Rapids. 
*77 Up the Niagara River from the Canadian side, 

QUEBEC 

*369 The best natural fortifications in the Western world- 
Quebec. 
370 Prowning citadel of Quebec, view up the St. Lawrence 
from Laval University. 

*371 Bird's-eye view of Montreal, Canada. 

THE HUDSON 

*57 High Bridge at Poughkeepsie, N. T. 
58 Capitol at Albany, N. Y. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

The story of this great struggle with its heroic 
deeds is of unusually great interest to the student. 
No series of views will, however, do more to give 
a charm to the narrative than those of Bunker Hill, 
Faneuil Hall, the Minute Man at Concord, the 
home of Washington at Mount Vernon, and others 
listed under the above headings. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OB' AMERICA 359 

BOSTON AND VICINITY 

1 Bunker Hill, Boston. 
*2 On the Boston Common. 

*3 Washington Street and Old South Church, Boston. 
*4 Faneuil Hall, from Quincy Market, Boston. 
*5 Interior of Faneuil Hall. 

6 Copley Square, Boston. 
*7 Longfellow's old home at Cambridge — Headquarters 
of General Washington. 

8 Lowell's old home at Cambridge, Mass. 

9 Old battleground, North Bridge and statue of "Min- 

ute Man" at Concord, Mass. 

12 On the wharf at Gloucester, Mass. 

13 The wharf at Gloucester, Mass. 

*932 Coolies unloading tea at Hankow, China. 

MONTGOMERY'S EXPEDITION INTO CANADA 

*369 Quebec from across the St. Lawrence. 

370 Frowning citadel of Quebec. 
*371 Bird's-eye view of Montreal, Canada. 

373 Amidst the islands of the St. Lawrence. 

THE SOUTHERN STATES 

141 Gen. Lee's old home at Arlington — the estate formerly 

belonged to Martha Washington. 

142 Christ Church at Alexandria, Va., where Washington 

worshiped. 
*143 Home of General Washington at Mt. Vernon, Va. 
*153 In Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. 
*159 Loading ocean vessels at Savannah, Ga. 
*160 Cotton plantation at Georgia. 

PENNSYLVANIA, NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK 

*29 Castle Garden and N. Y. Harbor, N. Y. City. 
*30 The lower end of Manhattan from harbor. 
*31 From Brooklyn Bridge W. to Manhattan. 
*32 From World Building, N. Y. City, looking across to 
Long Island. 



360 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

*33 Along the docks at lower end of Manhattan, N. Y. 
City. 
36 In lower Broadway, N. T. City. 
*38 Wall Street, past U. S. Sub-Treasury Building, to 
Trinity Church, N. Y. City. 
39 Broad Street, N. past Stock Exchange to the Sub- 
Treasury Building, where Washington took the oath 
of office. 
*42 Street peddlers' carts on Elizabeth Street. A good 
residential section of N. Y. City in the Eevolutionary 
days. 
*44 Looking across the Hudson to New Jersey from Man- 
hattan, N. Y. City. 
*48 Warships and pleasure craft in the Hudson below Eiv- 
erside Drive, N. Y. City. 
53 Along the N. Y., N. H. & H. E. E., near Eye, N. Y, 
*54 Up the Hudson from West Point Military Academy, 
N. Y. 
55 Volley fire drill at West Point, N. Y. 
*56 Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh, N. Y. 
*57 High Bridge across the Hudson Eiver at Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y. 

58 The Capitol at Albany, N. Y. 

59 On a truck farm in Long Island. 

*61 Life-saving corps on Long Island beach. 

*80 The Palisades along the Hudson Eiver. 

81 Bergen Hill at Hoboken, N. J. 

106 Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. 



THE PERIOD FROM 1789 TO 1812 
This period, usually known as that of organiza- 
tion, may be found to be one also of expansion. 
Particular stress should be laid upon the stereo- 
graphs cited. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 361 
LEWIS AND CLAEK EXPLORATIONS 

235 to 243 (of which 5 are starred) Yellowstone Park. 
*246 Pike's Peak, Colo. 

302 Mt. Hood and Eliot Glacier, Oregon. 
*303 Irrigating a strawberry field in Hood Eiver Valley, 

Oregon. 
*304 Stupendous log raft on Columbia Eiver. 

308 Taking salmon in Puget Sound, Wash. 
*309 In the great wheat fields of Walla Walla, Wash. 

310 In the fruit district of Puyallup, Wash. 
*311, *314 Mt. Taeoma, Wash. 

*315 Seattle (distance) and harbor from northern docks, 
Wash. 

388 Vancouver, B. 0. 

IN THE EAST 

*38 Looking up Wall Street past the old Federal Building 
and statue of Washington to Trinity Church, N. Y. 
City. 
39 North on Broad Street to the old Federal Building and 
statue of Washington, N. Y. City. 
*45, 46, *47 Ellis Island, N. Y. Harbor. 
*48 Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, IST. Y. City, just 

across the river from where Hamilton fell in duel. 
*57 On a Hudson Eiver boat, for which Pulton's Clare- 
mont paved the way. 
81 Bergen Hill, N. J., not far from where Hamilton fell. 
*128 Down on the Potomac Eiver, past the monument, 

Washington, D. C. 
*129 The White House, Treasury and State House at Wash- 
ington, D. C, from top of the monument. 
*130 From monument east to the Capitol, Washington, D. C. 
*131 From Navy Department S. E. past White House to the 

Capitol, Washington, D. 0. 
*132 United States Capitol at Washington, D. C. 



362 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

133 An inauguration of the President, Washington, D. C. 
*134 A joint session of the Senate and House of Eepresenta- 
tives, Washington, D. C. 
135 The Supreme Courtroom in the Capitol, Washington, 
D. C. 
*137 The White House, Washington, D. C. 
*138 A President and his official family, Washington, D. C. 

139 Some of the officers of the United States Navy. 
*215 Scene in Chicago on the site of Fort Dearborn. 



THE WAR OF 1812 

In the teaching of the location of the chief events 
of our second war of Independence, the beginnings 
of our Navy, and the current discussions on the 
problems of the Navy, the stereoscopic views will 
do much to add zest and life to the dry statement of 
the text. 

58 The Capitol at Albany. 

*69, 70, *71, *72, 73, 74, 75, *76 Scenes at Niagara Eiver 
and Falls. 

*77 On Niagara's banks not far from Queenstown, Canada. 
*132 U. S. Capitol at Washington, D. C. 

145 Some of our battleships of to-day. 
*173, *174, 175 At New Orleans, La. 
*195 At the Cleveland docks on Lake Erie. 
*198 On the deck of a modern lake steamer. 
*206, 207, *208 Over locks and vessels in the canal, Sault 

Ste. Marie, Mich. 
*369 Quebec, from across the St. Lawrence. 

370 Up the St. Lawrence from Quebec. 
*371 Montreal from Mt. Eoyal, Quebec. 

373 Amidst the island gems of the St. Lawrence Eiver. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMKElCA 363 

THE PERIOD FROM 1815 TO 18^8 
Study Stereographs 17 to 25 listed below to get 
an idea of the development of the industrial arts of 
our country, and the other views listed under this 
head to gain a clearer conception of the means by 
which our country expanded. 

1 Bunker Hill Monument, Boston. 
*15 to *24 (7 are starred) Factories developed in New 

England. 
*25 Manufacturing plants in Massachusetts. 
35 Manhattan suffered a terrific fire in 1835. Loss over 
$20,000,000. 
140 Printing United States money at Washington, D. C. 
*153 Charleston Harbor, S. C. Troops sent by Jackson in 
1832. 
162 to *169 (6 are starred) Florida ceded to the United 
States. 
*187 to 190 (3 are starred) Missouri admitted to the 
Union. 
256 Over Salt Lake City, Utah, founded by the Mormons. 

THE MEXICAN WAR 

In connection with the narrative of this war 
make a study of the great cathedrals in Mexico 
City, Chapultepec Castle and other scenes depicted 
in the stereographs to which your attention is called. 
Study also the causes of friction about, and the na- 
ture of, the resources of the disputed areas. 

176, 179, *180, *181, *182, 183 Scenes in Texas. 
*257, 258, *259 Sierra Bonita Eanch in southern Arizona. 



364 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

260 In the petrified forests of Arizona. 

*261 Wolpi Village, Arizona. 

*262 Typical desert home of Navajo Indians, Arizona. 

*265 to 268 (3 are starred) In the copper mining country 

of southern Arizona. 

*398 The great Cathedral in Mexico City. 

399 A hat store in Mexico City. 

*400 Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City. 

401 A typical Mexican at Cuernavaca, Mexico. 

402 Overlooking Ameca, Mexico. 
*403 West from Puebla, Mexico. 

*404 Extracting pulque from the maguey plant, Teotihau- 
can, Mexico. 

405 to *412 (4 are starred) Scenes in Mexico. 

413 Guanajuato, Mexico. 
*414 Typical Mexicans at work on a farm, Mexico. 

415, *416 At Monterey, Mexico. 



PERIOD FROM 18J^8 TO 1861 
Supplement the text and conceptions gotten from 
the stereographs through contributions from pupils 
who have had the good fortune to visit San Fran- 
cisco Bay and the sublime views of the Rocky 
Mountains, gold mines and other points described 
in the period of development extending through this 
division of our history. 
*2 State House in Boston. 
*3 Washington Street in Boston. 
*4 Faneuil Hall in Boston. 
*5 Interior of Faneuil Hall in Boston. 
6 Copley Square, Boston. 
135 In the Supreme Courtroom of the United States, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OP AMERICA 365 

*149, *150, *151, *160 The colored slaves in the South were 

the subject of much agitation and serious trouble. 
*186 Lincoln's birthplace at Hodgensville, Ky. 
*249 A typical gold mine being worked in Colorado. 
*286 Across San Francisco Bay to Oakland, California, the 

center of interest in the days of the gold fever. 
*421 Lopez, leader of the invasion of Cuba, was executed 

here in Havana. 
954 East over Mississippi Bay, Japan, where Perry came 

in 1854. 



THE CIVIL WAR 

Make a careful study of the causes of the Civil 
War. Why did the people of the North see no 
good in slavery and the people of the South see no 
harm in it? Study the leading events of the war. 
Give the political and social results. Make free use 
of the stereographs or slides in connection with the 
narrative. Give especial attention to the views in- 
tended to elucidate the history of the period from 
the close of the Civil War up to the time of the 
Spanish-American War. 

EARIY EVENTS 

*29 to 41 (7 are starred) Scenes in New York City. 

*54, 55 At West Point Military Academy, where the of- 
ficers of both armies had been educated for the 
service. 
*128 to 140 (8 are starred) Scenes in Washington and down 
the Potomac Eiver. 

141 General Lee's home at Arlington, Va. 

142 Christ Church at Alexandria, Va, 



366 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*153 Where the Civil War began. Fort Sumter in Charles- 
ton Harbor, S. C. Hampton Eoads not far from Nor- 
folk. 

THE WAR IN MISSOURI AND THE WEST 

184 Confederate signal station, Lookout Mountain, Chatta- 

nooga, Tenn. 

185 Louisville, Kj. 

*187, *188, *189 St. Louis and the Mississippi Eiver, Mo. 
190 Kansas City, Mo. 
THE WAR ON THE COAST 

145 In Hampton Eoads, where the memorable engagement 

between the Merrimac and the Monitor occurred. 
152 Government dike at Georgetown, S. C. 
*153 Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. 
*159 On the docks at Savannah, Georgia. 

162 At St. Augustine, Florida. 
*166 White sand levels of Florida. 
*173, *174, 175 Scenes at New Orleans, La. 
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 
*149, 172, 179 The negro in the South. 
*186 Birthplace of Lincoln, Hodgensville, Ky. 
THE WAR IN PENNSYLVANIA 
*107 "The high-water mark" of the Civil War — south to 
Eound Top, Gettysburg. 
AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR 
*129 From the monument N. over the White House, State 

Department and Treasury Buildings, Washington. 
*130, 133, *134, *138, 139 In Washington, D. C. 
*131 Looking down Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol, 

Washington, D. C. 
*132 United States Capitol from N. E., Washington, D. C. 
*137 The White House, Washington, D. C. 

140 Printing U. S. money in Bureau of Engraving, Wash- 

ington, D. C. 

141 Arlington, Va, 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 367" 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE CIVIL WAR TO 
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 

106 The Centennial was held in Philadelphia, 1876. 
118 The Johnstown calamity — wreck of the day express, 
Conemaugh, Pa. 
*119, 120, *121 Steel works at Homestead^scene of riot and 

bloodshed in 1892. 
*153 Charleston, S. C, scene of earthquake in 1886. 
*192, *194, *261, *262, *263, *264 Indians in the West. 
*212 The Chicago that arose from the ashes of 1871. 
*212 to *215 Chicago, where the Columbian Exposition was 
held in 1893. 
235 to *243 (5 are starred) Yellowstone Park. 
*250 Railroading in the Eocky Mountains, Colo. 
*269 The Santa Fe R. E. crossing Canyon Diablo, Arizona. 
*315 Seattle (distance) and harbor from Great Northern 

docks, Washington. 
*316 to *319 (3 are starred) Alaska purchased in 1867. 
317 Far-north Juneau, Alaska. 
*319 On the rim of the "Glory Hole" at the Treadwell 

Mine. 
341 to *347 (5 are starred) Scenes in the Hawaiian Islands. 
385 Mouth of the Troandik (plenty fish) Eiver, from which 

the Klondike takes its name. 
*386 Gold miners at work in the Yukon country. 
*387 The mine where a single pan of gravel yielded $400 
gold, Eldorado Creek, Klondike. 
388 Canadian Pacific E. E. at Vancouver, B. C. 
*440 to 446 (4 are starred) Scenes in Venezuela. 

THE WAR WITH SPAIN 

Contrast the governmental ideas of the United 
States with those of Spain, teUing why the Ameri- 



368 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

cans came to dislike Spanish ways. Make a list of 
the causes of the Cuban wars against Spanish au- 
thority, and trace the causes of the Spanish- Ameri- 
can War, its events, the results and the United States 
colonial policy; using constantly the stereographs 
under this heading. 

*48 Battleships in the Hudson Eiver, where the Viscaya 
paid us a visit. 
55 Volley fire drill at West Point Military Academy, N. Y. 

133 The supreme moment, Chief Justice Fuller administer- 
ing the oath to President McKinley, Washington, 
D. C. 

135 Supreme Courtroom in the Capitol — seat of the Chief 
Justice, Washington, D. C. 
*138 A President and his official family, Washington, D. C. 

139 Admiral Dewey and officers of the Navy, Washington, 
D. C. 

144 Parade Ground at Fort Myer, Va. 

145 U. S. battleships in Hampton Eoads. 

*236 Typical army barracks in the West, Fort Yellowstone, 

Wyoming. 
*259 One source from which Eoosevelt recruited the Eough 

Eiders. 
*286 San Francisco Bay, California. 
*293 U. S. cavalryman in the saddle. 
*320 At San Juan, Porto Eico. 
*349 Manila Bay from within the breakwater, P. I. 

350 Transports on the Pasig Eiver, Manila, P. I. 
*351 Escolta, the principal business street in Manila, P. I. 
*352 The American army in the Philippine camp at Manila. 
353 to *363 (7 are starred) Scenes in the Philippine 

Islands. 
*358 Filipino wagons drawn by caraboa, Iloilo, Panay, P. I. 
*359 Pina cloth weaver two miles from Iloilo, P. I. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 369 

*421 The Plaza and Harbor at Havana, Cuba. 

*422 The wrecked "Maine" in Havana, Cuba, 

*423 Morro Castle, Santiago, from across harbor entrance; 

through here passed Hobson and Cervera. 
424 From Morro Castle along the coast, where the great 

naval battle of July 3, 1898, was fought. 
*426 Hills south from Santiago, showing encampment of the 

American army in Cuba. 
*437 St. Pierre and its harbor, Martinique. 

674 Country people of Spain in Guipuzcoa. 

675 and 678 to *692 (10 are starred) Other scenes in Spain. 
*676 Guard Mt. in the Plaza de Armas, Eoyal Palace, Ma- 
drid, Spain. 

677 Bank of Spain and Calle de Alcala, Madrid, Spain. 
927 The Harbor at Hong-Kong, China. 



EVENTS AND HISTORY SINCE THE SPAN- 
ISH-AMERICAN WAR 

Describe the Boxer uprising in China, the issues 
of the campaign of 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912. Tell 
of the assassination of our three Presidents. Give 
the relation of the people of the Philippines and 
Porto Rico with the people of the United States. 
Relate the story of the building of the Panama 
Canal. Tell also of the Alaskan boundary dispute, 
of the peace conference at The Hague, of the rapid 
expansion of our industries, the recent tendencies in 
specialization, causes of the increasing high cost of 
living, etc., etc. The stereographic views listed 
here will be found of great interest. 



370 a?HE WORLD VISUALIZED 

BOXER UPRISING IN CHINA 

637 German soldiers. 

927 Looking across the Bay above Hong-Kong, China. 
*928 The 400,000 boat population of Canton, China, on the 

Chukiang River. 
*929 Mission children in Canton, China. 

930 From Imperial Bank of Shanghai, China, along the 
Whangpoo River, over English and American quarters. 
*931 Rich native bazaars on Nanking road, Shanghai. 
*932 Coolies unloading tea at Hankow, China. 

933 Natives in the rice fields of interior China. 
*934 Cultivated bamboo at Nanking. 

935 Wheelbarrow transportation at Tientsin, China. 

936 Junk flotilla on the Pei-ho River, transporting U. S. 

Army supplies from Tientsin to Peking. 

937 West from Ha-ta-men (gate) along huge ancient wall 

between Tartar and Chinese Peking, scene of desper- 
ate fighting. 
*938 A caravan on Legation Street, Tientsin, China. 

939 From Drum Tower (East) to Tung Chi-men Gate, 

Peking. 

940 South over the Palace of the Forbidden City, Peking, 

China. 

941 Count Von Waldersee escorted by the officers of the 

allied armies through lines of United States Infantry 
toward Sacred Gates, Peking. 

942 Grand Porcelain Tower of the Summer Palace of the 

Imperial Family, China. 
*943 A bride and groom in Peking, China. 

951 Japanese soldiers at Port Arthur. 
*952 Japanese soldiers ready for battle. 

RECENT EVENTS 

*25 Scene of the great strike in Lawrence, Mass. 
*48 Hudson-Fulton Celebration. 
*109 Scene of great coal strike of 1906. 



POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICA 371 

*134 The MeKinley memorial service, Washington, D. C. 
*138, *259, *293 Upheaval in Mexico, 

*138, 335, *336, 337, *338, 339, *340 Completion of Panama 
Canal. 
145 The Pacific fleet in Hampton Eoads, 1907. 
*148 U. S, fleet that toured round the world. 
176 The Galveston flood. 
190 The flood in Kansas City. 

256 Salt Lake City; Utah admitted to the Union. 
*284 The wreck of the City Hall in San Francisco earth- 
quake. 
285 Union Street rent by the great earthquake. 
*301 Crater Lake in National Park, reserved in 1885, Ore- 
gon. 
327 to *340 (7 are starred) The Panama Canal. 
*426 Birth of the Cuban Republic at Havana. 
953 Working for peace — President Eoosevelt and envoys of 
Mikado and Czar on the ' ' Mayflower. ' ' 

GROWTH OF LARGE INDUSTRIES 

*15, *16 Shoe industry. 

17 to *24 (5 are starred) Woolen industry. 
*42 In the foreign quarters of New York City. 
*43 Development of steel. 

53 In the age of electricity, 
*78 5,000 horse power developed at Niagara Falls. 

85, *127 Oil industry. 
*86, *87, *88 Modern dairying, Fairfield, N. J. 
92 to 104 (8 are starred) The silk industry in Paterson, 
N. J. 
105 Work in Pennsylvania tube under the Hudson River. 
*109 to 116 (6 are starred) The coal industry. 

122 to *126 (4 are starred) Glass industry. 
*154 to *158 (4 are starred) Cotton industry. 
*195 to *199 (4 are starred) and *203, 207, 209, *233, *234 
Handling ore. 



372 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*210, *211 and *89, 90, *91 The sugar industry. 
*213, *214 The meat industry. 

227, *228, *231, *232 Mining for iron. 

224, *225 Lumbering industry. 
*279, *280 The fruit industry, 
*303 Irrigation in Oregon. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in the above list in sizes i6 x 20 — 20 x 24. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE 
PEOPLE 

EDITED BY 

ADA VAN STONE HARIIIS 

"director of elementary teaching, PITTSBURGH, FORMERLY 
ASST. SUPT. OP SCHOOLS, ROCHESTER, N. Y., AND RICHMOND, 
VA., FORMERLY PRESIDENT OP THE ELEMENTARY 
DEPARTMENT OP THE N. E. A., ALSO VICE- 
PRESIDENT OP THE N. E. A. 

515 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 638 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM. 

No subject in the curriculum of the elementary 
school creates greater interest than the study of 
Homes and Life of the People. The introduction 
of our children to the home life, habits and customs 
of those who live in the different sections of Uncle 
Sam's domains, and also in foreign lands, furnishes 
an excellent basis for study and comparison of life 
under varying conditions, and will, it is believed, 
prove of great value to the teacher in later study of 
geography and history. 

The material should be presented to the children 
in as graphic and picturesque a form as possible. 
The most economical medium through which the 
ideas brought out in the study can be conveyed, is 

373 



374 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

the picture. But in the stereograph we have some- 
thing more than a mere picture; we have a Hteral 
reproduction of the place or object that brings into 
focal consciousness the required idea as quickly and 
easily as if the original were exposed to view. As 
the children look into these stereographs during the 
telling of the story of the life of the people, or dur- 
ing the discussion of the topic considered, they find 
themselves suddenly projected into the actual spot, 
really living the experiences of these friends of far- 
away lands. 

The thoughts and concepts of the children should 
be realized in actual things ; things made and done, 
e. g., to see in reality the "Filipino working at the 
sawmill," or the "Syrian feeding silk-worms their 
breakfast of mulberry leaves," or "the building of 
peculiar round boats on the shores of the Tigris," 
translates word symbols into concrete images. The 
child is able to reproduce more accurately, to com- 
pare and contrast the locality, plant life, animal life, 
home, food and occupation of others with them- 
selves by contact with these things in this vivid 
manner. 

Each race of people should be studied from the 
same general plan in the mind of the teacher, which 
should be amplified to meet the needs of individual 
groups. 

The following outline is given as suggestive, hav- 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 375 

ing been the means of acquainting many children 
with the Hves and interests of those in remote Amer- 
ican centers, also across the seas. 

The stereographs or slides given below have been 
selected with this outline in mind. While every 
phase of the outline cannot be illustrated as yet by 
the stereographs — there is a sufficient number from 
each country to make the country, the home, and the 
life of the people a reality. 

OBSERVATION OUTLINE 
FOR STUDYING TOPICS 

(i) Location, Nationality or Race. 

(2) General appearance of type. 

(3) Clothing. What. How obtained. Manner 

of wearing. 

(4) Homes. 

1. Environment: Description of the coun- 

try. 

2. The House : Kind, where and how 

built, materials used, number and 
arrangement of rooms, provisions 
for cleanliness and health. 

3. Furnishings and Utensils : What, how 

made, how used. 

4. Foods : Kinds used, how procured, how 

prepared, how served, the relations 
of food and health. 



376 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

5. Family Life: Customs and manners, 
relations of parents and children, 
duties of each. 

(5) Education — what, how obtained, etc. 

(6) Social Life — festivals, plays, games, etc. 

(7) Industrial Life — various types of occupation. 

(8) Religious Life. 

Publishers' Note. 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial numbers 
found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs and 
on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the Special "600" set. 

For further illustrations on Homes and Life of the People, 
the teacher is referred to the wider range of material to be 
found in our general catalogue, and to our regular Travel 
Tours on the different countries, particulars of which will be 
sent on application. 

NEW ENGLAND PEOPLE AND HOMES 

*7 Stately old home of Longfellow — also of Washington — 
Cambridge, Mass. 
8 Birthplace of James Eussell Lowell, Cambridge, Mass. 
12 Some of the men who secure food for us, Gloucester, 

Mass. 
14 Typical "Down East Yankee," Cape Ann, Mass. 
*15 Skilled workmen in a shoe factory at Lynn, Mass. 
*16 At a welting machine in a shoe factory at Lynn, Mass. 
17 Experts sorting wool at the mills in Massachusetts. 
21 Massachusetts girls at the foster winding machine. 
*22 Skilled workmen at the warping machine, woolen 
mills in Massachusetts. 
23 Typical New England skilled factory women in woolen 
mill?. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 377 



NEW YORKERS AND THEIR HOMES 

39 People of a great city in Broad Street, New York City. 
*40 Shoppers in a great metropolis, New York City. 
41 Throngs of people and palatial homes on Fifth Ave- 
nue, New York City. 
*42 People, peddlers' carts and homes of the East Side, 
New York City. 
46 The latest additions to New York's population, Ellis 
Island. 
*47 Examining the eyes of the immigrants at Ellis Island, 
New York Harbor. 
55 They reside at West Point, but they belong to Uncle 
Sam. 
*56 Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh, New York. 
*57 New York to Albany on the day boat, Hudson River. 

59 Work on a Long Island truck farm. New York. 
*60 Curtis in his bi-plane. 
*61 Men who risk their lives to save others — life savers on 

Long Island beach. 
*63 People of the sea. Long Island beach. 
68 New Yorker and wife at work in a butter factory, 

New York, 
73 Tourists in water-proof garments, emerging from Cave 

of the Winds, Niagara. 
75 Winter pleasures at Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
*79 Sleighing in Prospect Park, Niagara Falls. 

84 Children of New York suburbanites. 

PEOPLE AND THEIR HOMES IN NEW JERSEY AND 
PENNSYLVANIA 

82 Pleasure seekers on the Boardwalk at Atlantic City, 

N. J. 
*88 Life on the ocean wave, Atlantic City, N. J. 

85 Workers at the Standard Oil Works, Bayonne, N, J. 



S7§ fSg World visuAlIzSS 

*86 "Workmen in a sanitary dairy in New Jersey. 
92 to 104 (8 are starred) In the silk mills at Patersoii, 
N. J. 
*110 to 116 (5 are starred) The men who mine our coal. 
122 Clay workers in a glass factory, Pennsylvania. 
*123 Workmen in a great glass factory in Pennsylvania. 
*127 Woi'kers at the oil wells in western Pennsylvania. 

PEOPLE AND HOMES IN THE CAPITOL CITY 

*129 Overlooking White House and homes of Washington, 
D. C. 
133 Political life in our Capitol, inauguration of McKin- 
ley. 

*134 Political life of Washington — Congress in session, 
Washington, D. C. 

*137 The White House, home of the President, Washington, 
D. C. 

*138 The men who execute our laws, Wilson Cabinet, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

139 Admiral Dewey and fellow officers — Military life at 

Washington. 

140 Type of the people who print our money. 

THE SOUTH LAND 

141 The old home of General Eobert E. Lee, Arlington, Va. 
*143 Mount Vernon, old home of Washington. 

144 Life with the aeroplane, Fort Myer, Virginia. 

*149 Negro life in the great pine forests of North Carolina. 

*156 Workers in the cotton mills of South Carolina. 

*157 Women in the cotton mills of South Carolina. 

*159 Workers on the docks at Savannah, Ga. 

*160 Life in the fields of Georgia. 

162 Street in St. Augustine, Fla. 

*164 Life at Ormond Beach, Florida. 

*169 Life at Palm Beach, Florida. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 379 

*170 Colored students plowing at Tuskegee, Alabama. 

*171 Noted men at Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. 

172 Negro life and homes in Mississippi. 

*174: Life on the Mississippi wharves. 

179 Colored freight handlers in Texas. 

*181 Typical Texas farmers harvesting. 



CENTRAL WESTERN LIFE 

184 Typical veteran of the Civil War. 

*186 Typical log cabin home of the early days, birthplace 

of Lincoln, Kentucky. 

*189 Life in the streets of old St. Louis, Mo. 

191 Child life on a Missouri ranch. 

197 Men who unload the boats — Ohio. 

*198 Life on a Great Lake steamer. 

202 A Michigan lakeside home. 

205 Workers at the copper smelters, Michigan. 

*211 In a great beet sugar mill, Michigan. 

*212 Life in State Street, Chicago, 111. 

*215 Life on a whaleback boat, Chicago. 

*216 A typical Illinois farmer on his plow. 

*218 Life on a prairie pasture, feeding the hogs. 

224 Poling logs in Minnesota. 

*229 Crew of a steam shovel. 

230 Miners far down underground, Minnesota. 

*232 At work in underground drift, Minnesota. 

235 Life on a western coach — six-horse tally-ho, Yellow- 
stone National Park. 

*236 Home of the soldiers who guard Yellowstone Park, 

Wyoming. 

*249 Life in a gold mine at Cripple Creek, Colo. 

*254 Prehistoric homes — cliff palaces in Mesa Verde Park, 

Colo. 

*257 Life on a cattle ranch. 

*259 Cowboys of the plains, Arizona. 



380 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*273 Typical life in the sand wastes of Arizona. 
277 Typical prospector in Grand Canyon, Arizona. 

AMERICAN INDIANS AND THEIR HOMES 

*192 Sac and Fox Indians in Oklahoma. 
*194 Sioux Indians in Nebraska. 

*261 Wolpi, a mesa village of Hopi Indians, Arizona. 
*262 ' At breakfast in a typical desert home of Navajo In- 
dians, Arizona. 
*263 Home duties of the Hopi men, Arizona. 
*264 Typical Hopi Indian weaving. 
*269 Primitive inhabitants of Canyon Diablo, Arizona. 

LIFE ON THE PACIFIC COAST 

*280 Life in an orange grove of Riverside, California. 

*294 Life in a big tree lumbering camp, California. 

*304 Life on a long raft, Columbia River, Oregon. 

*306 Life of the salmon fishermen, Oregon. 

310 Life in a great raspberry field, Oregon. 

*311 Life in a mountain camp, Washington. 

*312 Life of the mountain guides, Washington. 

*316 Alaskan Indians and their homes. 

NOTED AMERICANS AND THEIR HOMES 

*7 Stately old home of Longfellow at Cambridge, Mass.; 
also the headquarters of General Washington. 
8 Birthplace of James Russell Lowell, Cambridge, Mass. 
26 Old home of Daniel Webster, Franklin, N. H. 
*56 Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, N. Y. 
*60 Curtis in his bi-plane. 
*129 Overlooking White House and homes of many famous 

men, Washington, D. C. 
*131 Rear view of White House, Washington, D. C. 
133 McKinley's inauguration, Washington, D. C. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 381 

*134 Many noted men at the MeKinley Memorial Service, 
Washington, T>. C. 
135 Supreme Courtroom at the Capitol in Washington, 
D. C. 
*137 Home of the Chief Executive of our country, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 
*138 Wilson's Cabinet, Washington, D. C. 
139 Dewey and fellow officers of the Navy, Washington, 

D. C. 
141 Home of General Eobert E. Lee. 
*143 Home of Washington at Mount Vernon, Virginia. 

144 Orville Wright in his bi-plane. 
*171 Noted men visiting Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee, 

Alabama. 
*186 Birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, Kentucky. 
240 E. M. Elmendorf peering into the crater of Old Faith- 
ful, Yellowstone Park. 
953 President Roosevelt and envoys of the Mikado and the 
Czar on the Mayflower. 

OUR ADOPTED "COUSINS" 

*321 Public school in Porto Rico. 

322 Life in a pretty suburban home in Porto Rico. 

*323 Porto Ricans in a pineapple field. 

324 Life in a cocoanut grove. 

*325 Typical Porto Rican homes at Aguadilla. 

326 A holiday jaunt in a horseless carriage, Porto Rico. 

329 Homes and people of Panama. 

*331 Life along the Chagres River, Panama. 

*342 Life in Honolulu, H. I. 

*343 A Pacific Paradise, H. I. 

*348 Some of our Pacific Island cousins, Samoa. 

350 Life on the Pasig River, Manila, P. I. 

*351 Life on the streets of Manila, P. I. 

*352 Army life in Manila, P. I. 

354 A Filipino school and how it is housed. 



382 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*355 Life in the streets of Manila. 

*356 A workingman 's home and family, Ermita, P. I. 

*357 Life in a rice field in the Philippine Islands. 

*358 Filipino types in Panay, P. L 

*359 More Filipino types, P. I. 

360 Holiday life in Cebu with typical homes and shops. 

*361 Filipinos drying hemp. 

362 A primitive sawmill and laborers in the Philippine 
Islands. 

*363 Street life and good homes, Cebu. 

CANADA AND THE ARCTIC 

*366 Country homes around Perce Bay, Quebec. 

*371 Overlooking homes of Montreal, Quebec. 

373 Gathering water lilies among the Thousand Islands, St. 
Lawrence Eiver. 

*375 Homes in Winnipeg, Canada. 

382 Homes in the mountains of British Columbia. 

*389 Life in the far North, Baffin Bay. 

390 Our Esquimaux friends, Cape Sabine. 

*391 Life on the Peary ship Ni7ia, in Baffin Bay. 

392 Esquimaux homes in Ellesmere Land. 

*393 Esquimaux belles and their garb. 

*395 Esquimaux and their summer tents, Greenland. 

397 Life on a whaler, Baffin Bay. 

MEXICO 

*398 A Mexican soldier. City of Mexico. 

399 Typical Mexicans in a hat market. City of Mexico. 

401 Typical Mexican boy. 

402 Indian mother and children of Mexico. 
*403 Life on a Mexican country road. 

406 Factory life in Mexico. 

409 Women at the public washing fonts, Jalapa. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 383 

*412 Homes and home occupations of the natives of Tehu- 

antepec. 
*414: Life in the fields of Mexico. 
415 Natives of Monterey. 

COSTA RICA 

*417 Homes on the largest banana plantation in the world. 

418 Natives of Costa Eica on si cacao plantation. 

*419 Natives gathering cacao pods. 

*420 Life under the breadfruit trees. 

CUBA, JAMAICA AND MARTINIQUE 

*421 Life on the Plaza in Havana, Cuba. 

*426 A gathering of Cuban representatives, Havana. 

*428 At tea in a typical Cuban inner courtyard. 

*431 Cubans in a tobacco field. 

*432 Life in the largest cigar factory of Havana. 

*434 Life in a banana field of Jamaica. 

*435 Grinding the sugar-cane, Jamaica. 

*437 Homes in St. Pierre, Martinique. 

SOUTH AMERICA 

441 Natives of Venezuela (Caracas). 

*442 Everyday life in Venezuela. 

*443 Motley life in a Caracas market. 

446 Life in a lumber yard in Venezuela. 

448 Homes in Santa Marta, Colombia. 

449 People and their homes in Barranquilla, Colombia. 
*450 Water-carriers and homes of Barranquilla, Colombia. 
*451 Wonderful scenic setting of the suburban homes of Eio 

de Janeiro. 
455 In a street of Para, Brazil. 
*456 School children in Ecuador. 
*458 A native family and its home in Ecuador. 



384 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

459 Up-eountry hospitality among the natives — preparing 
dinner, Eiobamba, Ecuador. 

*460 In the fields in Ecuador. 

*461 Natives in the Andes, Ecuador. 

*464 Natives gathering ice near summit of Pichincha, 
Ecuador. 

467 Life in a cotton mill, Lima, Peru. 

*468 Chinese laborers in Peru. 

*469 When they plant sugar-cane in Peru. 

*470 When they harvest sugar-cane in Peru. 

*473 Life and homes in a Peruvian village. 

474 At the mouth of a silver mine in Peru. 

*475 Indian women carrying water, Cerro de Pasco, Peru. 

477 On the road to Arequipa, Peru. 

*482 Natives and their straw boats on Lake Titicaca, Peru. 

491 At E. E. station, Cochenta, Argentine. 

*493 On the principal street of Montevideo, Uruguay. 



EUROPE 

ENGLAND 

*496 Throngs on London Bridge. 

500 Life in the busy streets of old London City. 
*505 Coronation day in London. 
*506 Governors of an Empire, Hon. Joseph Chamberlain and 

colonial officials, London. 
*507 Indian soldiers, subjects of the King of England, at 
Hampton Court, London. 
510 An animated scene at the Henley boat races. 
*514 Holiday throngs at Southsea. 

515 Quaint cottage homes of Shanklin, Isle of Wight. 

516 After a hard run with the otter pack, Wiltshire, Eng. 
*517 House used by Ealeigh and Drake, Exeter. 

523 Workmen in the Eoyal Porcelain Works at Worcester. 
*524 The boyhood of England and the beautiful Teme Eiver. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 385 

*526 Typical children of "merry England" at Anne Hath- 
away 's cottage. 
*527 Among England's thrifty farmers. 

528 Plowing in England. 

530 Dove Cottage — home of Wordsworth. 

532 Quaint old homes in Shrewsbury, England. 

WALES 

535 School children of Conway. 

536 In Eairy Glen, Bettws-y-Coed. 

SCOTLAND 

539 Holyrood Palace and typical homes of the common 
people, Edinburgh. 
*542 Typical Highlanders in the famous Highland kilt. 
*543 Farmers of Thurso. 

*546 At the birthplace of Eobert Burns, Ayr. 
*549 Typical homes of the people as seen from old Stirling 
Castle. 

IRELAND 
*555 On a road near Dublin. 

558 Hatcheling flax in Belfast. 
*561 Everyday life in Belfast. 

565 Life on the Island of Achill, 
*566 Women harvesting on the Island of Achill. 
*567 True sons of old Ireland digging peat, Eoscommon. 

568 In a home in Ireland. 
*569 The picturesque home of a prosperous farmer, County 

Kerry. 
*571 Lord Kenmare's estate, Ireland. 

NORWAY, SWEDEN AND DENMARK 

*572 Waving good-byes to friends starting for America, 

Christiania. 
*573 Everyday life in Christiania. 



386 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

575 Quiet homes in the Maan Valley, Norway. 

*578 Typical country folk of Norway, Eoldal. 

*579 Village homes at Odde, Norway. 

580 Above the Aabo river, Odde, Norway. 

581 A humble mountain home, Norway. 
*584 Homes of Bergen, Norway. 

588 A farm at the foot of Eustoefjeld. 

*589 Typical mountain guides of Norway. 

*592 Typical country home in the mountains of Norway. 

*593 Lapp home and family near Tromsoe, Norway. 

*594 Bride and groom, and typical home scene. 

597 Life on the streets of Stockholm. 

*598 Eoyal Palace, Stockholm. 

599 In the Eoyal Palace, Stockholm. 

*600 Quaint dress and manners of the country folk of 

Sweden. 

*601 A farmer's family harvesting oats, Sweden. 

*602 Happy holiday crowds in the city park, Jonkoping. 

606 Danes packing butter, Hasley. 

RUSSIA 

*608 In front of St. Isaac's Cathedral, St. Petersburg. 

*609 Typical Eussian women in hay field. 

610 Imperial Palace of Peterhof. 

611 When Eoyalty passes in Peterhof Park. 
614 Life around the Kremlin, Moscow. 

616 Eussian cloth market in the "Fair" of Nijni Nov- 

gorod. 

617 Village of Tartars. 

*618 Characteristic country home and family in heart of 

Eussia. 

*620 Eussian woman working in salt fields, Solinen. 

GERMANY 

*621 Home of Kaiser Wilhelm, Berlin. 

622 Everyday life on the streets of Berlin. 



Homes and life of tSe people 38? 

*626 German women working in beet field. 

627 German women dressing dolls for European and Ameri- 
can market, Sonneburg. 

*628 Busy workers in a shoe factory, Germany. 

*629 Typical German workmen in a shoe factory. 

630 Harvesting barley on a Bavarian farm. 

*632 A striking and eccentric home in the Bavarian Alps. 

*634 Quiet homes of Heidelberg. 

636 Happy children on the Ehine. 

*638 Homes of Cologne. 

HOLLAND 

*639 Over Amsterdam and her homes. 
*640 Some of the homes of Amsterdam. 
641 Homes of some of the good people of Holland, Delfts- 
haven. 
*642 Peasants and their milk-cart on a dyke road. 

643 Dignity of Dutch matron, with her dog team, Holland. 
*644 Quaint costumes of village girls on wharf at Marken. 
*645 Typical Dutch country homes and Dutch milkmaids 
at Goes. 

BELGIUM 

*647 Over the homes of Brussels. 

648 A market scene in Brussels, 

*649 Along the river in Antwerp. 

*650 Typical little boy of Belgium. 

FRANCE 

652 Typical farmers of northern France. 
*655 View of the famous Champs Elysees, Paris. 

658 Making Gobelin tapestry, Paris. 
*661 One of the famous vineyards of France and its work- 
ers. 
*668 In the salt fields of La Croisic. 



388 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*669 Interior of a Breton village home, Orach. 

670 Some of the people along the coast of Finisterre. 

671 Peasants of Brittany, threshing grain, Carhaix, 
*672 French children on the beach of Dieppe. 

673 Homes in city of Monaco — principality of Monaco, 

SPAIN 

674 Women in wheat field, Guipuzcoa. 
*676 Soldiers in Madrid. 

677 In Old Madrid. 

678 The flying ferry of the Nervion Eiver at Portugalete. 
*679 How the cow goes round delivering milk in Valencia. 
*680 Water seller at Valencia. 

*683 Spaniards scraping cork at Almoraima. 

*684 Homes of Granada. 

*686 Picking dates, Elche. 

688 At the bull fight, Seville. 

690 At the salt stacks, San Fernando. 

*691 Picking and sorting grapes at Malaga. 

*692 Life on the shore at Gibraltar. 

PORTUGAL 

693 The Eoyal Palace at Lisbon. 

696 A Portuguese ox driver at Funchal, Madeira Islands. 

SWITZERLAND 

697 Laufen Castle, at the Falls of the Rhine. 
*698 Quiet little homes on the shores of Lucerne. 

702 Youth of Lucerne on the Axenstrasse, Switzerland. 

703 Typical city house in Berne. 
*704 Everyday life in Berne. 

*705 A Swiss matron in her characteristic dress. 

706 A country road in Switzerland. 

*707 "Youthful years and maiden beauty" in Switzerland. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 389 

*710 Swiss mountain guide. 

*713 Homes in tlie charming Zermatt. 

715 World-famed monastery at St. Bernard. 

*724 Quiet homes in the Chamonix Valley. 

ITALY 

*726 Over thousands of homes in Eome. 

*729 Peasant types among Rome's ruins. 

*730 Over homes of Naples. 

*731 Little son of Italy near Vesuvius. 

732 Beautiful home of the Vetii, buried 79 A. D., Pompeii. 

733 Homes at Amalfi. 

*734 Another son of Italy in the marble quarries at Car- 
rara. 

*736 Homes in Florence. 

737 Looking down onto the roofs of Florentine homes. 

*740 Gondoliers of Venice and the Doge's Palace. 

741 On the canals of Venice. 

*742 Home of an old merchant of Venice. 

*743 Typical native residents of Palermo, Sicily. 

*744 Sons of Italy in a lemon grove in Sicily. 

745 Types of modern Syracuse, Sicily. 

746 Overlooking the homes of Catania, Sicily. 
*747 Sicilian youth at the Messina Straits, Sicily. 

AUSTRIA 

750 Over the homes of Salzburg. 
753 War dress of mediaeval days, Vienna. 
*756 School children's morning devotion on the road to 

school. 
*758 Typical homes and people of an Austrian hamlet, Val 
Ampezzo. 
759 Humble homes in the Tyrol. 
*760 Everyday life in Innsbruck, Tyrol. 



390 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 



GREECE 



*761 Over the homes of modern Athens. 

*766 Homes of modern Athens. 

*768 Type of modern Greek, Marathon. 

769 A modern Corinthian. 

*771 People and homes of modern Sparta. 

774 Characteristic dress of the modern Greek, Thermo- 

pylae. 

775 Modern Grecian homes at Pharsala. 

TURKEY 

*777 Life on the Golden Horn in Constantinople. 

778 Over homes of Constantinople. 

779 Turks at prayer in St. Sophia Mosque. 
*782 Everyday life in Constantinople. 

*783 Making Oriental rugs in Constantinople. 
784 Artists bringing out the faded designs of Oriental 
rugs, Constantinople. 



AFRICA 

EGYPT 

787 A street in Cairo. 

788 A "ship of the desert" near Cairo. 

*789 Types of the native life, on the road to the Pyramids. 

790 Arabs at the Pyramid tomb of Khufu, Gizeh. 

791 Arabs at Khufu 's tomb. 

794 Arabs in the passage leading to King Khufu 's sepul- 
chre, Gizeh. 
*797 Natives raising water from the Nile Eiver. 
*798 Irrigation on the Nile. 
*799 Farming life on the Nile. 
*801 Natives at the first cataract of the Nile. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 391 

ALGERIA 

*807 Everyday life in Algiers. 

808 Typical people and dress of Algiers. 

EAST AFRICA 

809 Bringing ivory from the jungle, East Africa. 

810 Natives at a zebra hunt, East Africa. 

*811 Kikuyu women with water vessels, and their homes. 

812 Types of the Masai tribe, their strange dress and or- 

naments. 

813 In a Masai kraal, East Africa. 

*815 Throne room of the Sultan of Zanzibar. 

*816 Wachagga village. East Africa. 

*817 Picking coffee in East Africa. 

*818 On a jungle trail, East Africa. 

BELGIAN CONGO 

823 River settlement almost on the Equator, Congo Free 

State. 
*824 On the banks of the Congo, natives and their dugout 

canoes. 
826 Pigmies from the Congo. 

BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA 

*829 Overlooking homes of Cape Town. 

*830 Soldiers of the English Crown in Cape Town. 

*833 Native employees at the mouth of the diamond mines. 

834 Sorting diamonds at Kimberley. 

ZULULAND 

838 Zulus of South Africa. 



392 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



ASIA 



TURKEY IN ASIA 

839 Overlooking homes of Smyrna, Asia Minor. 

840 Arabs in the wilderness of Sinai. 

841 In the Oasis of Firan, Sinai. 

*842 Nomadic life in Oasis of Elim, Sinai. 

*844 Life in the Bazaar of Jaffa, Palestine. 

845 Plowing in the Plains of Sharon, Palestine. 

846 Everyday life on Christian Street in Jerusalem. 
848 A caravan near Jaffa, Palestine. 

850 On the shores of the Dead Sea, Palestine. 

*851 Typical women of modern Palestine. 

852 At Joseph's well in Palestine. 

853 Life on the shores of Galilee, at Tiberias. 
*858 A home in Damascus, Syria. 

*859 A caravan camp at old Damascus, Syria. 

*860 Swordmakers of Damascus, Syria. 

*861 Bread-making in the court of a Syrian home. 

*862 Bedouin women churning milk, Syria. 

*863 A Bedouin camp in the mountains, Syria 

*864 Feeding the silk worms, Syria. 

*866 Types of modern Syrian men, Syria. 

867 Syrians near Beyrout, Syria. 

868 In a Syrian silk plant. 

*869 Workers in a silk-reeling plant in Syria. 

*870 "Weighing raw silk. 

*871 An Arab silk weaver and his loom. 

*874 Traditional Garden of Eden in the Euphrates Valley. 

*875 Irrigation on the Euphrates Eiver, Mesopotamia. 

878 People of the Tigris Valley near Nineveh. 

879 Making bricks near Nineveh. 

*880, *881, 882 People of Bagdad, on the Tigris. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 393 

INDIA 

*883 In Bombay. 

*884 Children of Amritsar. 

*886 Natives of Cashmere. 

*887 Humble shawl weavers of Cashmere. 

888 Natives of Sutlej and their bullock-skin boats. 

889 20-woman team on Darjeeling highway. 

890 Bhutanese milkmen at Darjeeling. 

893 Water carriers at Calcutta. 

894 Typical residents of Calcutta. , 
*897 Indian type, Calcutta. 

898 Homes of Benares. 

901 The home of a native prince — palace of the Maharaja 
of Gwalior. 

*903 The Mohammedans of Delhi at worship. 

*904 Fabulous wealth of India — Durbar procession at Delhi. 

905 Beauty taking the air in Ulwar. 

BURMA 

907 In a lumber yard at Eangoon. 

*908 Freight handlers at Eangoon. 

911 Natives of Mandalay. 

*912 Natives of Mogok. 

914 Natives of Pagan. 

916 A floating home and its inhabitants. 

917 In the washing plant of the Burma Mining Co., Mogok. 

CEYLON 

918 Goldsmiths of Ceylon. 

919 Moonstone grinders of Ceylon. 
*920 Life in a Ceylon rice field. 
*921 Natives of interior Ceylon. 
*922 Coolies picking coffee in Ceylon. 
*924 Natives farming in Ceylon. 



394 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 



CHINA 



*928 Some of the boat homes of 400,000 people of Canton, 

also life on the river. 

*929 Mission children. Canton. 

*931 Everyday life on Nanking Koad, Shanghai. 

*932 Coolies unloading tea at Hankow. 

933 Natives of inland China. 

*934 Natives in bamboo grove, Nanking. 

935 China's best and cheapest freighters, Tientsin. 

*938 Caravan on Legation street in Tientsin. 

939 Over homes in Peking. 

940 Palaces of Forbidden City, Peking. 

941 The allied armies in Peking. 
*943 Bride and groom in costume. 



MANCHURIA 

*944 On the great vrall of China, Manchuria. 

*946 At Port Arthur. 

JAPAN 

951 Jap officers at Port Arthur. 

*952 Japanese soldiers on the firing line. 

*955 Japanese gathering millet. 

*956 Japs near Fujiyama. 

957 On Fujiyama, 

959 Over homes of Tokyo. 

*960 Everyday life in Tokyo. 

*961 Under the cherry blossoms, Tokyo. 

*962 Home of Count Okuma, Tokyo. 

963 A lunch in a Japanese home. 

*964 Along the cryptomeria avenue, near Nikko. 

965 Japanese lady in a yama-kago, near Nikko. 

*967 Under the bamboo trees, showing rickshaws. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 395 

968 A potter and his wheel, Kyoto. 

*969 Decorating cloisonne, Kyoto. 

*970 South over gardens of Mr. Y. Namikawa at Kyoto. 

*971 Japanese laborers pulling young rice. 

*972 Transplanting rice in Japan. 

*973 Girls picking tea in Japan. 

*974 Flailing barley in Japan. 

*977 The athletic figure of the typical Japanese. 

978 Coaling a steamer at Nagasaki. 

KOREA 

979 Among the queer Koreans outside Seoul. 
*980 Building a Korean home, Seoul. 

*981 Good types of the people of the Hermit Kingdom. 

AUSTRALIA 

*983 Everyday life in Melbourne. 
*985 Shearing sheep in Australia. 
986 In a great wool salesroom in Australia. 
*990 Sons of Australia's aboriginal huntsmen and warriors 
with their boomerangs. 
993 Girls of the old Maori race as they are tQ-day, Auck- 
land, New Zealand. 
*994 At Eotorua Lake, New Zealand. 



JAVA 

*997 Typical children and "grown-ups" of western Java. 
998 Children at Buitenzorg, Java. 



FIJI ISLANDS 

*1000 Feast day in the Fiji Islands — native dance. 



396 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

HOMES OF NOTED MEN AND WOMEN OF OTHER 
COUNTRIES 

*400 Chapultepec — home of Diaz, Mexico City. 

*498 Tower of London, famous old palace and prison of 

royalty. 
*517 House used by Raleigh and Drake at Exeter, England. 
*525 The living room in home of Shakespeare, Stratford, 

England. 
*526 Anne Hathaway 's cottage at Shottery, England. 
530 Dove Cottage, home of William Wordsworth, Gras- 

mere, England. 
539 Holyrood Palace, old home of Mary, Queen of Scots, 

Edinburgh. 
541 Home of Earl Douglas, N. Berwick, Scotland. 
*546 Birthplace of Robert Burns, Ayr, Scotland. 
*547 Stirling Castle, Scotland. 
*573 Home of the King of Norway, Christiania. 
*598 Royal Palace, Stockholm, Sweden. 
599 In the home of the King of Sweden. 

610 One of the homes of the Czar of Russia. 

611 In the Imperial grounds of Peterhof Palace, Russia. 
*621 Home of Emperor William of Germany, Berlin. 

*632 One of the homes of King Ludwig, Bavarian Alps, 
Germany. 

■ *635 Ehrenfels Castle on Rhine, Germany. 

660 In the home of Louis XIII. 

673 Home of the Prince of Monaco. 

*676 Home of the King of Spain. 

*684 The Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 

*685 In the Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 

*726 Distant view of the home of the King of Italy. 

727 In the palace of the Pope, Rome, Italy. 

*740 Royal and Doge's palaces, Venice, Italy. 

741 The Doges' palaces, Venice, Italy. 

*761 Royal palace, home of the King of Greece, Athens. 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 397 

*815 Throne room of the Sultan of Zanzibar. 

901 In palace of H. H. the Maharaja of Gwalior, India. 

942 In the home of China's ruler, Peking. 

*962 Home of Count Okuma, Tokyo, Japan. 

*970 Home and gardens of Mr. Y. Namikawa, Kyoto, Japan. 

HOMES OF RULERS OF MANY LANDS 

*129 Overlooking the home of the chief officers of the United 

States, Washington, D. C. 
*131 Rear view of the White House, Washington, D. C. 
*137 The White House, home of the President of the United 

States. 
*400 Chapultepec Castle, residence of President Madero, 

Mexico. 
*498 Tower of London, famous old palace and prison of 
royalty. 
539 Old home of Mary, Queen of Scots, Edinburgh. 
541 Old home of Earl Douglas, N. Berwick, Scotland. 
*547 Stirling Castle, Scotland. 
*573 Royal Palace, Christiania, Norway. 
*598 Royal Palace, Stockholm, Sweden. 
599 In the Royal Palace, Stockholm. 

610 Imperial Palace of Peterhof, Russia. 

611 In the Imperial grounds of Peterhof Palace, Russia. 

612 The Imperial yacht Alexandria, Russia. 
*621 Home of the Emperor of Germany, Berlin. 
*632 Home of King Ludwig, Bavarian Alps, Germany. 
*635 Ehrenfels Castle on the Rhine. 

660 In Versailles, palace of French rulers, 

673 Home of the Prince of Monaco. 

*676 Royal Palace, Madrid, Spain. 

*684 The Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 

*685 Court of the Lions in the Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 

693 Castle of St. George, Lisbon, Portugal. 

*726 The Quirinal Palace, Rome (distant view). 



398 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*740 The old Royal Palace of Venice, Italy. 

*761 Eoyal Palace of Greece, Athens. 

*765 Home of the King of Greece, Athens. 

*815 Throne room of Sultan of Zanzibar. 

901 Great Durbar Hall in palace of H. H. the Maharaja 
of Gwalior, India. 

940 Palaces of the Forbidden City, Peking, China. 

941 Sacred Gate to Forbidden City. 

942 Grand Porcelain Tower of the Imperial Summer Pal- 

ace, Peking, China. 

PRIMITIVE HOMES 

*186 The Lincoln log cabin, Kentucky. 

*254 Cliff palaces, homes of a prehistoric race, Colorado. 

*261 Homes of the Hopi Indians. 

*262 Indian tepee — home of the Navajos. 

*325 Porto Eican houses. 

329 Native homes in Panama. 

*356 A workingman 's home in Ermita, P. I. 

*412 A home in Tehuantepec, Mexico. 

565 Primitive homes in the Island of Achill, Ireland. 

*593 Primitive home of Lapp family, Norway. 

617 Village of Tartars, Russia. 

*816 Primitive homes in East Africa. 

*886 Home life of contented citizens of Cashmere, India. 

916 Floating home of natives of Burma. 

*928 400,000 boat population of Canton, China. 

COUNTRY HOMES 

26 A typical home of Old New England, Franklin, N. H. 

*56 A country home on the Hudson, New York. 

141 A fine old country estate, Arlington, Va. 

*143 Another fine old country estate, Virginia. 

172 Country homes of the colored people of the South. 

*526 Anne Hathaway 's cottage at Shottery, England, 



HOMES AND LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 399 

530 Wordsworth's cottage, Grasmere, England. 

*546 Birthplace of Eobert Burns, Scotland. 

*549 Homes in feudal Scotland — relics of the past. 

550 Pretty Scotch country homes. 

565 Primitive homes on the Island of Achill, Ireland. 

*569 Picturesque home of a prosperous farmer, County 
Kerry, Ireland. 

575 Quiet homes in the Maan Valley, Norway. 

581 A humble mountain home, Norway. 

*502 Country home in mountains of Norway. 

*618 Characteristic country home in the heart of Eussia. 

*642 Typical country homes in Holland. 

*645 Country homes at Goes, Holland. 

674 A country home in Spain. 

706 Typical country homes in Switzerland. 

*724 Typical Swiss country homes in the Chamonix Valley. 

*758 Typical and attractive country homes in Austria. 

CITY HOMES 

41 City homes of the wealthy on Fifth Avenue, New 

York City. 
*42 People of the lower East Side and where they live, 
Elizabeth Street, New York City. 
*129 Overlooking the home of the President and many of 

the finer homes of Washington, D. C. 
*131 Eear view of the White House at Washington, D. C. 
*442 City homes in Venezuela. 

449 Eesidence of wealthy citizen of Barranquilla, Co- 
lombia. 
*489 In Buenos Ayres, Argentine. 
*493 City homes in Montevideo, Uruguay. 
*517 Elizabethan house, Exeter, England. 

532 Quaint old houses of Shrewsbury, Eng. 
*638 City homes, Cologne, Germany. 
*639 City homes, Amsterdam, Holland. 



400 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*640 Up the tree-lined canal, Amsterdam, Holland. 

*647 City homes in Brussels, Belgium. 

*655 Typical mansions along the Champs Elysees, Paris. 

677 City homes in Madrid, Spain. 

703 City homes in Berne, Switzerland, 

*730 City homes in Naples, Italy. 

737 Homes in the city of Florence, Italy. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in the above list in sizes i6 x 20 — 20 x 24. 



HOME ECONOMICS 

BY 
ISABEL BEVIER, Ph.M., 

PROFESSOR OF HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE AND DIRECTOR OF COURSES, 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 

302 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 323 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM. 

The stereographs and sHdes classified below have 
a particular bearing on the subjects taught under the 
head of Home Economics. The teacher is referred 
to the classifications on "Products and Industries" 
and "Agriculture" for fuller treatment of those sub- 
jects. 

The syllabus of Home Economics gives the fol- 
lowing definition of that important term : "Home 
Economics, as a distinctive subject of instruction, 
is the study of the economic, sanitary, and esthetic 
aspects of food, clothing, and shelter as connected 
with their selection, preparation, and use by the 
family in the home or by other groups of people." 
If one considers this definition carefully, one is 
helped to an appreciation of the breadth of the field 
included in home economics. It touches the life of 
the individual and of the nation at so many vital 
points. Food, shelter, clothing, the home, are words 

401 



40^ 



THE WOiRLr) VISUALIZED 



full of significance. They imply the demand that 
the world and its products shall be available for 
their use. 

OUTLINE 
HOUSEHOLD ARTS 



STUDY 
HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE 

Agriculture. 
Transportation. 
Markets. 
Food supplies. 

Bread. 

Rice. 

Milk and butter. 

Beef and pork. 

Fish. 

Fruit. 

Coffee, tea, chocolate. 

Sugar. 

Salt. 
Water. 



Publishers' Note 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and also on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 

For further illustrations for Home Economics the teacher 
is referred to the wider range of material to be found in our 
general catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the dif- 
ferent countries, particulars of which will be sent on applica- 
tion. 



Houses and Home Life. 
Clothing. 

Cotton. 

Wool. 

Flax and hemp. 

Silk. 

Costumes. 
Fuels. 
Industries — preparing 

material for the 

home. 



HOME ECONOMICS 403 

HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE 
AGRICULTURE 

Perhaps it is well to begin the story with the an- 
cient and honorable art of agriculture which is now 
securing so much attention that it seems to be a new 
science as well as an old art. For more detailed 
treatment see the classification on "Agriculture." 

The stereographs illustrate both primitive and 
modern agriculture with a variety of food products. 

*170 Colored students plowing at Tuskegee Institute, Tuske- 
gee, Alabama. 

*193 In the great corn fields of eastern Kansas. 

*200 Twentieth Century harvesting machine cutting and 
binding corn in a Michigan farmer's field. 

*216 Plowing on a prairie farm in Illinois. 

*414 Farming with poorly paid native help — Mexico. 

*460 Ice-crested Chimborazo towering 20,498 feet toward 
the sun, north from road to Quito, Ecuador. 
528 Plowing by motor power in England. 

*548 Where the Forth "in turnings intricate through these 
rich fields doth run" — Stirling, Scotland. 
550 From Stirling Castle west up the beautiful Forth Val- 
ley toward the Trossachs, Scotland. 

*566 Harvesting on the Island of Achill, N. W., to Sleive- 
more, northwestern Ireland. 

*569 The picturesque home of a prosperous farmer — County 
Kerry, Ireland. 

*578 A farmer's family making hay in a sunny field be- 
tween the mountains, Roldal, Norway. 

*601 A farmer's family harvesting oats in a sunny field at 
Lerdal, Sweden. 



404 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

630 Growing hops and harvesting barley on a Bavarian 

farm, near Bamberg, Germany. 
845 Plowing in the fertile plains of Sharon, Palestine. 

*924 Native farming in tropical Ceylon — plowing a paddy 
field. 

*955 Cutting millet on a Japanese farm. 

*971 Pulling young rice shoots for transplanting, Japan. 

*972 Native women transplanting rice — spring work on a 
Japanese farm. 

*974 Flailing barley beside the Inland Sea (S. E. to Oshima 
Island), Japan. 

*987 One of the most fertile valleys on the continent — S. E. 
from Tower Hill over Koroit, Australia. 

*992 Acres of hop vines on a prosperous farm at New Nor- 
folk, Tasmania. 

TRANSPORTATION 

In these days when the press is full of words both 
foolish and wise concerning the cost of living, no 
thoughtful person escapes at least some ideas of the 
factors that enter into this cost, and even a cursory- 
glance shows how important an element the subject 
of transportation of food is. 

It is a far cry from the old days, when food was 
eaten where it was produced, to the present; even 
the small city market displays food products that 
have been brought from many lands. The con- 
sumer must realize that he pays for this cost of 
transportation in the increased price for food which 
has been brought any distance. For a more com- 
plete and detailed Hst, see the classification on 
"Transportation." 



HOME ECONOMICS 405 

81 Great escalator carrying wagon-loads of freight on 

Bergen Hill, New Jersey. 
*174 Busy ship-crowded wharves on the Mississippi, New 

Orleans, La. 
*188 On the bustling levee, St. Louis, where the products of 

the Mississippi Valley are distributed. 
207 Whalebaek freighters of ore and grain in icanal, Sault 

Ste. Marie, Mich. 
*215 Loading a great whalebaek ship at the famous grain 

elevators of Chicago, 111. 
350 Steamships and local river craft on the lower Pasig, 

Manila, P. I. 
*358 Filipino wagons drawn by caraboa, Iloilo, Panay, Phil- 
ippines. 
388 Where train and steamship meet — Canadian Pacific 

Station, Vancouver, B. C, Canada. 
445 Loading steamer for United States ports, Maracaibo, 

Venezuela. 
*473 Pack train of llamas, unique Andean beasts of burden 

with Indian driver, Cerro de Pasco, Peru. 
*487 Most costly docks in the Western Hemisphere, Buenos 

Ayres, South America. 
*495 Ocean liners at Albert docks on the Thames, below 

the world's greatest city, London. 
*560 Building an ocean liner, Harland & Wolff's Works — 

Belfast, Ireland. 
*604 Busy harbor of Copenhagen, a famous port of old 

times, where great ships now come and go, Denmark. 
*687 Shipping on the Guadalquiver, S. E. from Bridge of 

Isabel II to Golden Tower, Seville, Spain. 
*785 Splendid view of Suez Canal, showing ships passing 

each other. 
*789 The road to the Pyramids — westward toward Gizeh 

from near Cairo, Egypt. 
*863 A Bedouin camp in the mountains of the Abarim 

highlands. 



406 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

914 Hauling timber with buffaloes and bullocks from 

Irrawaddy river near Pagan, Burma. 
935 Wheelbarrow transportation — China's best and cheap- 
est freighters — at the boat landing, Tientsin. 
*938 One of the typical "freight trains" of China — east on 
Legation Street — caravan from Tientsin, Peking, 
China. 
945 Clumsy Chinese junk under full sail on the Yellow Sea. 
*960 Burden-bearers of Japan — a street scene in Tokyo. 

978 Coaling the Pacific Mail S. S. "Siberia" at fortified 

Nagasaki, Japan. 

979 A pack-train in the suburbs outside Seoul, Korea. 

MARKETS 

The past five years have witnessed a great change 
in the sanitary conditions of the markets all over 
the country. The women have done valuable work 
in this form of betterment of living conditions. A 
growing civic pride and a realization of the danger 
and disease in dirt, as well as an appreciation of the 
real economic value of attractive service, have 
greatly improved the appearance of the market and 
the delivery wagons. 

*42 street peddlers' carts on Elizabeth Street — looking 
north from Hester Street, New York City. 
*443 Typical view of the people of Caracas in the market- 
place, Venezuela. 

648 West across market to the town hall, Brussels, Belgium. 
*782 "Step" street climbing up from the Bosphorus, and 
middle class people of Constantinople. 

787 A crowded street in Cairo, Egypt. 

808 Typical Moorish shop with proprietor and patrons, Al- 
giers, North Africa. 



HOME ECONOMICS 407 

*844: The bazaar of Jaffa on a market day, Palestine. 
846 Christian Street — motley life in the Holy City 's bazaar 

district, Jerusalem. 
*931 Eieh native bazaars on Nanking Eoad — principal street 

of Shanghai, China. 

FOODSTUFFS 
WHEAT AND BREAD 

The countless billions invested in the food supply 
of the world, the vital need of every human being 
for food, gives that subject universal and perennial 
interest. The staff of life varies in appearance and 
composition, but it exists in some form for every 
human being. 

*309 Modern American harvesting in the Great Western 
Fields, Walla Walla, Wash. 

*442 The bread mule on a typical street in Caracas, Vene- 
zuela. 
671 Autumn in Brittany — peasants threshing grain on a 

farm near Carhaix, France. 
674 Harvesting wheat, in the Basque Province of Gui- 
puzcoa. Northern Spain. 

*799 "Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out 
the corn" (threshing), Egypt. 

*851 Women grinding at the mill — Palestine (St. Matt. 
XXIV: 41). 

*861 Bread-making in the court of a Syrian home, Palestine. 

MILLET 

*955 Peasants cutting millet near Yokohama. 

KICE 

Since this serves as practically the only food for 
so large a part of the human race, almost anything 



408 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

about it is of general interest. A disease common 
to rice-eaters has been the subject of much study. 
While the cause of beri-beri is not fully understood, 
it does seem to be settled that it is due to the lack 
of a substance found in the covering of the grain. 
Hence the use of unpolished rice is to be preferred 
to polished. 

*181 Cutting rice in Texas. 

*182 Hauling rice to the thresher — showing canal from 

which growing crop is flooded. 
183 Steam thresher at work in a rice field — preparing crop 

for the mill, Texas. 
329 Natives shelling rice in Panama. 
*357 Typical Filipino farming scene. A rice field and water 

buffalo — resting between furrows — Luzon, P. I. 
*886 Shelling rice and gossiping with the neighbors — home 

life of contented citizens of Cashmere. 
*908 Freight handlers and the thousands of tons of rice 

which they have unloaded, Eangoon, Burma. 
*920 Country home with paddy field and natives harvesting 

rice, Ceylon. 
933 Paddy fields and group of jeering natives at Matin, 

700 miles inland, Kiangsi Province, China. 
*971 Pulling up young rice ready for transplanting in 

Japan. 
*972 Patient laborers transplanting rice shoots on a farm 

in beautiful interior of Japan. 
*975 Looking W. toward Kumamoto across rice fields in old 

crater of Aso-San, Japan. 

MILK AND BUTTER 

Perhaps no single article of diet has received so 
much study as milk. It is described as a natural 



HOME ECONOMICS 409 

food, a complete food. Some one has said, in its 
veil of whiteness lies its danger, for we know now 
that with all its life-giving properties it is at the 
same time often the bearer of most dangerous dis- 
eases, just because it is so good a medium for disease 
germs. A growing appreciation of the value of 
human life and the appeal made by the helplessness 
of childhood has raised a hand to stay the slaughter 
of the innocent and defenceless child by the estab- 
lishment of sanitary milk depots in congested dis- 
tricts. Certified milk has brought a new definition 
for cleanliness into all the processes connected with 
the production and distribution of milk. 

*66 Milk in the separating room. 

*67 Churning for butter. 
68 Making up butter in pound packages at a model dairy. 

*86 White-robed milkmen milking in a model stable, Fair- 
field Dairy, New Jersey. 

*87 Milk bottles in great steam sterilizer, Fairfield Dairy, 
New Jersey. 

*88 Filling and stoppering twelve milk bottles at once, 
Fairfield Dairy, N. J. 
*582 Herd of reindeer, hardy creatures of the northern 
wilds, and snowy heights of Hardanger glacier, Nor- 
way. 

606 Packing prize butter for the European markets in the 
biggest dairy in the world, Hasley, Denmark. 
*642 Industrious peasants and milk-cart passing a wind-mill 
on a dyke road west of Dordrecht, Holland. 

643 Substantial dignity of a Dutch matron with her dog- 
team — outskirts of Enkhuysen, Holland. 



410 fHE WORLD ViSUALizSD 

*645 Picturesque and thrifty countrywomen with milk pails 
balanced on wooden yokes — Goes (Zeeland), Holland. 

*646 Miles on miles of peaceful pastures where windmills 
beckon to each other (N. of Amsterdam), Holland. 
664 Battlefield of Sedan (N. E.), where 11,000 French fell 
before surrender, France. 

*679 How the cow goes around delivering milk to house- 
keepers in Valencia, Spain. 

*743 Goats milked while you wait — in a crowded market-, 
place in old Palermo, Sicily. 

*862 Bedouin women churning milk, typical interior of a 
big tent, Syria. 
890 Bhutanese milkman with curious bamboo jars, at the 
public water fountain, Darjeeling, India. 

*895 How Hindu cows enjoy life in Calcutta — sidewalk 
scene on Harrison St., looking West, India. 

BEEF AND PORK 

Meat of some sort has long been one of the most 
important articles of food. It is estimated that 
about 40 per cent, of the money expended for food 
is spent for meat, which furnishes about 16 per cent, 
of the total nutrients of the diet. Available statis- 
tics show that the inhabitants of the United States 
consume more meat than any other nation, using 
on an average about 120 pounds of meat per year 
per capita, with an average expenditure of about ten 
cents per man per day for this food. A bulletin of 
the United States Bureau of Labor, among other 
most interesting statistics as to the changes in the 
prices of fifteen food products since 1890, shows 
that sirloin steak in April, 1913, cost 72.7 per cent., 



HOME ECONOMICS 411 

round steak 90.1 per cent., pork chops 118 per cent., 
and bacon 122.9 per cent, more than the average 
price, respectively, of these articles for the periods 
1 890- 1 899. 

*213 Cattle in the great Union Stock Yards, the greatest 

of live-stock markets, Chicago, Illinois. 
*214 A half-mile of pork in Armour's great packing house, 
Chicago, 111. 
217 How grass and sunshine are turned into beef — steers 
grazing in green pastures, Illinois. 
*218 Genuine corn-fed pork. Feeding hogs in a prairie 

pasture, Illinois. 
*257 Among the 30,000 cattle at Sierra Bonita ranch — 
roping a yearling, Arizona. 
258 Moving a herd, Sierra Bonita, the oldest ranch in 
Arizona, where 30,000 cattle range. 
*259 Examining the brand of a yearling on a ranch in Ari- 
zona. 
544 Highland cattle in pasture at Thurso, Scotland. 
*585 Gudvangen's outlook over the Naerofjord, where the 
sea reaches far in among the mountains, Norway. 
757 The Drei Zinnen from Lago Misurina, Tyrol, Austria. 
813 Sunrise exodus of the cattle from a Masai kraal at 
base of Mt. Kenia, East Africa. 

FISH 

Much of pleasure and recreation is associated 
with this important and economical source of food 
material. It is a far cry from the days of Isaak 
Walton to the present great industries represented 
by cod fisheries in the Atlantic, of the salmon indus- 
try on the Pacific coast. 



412 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

12 Fish "Captains Courageous" bring home; cleaning 

codfish on a Cape Ann wharf, Gloucester, Mass. 

13 "Fish out of water"; drying cod from Grand Banks 

on racks at a Cape Ann wharf, Gloucester, Mass. 
*306 Seining Chenook salmon, largest variety known, Colum- 
bia river, Oregon. 
*307 Chenook salmon on the floor of a great cannery, As- 
toria, Columbia River, Ore. 

308 Brailing — taking salmon from the trap for the great 
canneries, Puget Sound, Washington. 

545 Scotch herring, the best in the world — thousands of 
kegs ready to ship — Wick, Scotland. 

853 Life on the shore of Galilee, at Tiberias, Palestine. 

FRUIT 

Hutchinson says, from a nutritive point of view, 
fruits may be divided into two groups, the flavor 
fruits and the food fruits. In the former he in- 
cludes all fruits which contain more than 8o per 
cent, water ; in the latter, all fruits which have more 
than 20 per cent, solids. The banana is an example 
of the latter class. Fruit brings water, acids, min- 
eral salts and sugar into the diet in most appetizing 
forms. In its native state it occurs in many beauti- 
ful forms. The orange groves of California and 
the vineyards of Italy are far-famed. 

*167 Cocoanut trees in the white sands of Palm Beach, 

Florida. 
*168 Blossom of the cocoanut palm. Fruit in all stages. 
*279 Eedlands and its wealth of orange groves from Smiley 

Heights, Cal. 
*280 Picking oranges in one of the famous groves at Eiver- 

side, Cal. 



HOME ECONOMICS 413 

*281 Flowers and fruit and winter sunsMne on an orange 

tree, in a forty-acre grove, near Pasadena, Cal. 
310 In the great fruit district — picking red raspberries, 
Puyallup, Wash. 

*323 Amidst the charms of Porto Eico— delicious pineapple 
in the fields of Mayaguez. 
324 Husking crop in a cocoanut forest, near Mayaguez, 
Porto Eico. 

*331 Indian "dugouts" on the Chagres Eiver, bringing 
bananas, the chief export of Panama, to Gatun. 

*343 Ferns and cocoanut palms of a Pacific paradise, Wai- 
kiki, Hawaiian Is. 

*344 In the heart of a banana plantation, Hawaiian Is. 
401 Gathering the luscious fruit of a heavily laden mango 
tree — Cuernavaca, Mexico, 

*417 Looking (W.) over largest banana field in the world — ■ 
United Fruit Co. 's Plantation, Zent, Costa Eiea. 

*420 Breadfruit tree in a grove near Port Limon, Costa 

Eica. 
433 Citron tree, Jamaica, West Indies. 

*434 Gathering bananas at the famous Cedar Grove Plan- 
tation, Jamaica. 

*661 Vineyards covering sunny fields at Ay near Epernay 
(champagne district), France. 

*686 Picking great bunches of dates from luxuriant date 
palms, Elche, Spain. 

*691 Under a canopy of grapes — picking, sorting and pack- 
ing the famous "malagas, " Malaga, Spain. 

*744 Picking lemons in a grove on the Conca D'Oro (Golden 
Shell) outside Palermo, Sicily. 
COFFEE, TEA AND CHOCOLATE 

Coffee, tea and chocolate are a group of sub- 
stances associated with the idea of sociabihty. 
Many interesting customs center about the use of 
these articles, whether we consider the kaffee klatch 



414 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

of Germany or the afternoon tea of the Enghsh, or 
the American at home, 

406 Making jute coffee bags in Santa Gertrude factory, 
near Orizaba, Mexico. 

*407 Drying coffee — on a coffee plantation near Cordoba, 
Mexico. 

*408 Crude native method of husking coffee, at Amatlan, 

near Cordoba, Mexico. 
418 Opening the pods and drying the cocoa beans — on 
plantation near Port Limon, Costa Eica. 

*419 Gathering cacao pods — one of Costa Kiea's most val- 
uable products — near Port Limon. 

*457 Material for 224,000 lbs. of chocolate bonbons— cacao 
beans curing at La Clementina, Ecuador. 

*817 Picking coffee in Moschi province, East Africa. 

*921 Charming valleys and mountains of Interior Ceylon — 
at Katugastota, near Kandy. 

*922 Coolies picking coffee on Sir Thomas Lipton's estate, 
at Dambutenne, Interior Ceylon. 

*932 Coolies unloading tea at Hankow, the great tea mar- 
ket of Interior China. 

*973 Girls picking tea on famous plantation at Uji, among 
the sunny hills of old Japan. 

SUGAR 

Sugar is an important article of diet either from 
an economic or a dietetic point of view. It is a 
quick source of energy and is, therefore, often used 
by mountain cHmbers or those participating in ath- 
letic contests. 

*89 Sugar after leaving the vacuum pan, before cutting 
the moulds. 
90 Sugar in the moulds. 
*91 Sugar in the drying ovens. 



HOME ECONOMICS 415 

*173 The sweetest spot on earth — sugar levee beside the 

Mississippi, New Orleans, La. 
429 A sugar plantation, Caracas, Cuba. 
*430 Hauling carloads of sugar-cane into the mill, Sugar 

Plantation, Caracas, Cuba. 
*435 Crude method of grinding sugar-cane (product 25 gal- 
lons daily), mill near Kingston, Jamaica. 
*470 Harvesting sugar-cane on a great plantation between 

Lima and the Andes, Santa Clara, Peru. 
SALT 
*620 A reservoir after evaporation — tiirning up the salt — 

salt fields, Solinen, Eussia. 
*668 Vast salt fields with children collecting salt for stacks, 

Le Croisic, Prance. 
690 Work at the snowy salt stacks of San Fernando, on 

marshy levels, near Cadiz, Spain. 

WATER 

Water serves so many purposes that it is perplex- 
ing to choose the most important. It constitutes 
about 70 per cent, of the animal body, serves as a 
carrier and diluent of food into and through the 
system, is a cleansing agent. The earliest civiliza- 
tions were on the river banks, the most beautiful 
scenery is associated with the idea of water, the use 
of it for irrigation in the West has made "the desert 
to blossom as the rose." 

*303 Irrigating a strawberry field. Hood Kiver Valley, Ore- 
gon. 
413 A water vender, typical of Mexico 's mountain cities, 
Guanajuato. 

*464 Ice dealers of Quito collecting snow near summit of 
Pichincha, Ecuador. 



416 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*469 Irrigating plains otherwise sterile, and planting sugar- 
cane on a farm at Santa Clara, Peru. 

*475 Squaws in the mining country carrying water from 
Lake Paparcocha, Cerro de Pasco, Peru. 

*680 Water seller on his daily round, filling a jar of primi- 
tive design, Valencia, Spain. 
695 Water mains bringing water 15 miles to Lisbon, Portu- 
gal. 

*797 An Egyptian shaduf, the oldest of well-sweeps, lifting 
the Nile waters to the fields. 

*798 Irrigation in Nile Valley, Egypt. 

*801 The Nilometer (measurer of inundations) on island at 
I first cataract, Egypt. 

*803 The great dam across the Nile at Assuan, Egypt. 

*811 Kikuyu women with water vessels (gourds) beside vil- 
lage storehouses, East Africa. 

*842 Oasis of Elim, where the Israelites found water; halt 
of a caravan to Sinai. 

*885 Famous Vale of Cashmere, watered by the winding 
Jhelum, India. 

893 Welcome fellows in thirsty India — bheestees (water- 
carriers) with their leather bottles — Calcutta. 



HOUSEHOLD ARTS 
HOUSES AND HOME LIFE 

There are some words and some things of which 
the heart of man never grows weary, some primal 
needs for which he ever seeks satisfaction. There 
are two words, no matter in how many ways they 
may be interpreted, that voice a universal need, — a 
comfortable home. The interpretation may differ 
widely. The hunter's lodge, the miner's cabin, the 



HOME ECONOMICS 417 

castle may not be your expression of a comfortable 
home. 

We all appreciate that the house is not the home, 
as the body is not the spirit, but as the body serves 
as the means of expression for the spirit, so in the 
house we build and furnish, we give unconsciously 
perhaps our definition of home. See classification 
on Homes and Life of the People for fuller treat- 
ment. 

*7 Stately old home of Longfellow, once Washington's 
headquarters, Cambridge, Mass. 
8 Elmwood — birthplace of James Eussell Lowell, Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 
162 Oldest house in the United States, built by the Spani&ii 
about 1564 — St. Augustine, Florida. 
*262 Typical home of Navajo Indians, Arizona. 
322 Charming Porto Eico — a pretty suburban home near 
Mayaguez. 
*325 Aguadilla — Columbus' first landing-place on the Isle 

of Porto Eico. 
*348 Some of our Pacific Island cousins and their home, 

Tutuila, Samoan Islands. 
*356 A home in Ermita, P. I. 
390 Interior of Fort Magnesia, Cape Sabine, Ellesmere 
Land. 
*395 The world's most unique inhabitants — Esquimaux with 
summer tents, Greenland. 
409 The public washing fonts — Jalapa, Mexico. 
*412 Homes and home occupations of the natives of Tehuan- 

tepec Isthmus, Mexico. 
*428 The courtyard of a typical Cuban home, Eemedios, 
Cuba. 



418 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*458 Native home, made of boards — no race suicide here, 

Ecuador. 
*4:59 Up-country hospitality among the natives — dinner in 

preparation, Eiobama, Ecuador. 
*517 Ancient Elizabethan house used by Ealeigh, Drake, 

Burleigh and Monk as a club house, England. 
*525 The living room in Shakespeare's house, Stratford-on- 

Avon, England. 
*526 Ann Hathaway 's cottage, Shottery, England. 
530 Dove Cottage, Wordsworth's old home at Grasmere, 

England. 
*546 The birthplace of Eobert Burns, Ayr, Scotland. 
568 Fireplace for burning peat, where all family cooking is 

done, a home in Ireland. 
581 A humble mountain home at the foot of the cliffs 

where the Skiaeggedals Falls leap 525 ft., Nor- 
way. 
*592 From the mountain inn at Vidde saeter down the 

Vidde Valley, Norway. 
*593 People of the frigid North — Lapp home and family, 

near Tromsoe, Norway. 
*594 A Nordfjord bride and groom, with guests and parents 

at their house door, Brigsdal, Norway. 
*618 A characteristic country house in the heart of Eussia. 
*669 At grandmother 's house — interior of a Breton village 

home, Crach, France. 
*707 "Youthful years and maiden beauty" — the same in 

all the world, Switzerland included. 
732 Beautiful home of the Vetii, buried A. D. 79, Pom- 
peii, Italy. 
*758 An Austrian hamlet, Val Ampezzo. 
*816 A Wachagga village on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, East 

Africa. 
*858 The inner court of a Damascus home, Syria. 
*962 Serene simplicity of home (interior) of Count Okuma, 

Tokyo, Japan. 



HOME ECONOMICS 419 

963 A Japanese hostess serving dinner in a typical Jap- 
anese home. 
*980 House-building in Korea, — wall of stone and mud 
against a framework of grass, ropes and sticks, 
Seoul. 

CLOTHING 

This is a large subject, whether one discusses it 
from the economical, the hygienic, or the artistic 
standpoint, or from the sources and variety of ma- 
terials used in it. Clothing may be worn for decora- 
tion, for protection from the elements. Sometimes 
a string of beads has sufficed, sometimes a belt of 
feathers. When Darwin gave a piece of red cloth 
to a native Fuegian, he was astonished to see it 
worn, not for clothing, but torn into bits and bound 
around the limbs as ornaments. 

A study of textile fabrics usually begins with a 
study of the fibres, cotton, wool, silk and their char- 
acteristic differences and the processes by which 
these fibres are made into cloth. Considerable effort 
is being expended to teach women to be skilled buy- 
ers of household fabrics. 

COTTON 

*154 The carding room, great Olympian Cotton Mills, 
Columbia, S. C. 
155 Drawing frames, in the great Olympian Cotton Mills 
(1,200 operators), Columbia, S. C. 

*156 In a great spinning room (104,000 spindles), Olym- 
pian Mills, Columbia, S. C. 



420 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*157 Warping room in the great Olympian Cotton Mills, 

Columbia, S. C. 
*158 Weaving room (2,400 looms), great Olympian Cotton 

Mills, Columbia, S. C. 
*160 Cotton is king — plantation scene with pickers at work, 

Georgia. 
*177 Cotton gins — one of the greatest industrial inventions — 

separating fibre from seed, Texas. 
*178 Baling cotton — a powerful press just releasing a 50-lb. 

bale at a mill in Texas. 
179 Shipping cotton from levee near growing district by 

cars to manufacturing center, Texas. 
*180 A part of the 4,000,000 bale yearly crop of Texas. 
*468 Picking cotton with Chinese labor on irrigated land 

at the foot of the Andes, Vitarte, Peru. 

WOOL 

17 Assorting wool into three grades prior to its manu- 
facture into cloth. 
*18 Feeding wool into a carding machine in a great woolen 

mill. 
*19 Spinning wool, Maynard, Mass. 

*20 Twister at work in Assobat Woolen Mills, Maynard, 
Mass. 
21 Foster winding in Assobat Woolen Mills, Maynard, 

Mass. 
*22 Warping machine at work in a big, up-to-date woolen 
mill. 
23 Drawing-in preparatory to actual weaving of a woolen 
fabric. 
*24 Looms that produce woolen fabrics, in the largest 
weaving room in America. 
*201 Prize-winning sheep (Shropshires) in a Jackson County 

pasture, Mich. 
*483 Sheep-raising in a sunny valley, among the Andes 
near Cuzco, farm buildings at right, Peru. 



HOME ECONOMICS 421 

. *543 Bargains in sheep at the Greorgemas Fair, near Thurso, 

Scotland. 
*831 Sheep grazing on the great veldts of British South 

Africa. 
*985 Where a sheep is shorn in five minutes by electrical 
machinery, Newmarket, Australia. 
986 Dalgetty's salesrooms, where wool buyers come from 

all parts of the world, Australia. 
991 Drink for 5,000 thirsty sheep on a big ranch at War- 
rah, Australia. 

FIAX AND HEMP 

*361 Drying hemp, chief export of the Philippines at Cebu, 
P. I. 

*363 Carting manila hemp to the wharf, Cebu, P. I. 

*557 Bleaching field near linen mills (S. E.), Lisburn, near 
Belfast, Ireland. 

*558 Hatcheling flax — first process in making the famous 
Irish linens, Belfast, Ireland. 

*559 Plain weaving room (1,000 looms), in a great linen, 
mill at Belfast, Ireland. 

*650 Flax in great stacks curing in sunny fields near Cour- 
trai, center of Belgium's linen industry. 

*651 Flax taken from stacks and soaked in river Lys, pre- 
paring for spinning, Courtrai, Belgium's linen mar- 
ket. 

SIIK (PRODUCTION) 

*864 Feeding the silkworms their breakfast of mulberry 

leaves, Syria. 
*865 Cocoons of the silkworm in the mulberry bush, Syria. 

867 Purchasing cocoons for export, Syria. 

868 Boiling cocoons to loosen the thread ends in a large 

reeling mill, Syria. 
*869 Close view of the boiling process and unraveling of the 
cocoons, reeling mill, Syria. 



422 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

*870 Examining and weighing the raw silk, preparatory to 

shipping, Syria. 
*871 Primitive method of weaving the silk in Syria. 

SILK (MANUFACTURE) 

92 Winding the silk (first process in the Throwster 
works). 
*93 Doubling the thread and winding onto spools. 
94 Reeling and lacing (Throwster works). 
*95 Stripping the gum, and dyeing the skeins in the 

Throwster works. 
*96 Weighting the silk in the solution of tin, to give it 

body. 
97 Finishing the skeins of silk after weighting and dye- 
ing. 
*98 Great warping machines at work in the weaving mill. 
*99 In the mammoth weaving room, showing the looms at 

work. 
100 In the dyeing room, showing piece dyeing after the 
cloth is woven. 
*101 Color printing in the piece, machine that prints 10 

colors. 
*102 Breaking, folding and pressing the silk cloth. 
104 Weaving taffeta ribbon. 

COSTUMES 

Much of history may be gained from a study of 
the costume of either the orient or of colonial days. 
Caste and class are indicated by a very slight change 
in costume. 

*264 Navajo blanket weaver, Arizona. 

390 Cape Sabine, Alaska. 

*395 Esquimaux. 

*464 Ice dealer, Quito, Ecuador, 



HOME ECONOMICS 423 

*578 Farmer's family making hay, Norway. 

*594. Nordfjord bride and groom, Norway. 

*600 Dalecarlian maidens, Sweden. 

*601 Farmer's family, Sweden. 

*609 Eussia — making hay. 

*626 Women hoeing sugar beets, Germany. 

*642 Industrious peasants and milk-carts passing a wind- 
mill, Holland. 

643 Substantial dignity of a Dutch matron, Holland. 

*644 Quaint costumes of village girls beside the fishing 

boats. 

*645 Picturesque and thrifty countrywomen, Holland. 

671 Autumn in Brittany. 

*707 Youthful years and maiden beauty, Switzerland. 

*758 Austrian hamlet. 

769 Near Corinth, Greece. 

787 A crowded street in Cairo. 

808 Typical Moorish shop, Algiers. 

*811 Kikuyu women with water, East Africa. 

*844 The bazaar of Jaffa. 

*851 Grinding at the mill, Palestine. 

853 Life on the shore of Galilee. 

*861 Bread-making, Syria. 

*863 Bedouin camp, Syria. 

*866 Deadening silk cocoons, Syria. 

867 Silk merchants at Antioch, Syria. 

*886 Shelling rice. Cashmere, India. 

918 Beautiful work from crude tools, Ceylon. 

963 Japanese hostess. 

64 Head of whale, showing great mass of whalebone, 
Long Island Beach. 

*283 A nest of ostrich eggs. 

397 Whaling in Baffin Bay — taking out the whale's bone 
(worth $8,000). 

399 Floods of "sombreros," a hat store, City of Mexico, 
Mexico. 



424 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

FUELS 

The question of the kind of fuel to be preferred 
for home use is an important one to the house- 
keeper. Many have a gas stove for summer, a coal 
stove for winter, and a fireless cooker to prevent 
using either. Thus far, electricity, because of its 
cleanliness and the ease with which it may be man- 
aged, seems to be the most desirable, but, alas, in 
many regions the price is prohibitive. 

109 to 116 (6 are starred) Coal in the anthracite fields, 
Pennsylvania. 
*127 Source of gigantic fortunes — oil wells in Pennsylvania. 
405 Pulque gatherers and fuel vender in a cactus lane, 
San Juan, Teotihaucan, Mexico. 
*915 Oil wells worked with American machinery at Yanan- 
gyet, Burma. 

INDUSTRIES— PREPARING MATERIAL FOR THE 
HOME 

The statement is often made that the industries 
have gone from the home. Perhaps it is well to 
consider the other side of the question and get some 
faint conception of how many industries have their 
origin in the desire to meet some demand of the 
home. 

*15 Expert workmen cutting leather, shoe factory, Lynn, 

Mass. 
*16 Workmen welting shoes by machinery, shoe factory, 

Lynn, Mass. 



HOME ECONOMICS 425 

122 Plate Glass Works, Tarentum, Pa. — modeling clay pots 
for molten glass — moving pot to, drying room. 

*123 Glass-making — drawing pot of red-hot liquid from 
the glowing furnace — men balancing its weight. 

*124 Glass manufacture, Tarentum, Pa. — casting and rolling 
sheets of plate glass, 12i/^x31 ft. 

*125 Glass making, Tarentum, Pa. — revolving iron disks 
grinding surface of plate glass. 

*126 Workmen finishing plate glass windows in polishing 
room — glass works, Tarentum, Pa. 

*263 Home duties of the Hopi man — a scene at the Indian 
village of Oraibi, Arizona. 

*264 Blanket weaving — a Hopi Indian at work, Wolpi, 
Arizona. 

*355 Making rope from the famous native hemp, Manila, 
Philippines. 

*359 Weaving the famous pina cloth of Molo, Panay, Philip- 
pines. 
415 Natives making rope from the maguey plant, Mon- 
terey, Mexico. 

*416 Natives weaving matting from the fibre of the maguey 
plant, Monterey, Mexico. 

*519 Taking clay from great pit for fine English porcelain, 
Bugle, England. 

*520 Grinding and mixing clay for making fine porcelain 
ware, Worcester, England. 

*521 Dipping plates in glaze preparatory to firing, Porce- 
lain Works, Worcester, England. 

*522 Throwing plates on a potter's wheel, Eoyal Porcelain 
Works, Worcester, England. 
523 Turning and trimming a cup on the lathe; Eoyal 

Porcelain Works, Worcester, England. 
616 Eussian cloth market in ''The Fair" of Nijni Nov- 
gorod, Eussia. 

*628 Stitching shoes in a busy factory — a growing indus- 
try, Nuremberg, Germany. 



426 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

*629 Trimming and polishing heels in a large shoe factory, 
Nuremberg, Germany. 
658 Making Gobelin tapestry (weavers behind loom see 
results in mirrors), Paris. 
*783 Making oriental rugs in Constantinople. 
784 Eenewing the colors in oriental rugs, Constantinople. 
*887 Humble shawl-weavers at Cashmere patiently creating 

wonderful harmonies of line and color, India. 
918 Beautiful work from crude tools — native goldsmiths 

at work, Kandy, Ceylon. 
968 A potter and his wheel — fashioning a vase; Kiilkosan 
Works, Kyoto. 
*969 Expert workmen creating exquisite designs in cloisonne, 
Kyoto, Japan. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs, suitable for wall decoration, of any- 
subject in the above list in sizes i6 x 20 — 20 x 24. 



LITERATURE 

FOR GRADE READERS, HIGH SCHOOL AND COL- 
LEGE ENTRANCE CLASSICS 

BY 
W. W. CHARTERS, Ph.D., 

DEAN OF SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI. 

269 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES OF THE 1,000 LIST 
WITH 429 REFERENCES TO THEM 

ALSO 363 SUPPLEMENTAL STEREOGRAPHS OR 
SLIDES WITH 433 REFERENCES TO THEM 



The aim has been to select that material in the 
i,ooo series which is of real interest in the study of 
literature as found in public school readers and in 
college entrance requirements, and to arrange it in 
such a way as to make it easily available to the busy 
teacher. 

In order to make it practicable in the highest de- 
gree for school purposes, the material has been 
checked up carefully in connection with the en- 
trance requirements of a number of the largest 

427 



428 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Universities over the United States; also in con- 
nection with the following- basic readers, which we 
are assured by the publishers are their best sellers. 

Published by American Book Co. 
Baldwin Readers. 
Baldwin and Bender Readers. 
Brooks Readers. 
Golden Treasury Readers. 
Standard Catholic Readers. 

Published by Appleton & Co. 
Carroll & Brooks Readers. 

Published by Ginn & Co. 
Blodgett Readers. 
Cyr's Readers. 
Jones Readers. 
Wade & Sylvester Readers. 

Published by D. C. Heath & Co. 
Heath Readers. 

Published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 

Riverside Readers. 
Published by Newson & Co. 

Aldine Readers. 
Published by Rand, McNally & Co. 

Lights to Literature Readers. 

Published by Silver, Burdette & Co. 
Stepping Stones to Literature Readers. 



UTERATXntE 429 

An effort has been made to illustrate as many as 
possible of those selections named most frequently 
in the college entrance requirements and those occur- 
ring in the largest number of the standard basic 
readers. Of course, it has not been possible to illus- 
trate all such selections, but the result of this check- 
ing has been very largely the determining factor. 
There are a few exceptions to the rule, where other 
selections of real merit have been illustrated. 

The various selections thus illustrated have been 
arranged in three groups : American authors, Eng- 
lish authors, and authors of non-English speaking 
countries, under the names of their respective au- 
thors. Thus, poets, essayists, historians and novel- 
ists are all brought together. To have grouped 
them according to the character of their work would 
have been difficult and unsatisfactory, owing to the 
fact that many were almost equally gifted along 
several different lines as, for example, Emerson, 
Holmes, Hawthorne, and Scott. The arrangement 
is also purely alphabetical under each of those three 
headings, since a chronological order, however de- 
sirable from some points of view, is not so easy for 
reference. This grouping, it is believed, will enable 
the teacher to get quickly at any author she may 
desire to illustrate. 

In one feature only does the arrangement of this 
classification differ from the others, viz. : It in- 



430'- THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

eludes a eonsiderable number of supplementary sub- 
jects in addition to the regular subjects from the 
World Visualized. These supplementary subjects 
are all given in parentheses ( ) , the catalogue 

number being used ; and, where possible, an explan- 
atory word after each. Otherwise, the numbers here 
used are the regular serial numbers from the World 
Visualized, which appear in heavy type in the upper 
right-hand corner of the stereograph. Those num- 
bers preceded by a star ( * ) are the ones included 
in the special 600 list. 

Schools desiring to add these supplementary num- 
bers for the teaching of literature will be supplied 
with a typewritten classification in which the full 
title is used opposite the verse illustrated, as is done 
with the other numbers here used. 



AMERICAN AUTHORS 

LYMAN ABBOTT— 1835. 

*171 Dr. Abbott and other guests of Booker T. Washington 
at Tuskegee, Ala. 

LOUISE ALCOTT— 1832. 

(11550) Old home. 
(11545) Emerson's home. 

9 Old North Bridge and Statue of "Minute Man" 
: at (Joncord, Mass, 



LITERATURE 431 

THOS. BAILEY ALDRICH— 1836. 

Ouiliemus. 

*496 London Bridge from Surrey side. 

AMELIA E. BARE— 1831. 
"The Belle of Bowling Green. " 

*29 Castle Garden and Bowling Green, S. W. to Liberty 

Statue, N. Y. Harbor. 
*30 Towering temples of trade crowding lower Manhattan, 

from the Harbor. 

35 Lower Manhattan from Metropolitan tower south. 
*38 Wall St., west past Sub-Treasury building to Trinity 

Church, N. Y. City. 
39 Broad St. north to the Stock Exchange, U. S. Sub- 
Treasury, and Wall St., N. Y. City. 
*42 Street peddlers' carts on Elizabeth St., N. Y. City. 
*43 Building one of New York 's greatest skyscrapers. 
(10712) Up Broadway (5302) From City Hall, north. 

(10714) Old St. Paul's (5304) Broadway and P. O. 

(5314) The Bowery. 

Note. — Many of the above numbers will also be 
found interesting in connection with Miss Barr's 
book, "The Maid of Maiden Lane." 

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT— 1794, 

As Editor of "The New York Evening Post." 

36 A section of downtown New York not far from the 

"Evening Post" building. 

'To a Waterfowl." 

(6813) Quail shooting. (6781) Plashy brink. 

"The Snow Shower. " 

(5419) A forest of crystal. 



432 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



"Hunter of the Prairies. ' 

(6833) Kansas prairie. 



' ' nanatopsis. ' ' 

*243 Ten miles of yawning 
chasm — down the Can- 
yon from Inspiration 
Point — Yellowstone 
Park. 

*288 Prom Inspiration Point 
(E. N. E.) through the 
Tosemite Valley, Cal. 

*273 A wilderness of sand, 
miles from human habi- 
tations — Painted Desert, 
Arizona. 
374 Carrying canoe past rap- 
ids on the Muskoka 
Eiver, Canada. 



'For his gayer hours she has 
a voice of gladness." 



"Go forth under the open sky 
and list to nature's teach- 
ings." 

"Take the wings of the morn- 
ing and traverse Baracas 
desert." 

"Or lose thyself in that con- 
tinuous realm where flows 
the Oregon, and hears no 
sound save his own dash- 
ings." 



SAMUEI I. CLEMENS 



(MARK TWAIN)- 

(11547) His villa. 



(8010) The humorist. 
*187 An end- wheeler on the Mississippi Eiver. 
*174 Shipping on the Mississippi Eiver. 



-1835. 



RALPH CONNOR— 1860. 

*375 Winnipeg, the home city of Eev. Chas. W. Gordon 
(Ealph Connor). 

879 to *384 (4 are starred) Scenes up in the great north- 
west, which Connor has revealed to a large reading 
public. 

259 Cowboy life of which Connor has written. 



LITER ATUKE 433 

JAMES FENIMORE COOPER— 1789. 

''The Sea Lions." 

*287 Young lions on the beacli at Santa Catalina Island. 

* 'Leather Stocking Tales. ' ' 

*194 Indian braves such as figure largely in these tales. 

"History of the United States Navy." 

*48 Warships and pleasure craft on the Hudson Eiver. 
*129 From monument over the Navy Department in Wash- 
ington, D. C. 
139 Admiral Dewey and officers of the U. S. Navy in 

Washington, D. C. 
145 U. S. Battleships steaming out to sea — Hampton 
Eoads, Va. 
*422 The wrecked Maine in Havana Harbor, Cuba. 
Other battleships: 

(5164)— (5165)— (5166) — (5167) — (5171) — (5175) — 
(5177)— (5179)— (5173) — (5184) — (5191)— (5193) — 
(10069) — (10070)— (10071)— (5197) — (5195)— (5200) — 
(5221) 

FRANCIS MARION CRAWFORB— 1845. 

Much fine material for illustrative work in connection with 
Mr. Crawford's productions will be found in the regular 
Underwood Stereoscopic Travel Tour of Italy. 

RICHARD HARDING DAVIS— 1864. 

*822 to 827 (2 are starred) Scenes in the Belgian Congo, 
of which Davis has written so interestingly. 

PAUL LAWRENCE DUNBAR— 1872. 

"Signs of the Times." 

(7197) Possum. (7087) A cornfield scene. 

"The Colored Soldiers." 

(10739) Shaw Memorial. 



434 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Scenes in lowly life of which Dunbar has written. 

*149 In a great pine forest, collecting turpentine, 
172 Eapid transit in southern Mississippi. 

"Folks Shouldn't Sensbuh other Folks. " 

(7225) "Dis am de pick of dat roost." 

RALPH WALDO EMERSON— 1803. 

Scenes in Boston, city of his birth. 
(11545) Home at Concord. (11550) Alcott home. 

9 Monument of "Minute Man" and North Bridge at 
Concord, Mass. 

"The Snowstorm. " 

(5432) Winter scene. 

"The Sphinx." 

*795 Euins of the Granite Temple, the Sphinx and Great 
Pyramid. 
(2544) The Sphinx. 



EUGENE FIELD— 1850. 

(10610) In Denver. 

"The Naughty Doll. " 

(6930) "A stitch in time." 



"Nightfall in Dordrecht" 

*642 Industrious peasants 

and milk cart passing a 
"windmill near Dordrecht, 
Holland. 

*644 Quaint costumes of vil- 
lage girls on the wharf 
beside the fishing boats 
— Marken, Zuider Zee. 



"The mill goes tolling slowly 
around with steady and sol- 
emn creak." 

"The sails are reefed and the 
nets are drawn." 



LITERATURE 435 

(6919) "Sleeping dog" 

643 Substantial dignity of a "To-morrow how proudly 
Dutch matron with her he'll trot you arotmd 

dog team, Holland. Hitched to our new milk 

cart." 

**aood Children Street. " 

(6929) "The dancing lessons." 

(6844) A pretty corner where happiness dwells. 

(6947) Dinner time for the dogs and cats. 

"Picnic Time." 

84 A glorious May-day among the daisies. 
(7048) Apple blossoms. (9418) Around May Pole. 

(6887) Daisy field. 

"Wbien I was a Boy. " 

(6902) Tired of play. 

"An Invitation to Sleep. ' 

(10042) "On guard." (6838) "Of Nod." 

"Dream, Dream, Dream!" 

(6952) Gates of sleepy land. (6858) Guardian Angel. 

"A Battle in Yellowstone Park." 

235 to *243 (5 are starred) Scenes in Yellowstone Park. 

"Pike's Peak." 

*246 Gateway of the Garden of the Gods west to majestic 
Pike's Peak. 

"The Train tor Sbut-Bye-Town." 

(6963) "On the border of Shut-Eye-Town." 

(6839) "Good Night." (6848) "Our Father." 

(6931) "Child's Prayer." 

Note. — Much more of this kind of illustration is 
available for those who wish it. 



436 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

PAUL lEICESTEK, FORD— 1865. 

''Hon. Peter Stirling." 

*42 Street peddlers' carts on Elizabeth St., New York 
City, showing tenements in which the Hon. Peter 
was deeply interested. 

FRANCIS BRET HARTE— 1837. 

•"Dickens in Camp." 

*311 Mt. Tacoma from camp, "Above the fines the moon 

Longmire Springs — was slowly drifting, 

Washington. The river sang below." 

*292 From Clouds' Eest over "The dim Sierras, far beyond 

Lake Tenaiya to the uplifting 

Matterhorn and Sierra Their m,inarets of snow." 
Nevada Mts., Cal. 

(11544) Old Curiosity Shop. "He read aloud the book," 

etc. 

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE— 1804. 

9 Old North Bridge at Concord, Mass., where Haw- 
thorne lived. 
(11549) House of seven gables. (5265) Birthplace. 

Note. — Those desiring stereographs to use in 
connection with a study of the "Marble Faun" will 
find much valuable material for the purpose in the 
Underwood Tour of Rome for the stereoscope or 
in lantern slides. 

OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES— 1809. 

Some of the haunts of Holmes at Cambridge, Mass. 
*7 Longfellow's old home. 
8 Lowell's old home. 
(5263) Monument, Cambridge. (5262) Harvard. 



LITERATURE 437 

' « Old Ironsides. ' ' 

*422 The wrecked Maine in "Oh, better that her shattered 
Havana Harbor, Cuba. hulk should sink beneath 

the wave." 

"The Battle of Lexington. '* 

(10703) Battlefield. 

**Toa Caged Lion." 

(6759) Caged lion. 

"Boston Commons." 

*2 The State House crown- "And sunlike from her Bea- 
ing historic Beacon Hiil, con Heights 

Boston. The dome-crowned city spread 

her rays." 
(5255) Boston Common. 



WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS— 1837. 

"A Boy's Town." {Pet Qoat). 

*743 Goats milked while you wait in Palermo, Sicily. 
(2115) Milking goats. (10039) Billy, Billy & Co. 

"Venice." 

*740 Venice, White Swan of Cities, from S. Giorgio 

Island. 
741 Bridge of Sighs between a palace and a prison, 
Venice, Italy. 
*742 Palazzo Ca d'Oro, house of an old merchant of 
Venice. 
(2057) Lion of Venice. (2058) San Marco. 

(2059) Interior. (2061) From Campanile. 

(2062) Grand Canal. (2063) Eialto. 



438 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



WASHINGTON IRVING— 1783. 

'^29, *30, *38, 39 New York City, in whicli city Irving was 
born. 



"Rip Van Winkle." 

*57 High Bridge across 
Hudson from deck of 
river boat. 



*80 Looking north along the 
precipitous Palisades, 
Hudson Eiver. 

*54 Looking north up the 
river from grounds of 
Military Academy, West 
Point. 
"Rural Life in England.*^ 
*526 Anne Hathaway 's cot- 
tage at Shottery, Eng- 
• land. 



'Whoever has made a voyage 
up the Hudson Rivet' must 
remember the Catskill 
Mountains. They are seen 
away to the icest of the 
river." 

'He sail) at a distance the 
lordly Hudson, far beloiv 
him, moving on its silent 
but majestic course." 

'Others say he ivas drowned 
in a squall at the foot of 
Anthony's Nose." 



"With its thatched cottage 
and narrow slip of ground. 
The trim hedge, the grass 
plot before the door." 



' ' Westminster Abbey. ' ' 
*502 Towers of the Abbey. 
*504 Westminster Abbey, 
south to the Victoria 
tower of Parliament 
buildings. 



"There was something con- 
genial to the season in the 
mournful magnificence of 
the old pile." 



See also supplementary numbers: (136) Exterior — (137) 
Choir and Nave— (11321) Tombs of Queen Mary and Eliza- 
beth— (138) The altar. 



LITERATURE 



439 



"Stratford-on-Avon. " 

(160) Birthplace. 

*525 The living room in 
Shakespeare 's house, 
Stratford-on-Avon. 



(162) The Library. 
"Here he may many a tim,e 
have sat ivhen a boy watch- 
ing the slowly revolving 
spit with all the longing of 
an urchin." 



(167) Church at Stratford. (166) Entrance to church. 



'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. " 



*80 Looking north along 
the Palisades to the dis- 
tant east bank along the 
Hudson where lies Tar- 
rytown. 

*56 Washington's headquar- 
ters at Newburgh, N. Y. 



'In the bosom, of one of these 
spacious coves which indent 
the eastern shore of the 
Hudson." 

'It was one of those spacious 
farmhouses with big ridged 
but lowly sloping roofs." 



"Lffe and Voyages of Christopher Columbus." 

(2032) Genoa and harbor. 

(2033) Genoa from Rosazza Gardens. 

*687 Shipping on the Guadalquiver Eiver, Spain (where 

Columbus' ship sailed). 
*325 Aguadilla, Columbus' first landing-place in Porto 

Eico. 



"The Alhambra." 

*684 The Alhambra and the 
Sierra Nevada. 



'The journey speaks of ro- 
mantic Granada surmount- 
ed by the ruddy towns of 
the Alhambra, while far 
above it the snowy summits 
of the Sierra Nevada shone 
like silver," 



440 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*685 Court of the Lions, 
hambra. 



Al- "The Court of Lions and the 
white marble fountain in 
the centre of the hall be- 
side which the Abencerrages 
were beheaded." 

(2206) Gate of Justice. (2213) Court of Two Sisters. 

(2217) Granada from the Generalife. 
(2208) Hall Ambassadors. 

(2216) The Generalife. 

(2204) Torre del Nomenajo, Generalife, Granada. 

(2218) Tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
(2211) A fountain basin in the floor. 

(2207) Court of Myrtles. (2215) Old Aqueduct. 

"Life of Oliver QoMsmitb. " 

(10594) Goldsmith's grave. 

"Life of Washington." 

*143 Home of Washington at Mount Vernon, Va. 
142 Christ Church, where Washington joined with his 
neighbors in worship, Alexandria, Va. 
*7 Stately old home of Longfellow, once Washington's 
headquarters, Cambridge, Mass. 
*56 Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, N. Y., 

1783. 
*38, 39 Glimpses of the old Federal Bldg. in New York 
City, where Washington was inaugurated President 
of the United States. 
(5263) Washington elm. 



HELEN HUNT JACKSON— 1831. 
"Ramona." 

(5967) Santa Barbara Mission. (5968) Mission. 
(5969) The erucifLx, Santa Barbara. 
*262 At breakfast — typical desert home of Navajo Indians, 
Arizona. 



LITERATURE 



441 



*263 Home duties of the Hopi man. 
*261 A mesa village on the Hopi Indian Eeservation. 
*264 Blanket weaving — a Hopi Indian at work, Wolpi, Ari- 
zona. 
*269 A wonder to the primitive inhabitants — Sante Fe 

E. R. crossing Canyon Diablo, Arizona. 
*192 Home life of the Sac and Fox Indians, showing 

sleeping papoose, Oklahoma. 
*194 Feathered and mounted braves of warlike Sioux In- 
dians. 
(6167) Navajo Indians — (6177) Indian woman's occupa- 
tion. 
(6179) Hopi squaw coiling clay — (6180) An Indian village. 
(6181) Dance to the rain-gods — (6183) Eain makers — 

(6184) Indian girls weaving. 
(6194) Indian home. 



^186 
^37 
^107 



(11103) 
(5557) 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN— 1809. 

Birthplace of Lincoln at Hodgensville, Ky. 

The White House, where Lincoln lived as President. 

"High-water mark" of the Civil War, Gettysburg 
Battlefield, where Lincoln made the memorable ad- 
dress. 

Lincoln statue, Chicago. 

Monument at Gettysburg — (5510) Independence 
Hall, Philadelphia. 



(11546) Mt. Au- 



HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW— 1807. 

*7 Stately old home of Longfellow at Cambridge. 
(5262) Harvard— (5260) His grave 
burn Cemetery. 

"Excelsior." 

(1762) Alpine hamlet — (1766) Alpine homes. 

(1756) Swiss home and home-maker. 
(1824) Place of avalanches. 



442 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



715 World-famed monastery 
and dog s — Great St. 
Bernard Pass. 



'The pious monks of St. 
Bernard." 



"Hiawatha." 

(The introduction) 

202 Typical scene along the "From the great lakes of the 

shore of Lake Superior. Northland." 

(6781) Home of great blue heron. 

533 Song thrush and its "/ should answer I should tell 
nest. 

534 Goldfinches — nest and 
eggs. 

*238 Wild buffalo in Yellow- 
stone Park. 
(6790) Haunts of nature. 
374 E a p i d s of Muskoka 
Kiver. 



you 

Jn the birds' nests of the for- 
ests." 

"In the hoof prints of the 
bison." 

"And the rushing of great 
rivers." 



(The Peace Pipe) 



*194 Warlike Sioux Indians. 



'All the warriors drawn to- 
gether." 

'On the m,ountains of the 
prairie." 



*270 From Eed to San Fran- 
cisco mountain in Ari- 
zona. 
290 Nearly a mile straight 
down from Glacier 
Point, Yosemite Valley. 
*245 Snow-streaked Mummy 

Eange, Colo. 
*431 Cutting tobacco. 

(The Four Winds) 
*239 Grizzly bear in Yellow- "From the great bear of the 

stone Park. m,ountains." 

*318 Among the icebergs of "But the fierce Kabibonoka 
Taku Inlet, Alaska. had his dwellings among 

icebergs." 



'From, his footprints flowed a 
river." 

'From the far-off Rocky 
Mountains." 



LITERATURE 



443 



75 Great mass of frozen 

spray and ice-bound 

Niagara Falls. 

*286 Paradise of the sea 

gulls, San Francisco 



(4141) Cormorants. 



"Froze the ponds, the lakes, 
the rivers." 

'Drove the loon and sea gull 
southward." 



(Hiawatha's Childhood) 



*192 Indian papoose in its 
linden cradle. 



(5779) Owls, 

"33 Song thrushes and nest. 



"Rocked him in his linden 

cradle 
Bedded soft in moss and 

rushes 
Safely hound with reindeer 

sinews." 



'Then the little Hiawatha 
learned of every bird its 
language 
Learned their names and all 
their secrets. 
534 Goldfinch and nest of How they built their nests in 
eggs. summer, 

How the reindeer ran so 
swiftly." 
191 Tame deer in Missouri. "Leaped as if to meet the 
*582 Herd of reindeer in Nor- arrow." 

way. 
(6817) Deer leaping. 



(Hiawatha and Mudjikeewis) 

*269 A wonder to the primi- "In his hand his bow of ash- 

tive inhabitants — Sante wood 

Fe E. E. crossing Canon Strung with sinews of tht 

Diablo, Ariz. reindeer." 



444 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*188 On the bustling levee, St. 
Louis. 



*246 Gateway to Garden of 
the Gods and majestic 
Pike 's Peak. 

(7975) Minnehaha Falls. 



''So he journeyed westward, 
westward 

Crossed the mighty Missis- 
sippi." 

"Came into the Rocky Moun- 
tains 

To the Kingdom of the West- 
wind." 



" Wreck of the Hesperus. " 

14 Eeef of Norman 's Woe at Cape Ann, Mass. 

"The Building of a Ship. ' ' 

*560 Building an ocean liner at Belfast, Ireland. 



"Evangeline." 

*365 Village of Grand 
Nova Scotia. 



(8515) 



Grand Pre dike — 
Grand Pre. 
(8526) Street in Kentville, Nova Scotia 
(4789) Pereau valley and Minas Basin. 
(6517) Supposed site of church. 

(8528) Church of Covenanters. 

(8529) Interior of Church. 
(8518) Near Evangeline's Well. 
(4788) Toward Bloomidon. 

*661 Vineyards covering the 
sunny fields of Ay — 
Prance. 



Pre, "Distant, secluded, still the 
Little village of Grand Pre 
Lay in the fruitful valley." 
(8527) Dikes and salt meadows. 



^669 At Grandmother's home 
— interior of a Breton 
house — Prance. 



Such as at home, in the olden 
time, his fathers before him. 
sang in their Norman or- 
chards and bright Burgun- 
dian vineyards." 

Spinning flax for the loom 
that stood in the corner be- 
hind her." 



LITERATURE 445 

*364 Yarmouth harbor at "Four days now are passed 
high tide — Nova Scotia. since the English ships at 

their anchors 
Ride in the Gaspereans mouth, 
with their cannon pointed 
against us." 
(4792) Yarmouth harbor— (8523) Digby. 
(4786) Digby Cut— (8524) Lighthouse, Digby. 
(8525) Entrance to Digby Cut — (8516) Ancient ox-team, 
Nova Scotia— (8514) Port Eoyal. 

JAMES RirSSELL LOWELL— 1819. 

8 Elmwood, the birthplace and home of Lowell, Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

"Vision of Sir Launfal. " 

84 A glorious day among "A day in June." 

the daisies. 
534 Goldfinch, its nest and "Bird's nest." 

eggs. 
697 Laufen Castle in Swit- "A mediceval castle." 

zerland. 
(409) Picture gallery, Kilkenny Castle. 
(1888) Gold armor of Kudolph II. 

(3113) Lepers outside Jerusalem — (5438) Winter snows. 
(5424) Under winter's mantle. 
(5260) Sweet Auburn. 

JOAftUIN MILLER— 1841. 
"Columbus." 

(11243) Shoreless seas. 

"Tlie Sierra Nevadas." 

*292 From Cloud's Eest over Lake Tenaiya to the distant 
Matterhorn and Sierra Nevada Mts., Cal. 
(6040) Cloud's Eest to Mt. Clark. 

Note. — A list of numerous other scenes in California can be 
supplied upon request. 



446 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY— 1814. 

"Rise of the Dutch Republic." 

*639 Amsterdam from Zuider Kerk over shady streets and 

glassy canals, Holland. 

*640 Looking up tree-lined canal to old Weigh House, 
Amsterdam. 
641 Church at Delftshaven, Holland. 

*642 Industrious peasants on a dyke road west of Dord- 
recht, Holland. 
643 Dutch matron with her dog team, Enkhuysen, Hol- 
land. 

*644 Quaint costumes of village girls on wharf, Zuider 
Zee, Holland. 

*645 Picturesque and thrifty country women with pails 
balanced on yokes, Goes, Holland. 

*646 Miles on miles of peaceful pastures where windmills 
beckon to each other. 

JOHN MUIR— 1838. 

"The Yosemite Valley." 

*288 From Inspiration Point (E. N. E.) through the 

Yosemite Valley, Cal. 

289 El Capitan, east to Half Dome, Yosemite Valley. 

290 Nearly a mile straight down and only a step — from 

Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley. 

*291 Overlooking nature 's grandest scenery from Glacier 
Point, N. E., Yosemite Valley. 

*292 From Cloud's Eest over Lake Tenaiya, to the dis- 
tant Matterhorn, Sierra Nevada Mts., Cal. 

Note. — For other views of Yosemite, see the Underwood 
Travel Tour of Yosemite Valley. 

EDGAR ALLAN POE— 1809. 

"The Coliseum." 

*729 A mighty monument to "Vastness and age and mem- 
pagan brutality — the ories old." 

Coliseum, Eome. 



LITERATURE 447 

(3114) Garden of Gethsemane— (1995) Walls of Coliseum. 
(1996) Gray stones, all that is left of Coliseum. 

JACOB mis— 1849. 

*604 Busy harbor of Copenhagen, Denmark, where Eiis 

was born. 
*605 Queen Louise Bridge and its gardens, with handsome 

streets at its eastern end — Copenhagen. 
Note. — See Underwood Tour of Denmark. 

"The Making of an American. " 

*572 Leaving old friends — waving good-byes to emigrants 

starting for America — Christiania, Norway. 
*45 Where millions enter America, Immigrant Station at 

Ellis Island. 
46 Immigrants just arrived, awaiting examination, Ellis 

Island, New York Harbor. 
*47 U. S. Inspectors examining eyes of immigrants, Ellis 
Island, N. Y. 
*30 Towering temples of trade crowning lower Manhat- 
tan, north from the harbor, N. Y. City. 
*29 Castle Garden, S.W., over Liberty Statue and Har- 
bor, N. Y. City. 
*42 Street peddlers' carts on Elizabeth Street, N. Y. 
City. 
Note. — See also other numbers of New York City from 29 
to 48. 

JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY— 1854. 
"Knee-deep in June. " 

*201 Prize-winning sheep in a "Orchards where I'd rather 
Jackson County pasture, he — 

Mich. Needn't fence it in for me! 

*193 Some western corn — Jes' the whole sky overhead." 
scene in Kansas. 
534 Goldfinch's nest in an "Under some old apple tree 
old apple tree. Jes' a-restin' through and 

through." 



448 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

**The Blossoms on the 
Trees." 

533 Song thrush among the "Blossoms crimson, white and 

blossoms on the tree. blue, 

Purple, pink, and every hue." 
* 'A Summ er Day. ' ' 

664 Battlefield of Sedan, "And so I walk through med- 

France. derlands and country lanes 

217 How grass and sunshine and swampy traits where 

are turned into beef — the long bulrushes brush 

steers grazing in green my hands." 

pastures, 111. 

(7087) "When the frost is on the pumpkin and the fodder's 
in the shock.'' 

THEODORE ROOSEVELT— 1858. 

953 President Eoosevelt working for Peace. On the May- 
flower. 
See supplementary numbers showing Eoosevelt in dif- 
ferent places: — 

(10023) (10003) (10512) (4953) (4935) (4941) 
(4939) (4949) (4946) (7660) (7661) (7832) 
(5101) (5113). 

"Hunting Trips of a Rancliman. " 

239 Grizzly bear at home in the wooded wilderness of 
Yellowstone Park. 
(6825) Bear hunting— (6798) Bear hunters. 
Note. — In connection with a study of Col. Eoosevelt 's 
writings, much of interest may be found in the following Un- 
derwood Travel sets listed in Catalogue No. 28: — 

East African Hunting Trip. 

Elephant series. 

Arizona. 

American Indians. 

Wyoming. 



LITERATUBE 



449 



Animals and Birds. 
Hunting scenes in America. 

Also the Washington, D. C. Tour and the scenes listed 
under The Virginian by Wister. 



JOHN G. SAXE— 1816. 



"The Blind Men and the Elephant. " 

*926 An elephant mother six "And 
months after capture — 
Ceylon. 
923 An elephant siesta — Cey 
Ion. 



*924 Native farming in trop- 
ical Ceylon. 
Also (3509) 



(10535) 

907 Elephant laborers piling 
timber in Eangoon, 
Burma. 
(3750) 



happening to fall 

against his broad and 

sturdy side." 
"The second feeling of the 

tusk, cried, 
Ho! What have we here, so 

very round and smooth and 

sharp." 
"The third approached the 

animal 
And happening to take 
The squirming trunk within 

his hands." 
"The fourth reached out his 

eager hand. 
And felt about the knee." 
"The fifth who chanced to 

touch the ear, etc." 

"Then seizing on the swinging 
tail that fell within his 
scope." 



HENRY M. STANLEY— 1841. 
* 'In Darkest Africa. ' ' 

Numbers 809 to 827 inclusive will be of considerable interest 
in connection with Stanley's narrative. For a wider variety 
see the Underwood Tours of East Africa and Congo. 



450 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



Also much of interest may be had in connection with his 
writings of western life in the United States. Numbers 257, 
258, 259 are merely suggestive. 



EDMUND CLAEENCE STEDMAN— 1833. 

39 Broad St. north to the Stock Exchange, N. Y. City, 

where Mr. Stedman was a prominent member. 
*38 Wall St. west to Trinity Church. 

"Sumter." 

*153 Where the Civil War began — Fort Sumter in Charles- 
ton Harbor, S. C. 

''Gettysburg." 

(5551) Where Eeynolds fell. 
*107 High-water mark of the "How well the stone, the Iron 
Civil War. The stone Brigades their bloody outpost 
wall at Gettysburg. kept." 

(5562) Wall where the tide turned. 
(5569) At the stone wall. 

(5549) "Bound Top's craggy spur." 

(5572) "Ground plowed with shot 

and shell." 

(5568) "Our leaders rode." 
(5547) Wheat field across which Virginians charged. 
(5571) "Fringed loith fire and smoke." 
(5565) "The dread fid tempest broke." 

(5569) "Our batteries answer." 

(5570) Eepulse of Long- "By heaven! it's a fearful 

sight." 



(5566) 
(5572) 



of Long- 
street. 
Charge of 19th. 



'Our sheeted lightnings. 



LITERATURE 



451 



(5572) 



"And fight us hand to 

hand." 

" 'Twas such a fiood 
as when ye see along 
the Atlantic shore 

The great spring tide 
roll grandly in with 
swelling surge and 
roar." 

"The dead who fell at 
Gettysburg, the land 
shall not forget." 
(5557) Lincoln monument. 

Note. — Those who wish more scenes of Gettysburg are 
referred to the regular Underwood Travel Tour of the Bat- 
tlefield. 

HAURIET BEECHER STOWE— 1812. 
"Uncle Tom's Cabin. " 

*160 Cotton is king — plantation scene with pickers at 
work. 
(5795) "Uncle Tom's Cabin," K7. 



62 Looking out on bois- 
terous waves of At- 
lantic Ocean. 



(5556) Monument to Irish Brigade. 
(5548) "Forget not the fallen." 



BAYARD TAYLOR— 1825. 



* 'Reindeer Traveling." 

*593 People of the frigid 

north — Norway. 
*582 Herd of reindeer and 

Hardanger Glacier, 

Norway. 

"The Mountains. " 

379 The Three Sisters from 
the Bow Eiver, Canada. 
*700 The backbone of Eu- 
rope from Mt. Pilatus, 
Switzerland. 



"The deer's harness consists 
only of a collar of reindeer 
skin around the neck ivith a 
rope at the bottom, ivhich is 
fastened to the boiv of the 
pulk." 

"O summits vast, that to the 

climbing view 
In naked glory stand against 

the blue." 



452 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*701 Sisikon and the mighty Ur-Eothstock, Switzerland. 
*891 Up to the everlasting snows of Mt. Kinchin janga, 
India. 

"Bedouin Love Song/' 

*863 A Bedouin camp in the mountains of Abarim, Syria. 
*862 Bedouin women churning — typical interior of a big 
tent, Syria. 

JOHN TOWNSEND TROWBRIDGE— 1827. 
"Darius Green." 

*60 Curtis in his bi-plane just ready for flight. 

144 The Wright aeroplane in flight at Fort Myer, Va. 

HENRY VAN DYKE— 1852. 

"Tlie Glacier." 

*710 Huge ice river — Fiesch- 
er Glacier, Switzerland. 

"Sea Gulls of Manhattan." 

*286 Paradise of the sea 
gulls E. across San 
Francisco Bay. 



At dawn, in silence, moves 
the mighty stream." 



(5282) 

*44 New Jersey ferryboat 
bringing morning busi- 
ness crowds into New 
York City. 

*29 Castle Garden over 
Statue of Liberty and 
Harbor. 

"Who Follows the Flag." 

36 Singer Bldg. and City 
Investing Bldg., N. Y. 
City. 
(10712) Broadway, ' ' With ita 
populous eliffs. ' ' 



"Circling, soaring, sailing, 
siDOoping, lightly down, to 
glean your harvest from the 
wave." 
Here the Hudson flows." 
From the croxvded boats that 
cross the ferries." 



'While the river flows to meet 
the sea." 



"All day long in the cities' 

canyon street. 
With the populous cliffs alive 
on either side." 



LITERATURE 453 

(5263) Washington Elm, Cambridge. 

*29 Bowling Green. 

(5314) Along the Bowery— (5302) Broadway. 

(11260) "Little pilgrims, prematurely worn." 

(5670) "Bound to service of the whirling wheels." 

CHAS. DUDLEY WARNER— 1829. 

"A 'Hunting of the Deer.' ' 

191 Tame deer in Missouri. 
*582 Herd of wild reindeer in Norway, 
(6790) Monarch of the woods. 
(6803) A shot at a buck. 

(6817) A double kill— (6808) Morning's work— 
(6804) Floating buck to camp. 

"How I killed a Bear. ' ' 

239 Grizzly bear in Yellowstone Park. 
(6798) Bear hunters and victim — 

(6825) Bear hunting in Wyoming. 
(6797) Hanging the bear. 

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON— 1858. 

*171 Booker T. Washington and guests, Tuskegee Insti- 
tute, Ala. 
*170 Colored students plowing at Tuskegee Institute. 
(5095) Washington — (7832) Eoosevelt and Washington. 

"Up from Slavery." 

(5679) Cabins where slaves were raised for market. 

DANIEL WEBSTER— 1782. 

(11548) Birthplace. 

26 The home of Daniel Webster at Franklin, N. H. 
1 Bunker Hill Monument where Webster made two 
famous orations. 
*4, *5 Faneuil Hall, which often resounded to the voice of 
Webster, Boston. 



454 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*3 Old South Church, where Webster frequently spoke — 
Boston. 
*129 From the monument, looking north over Lafayette 
Square, where Webster lived in Washington, D. C. 
*132 The United States Capitol, in which Webster made 
his famous reply to Hayne, Washington, D. C. 
*2 The State House, where Webster served his State, 
Boston. 



WALT WHITMAN— 1819. 

"To the Flag." 

(4874) "In other scenes have I observed thee, flag." 
(5569) "Bunting to tatters torn upon thy splintered 



JOHN GREENIEAF WHITTIEB— 1807. 



' 'Snow-'Bouad. ' ' 

(5422) 

(6941) 
(628) 

(629) Great snow tunnel. 
(7936) In trappers' huts — 
*107 "High-water mark" of 
Civil War — Battlefield 
of Gettysburg, where 
this prophecy was ful- 
filled in July, 1913. 

(3096) 
(5424) 

*79 A drive through a for- 
est of crystal. Prospect 

Park. 



"Old sights took marvelous 

shapes." 
"With mittened hands." 
"We cut the solid whiteness 

through." 

(6806) Camp fire. 
"Till north and south together 

brought 
Shall own the same electric 

thought 
In peace a com,mon flag 

salute." 
"Gray olive slopes." 
"Pine boughs winter weighed." 
"We heard once m,ore the 
sleigh-bells sound 



LITERATURE 



455 



*417 Over banana planta- 
tion at Zent in Costa 
-Kica. 

*771 Over modern homes in 
ancient Sparta, to Tay- 
getos Mountains, 
Greece. 
(5809) 

"The Shoemakers." 

*259 Examining a brand, 

ranch in Arizona. 
9397 Indian chief skin- 
ning a buffalo. 
258 Moving a herd in 

Arizona. 
*149 In a great pine 

forest — collecting 

turpentine, N. G. 
*294 A monster sequoia 

just felled — the axe 

and woodmen who 

felled it. 
*526 Anne Hathaway 's 

cottage at Shottery, 

Eng. 
515 Quaint cottages of 

Shanklin, Isle of 

Wight. 

*'Tbe White Mountains." 

*27 In the charming White Mountains, N. H. 
See also supplementary numbers — (5237) 
(5243). 



'In Costa Rica's everglades: 



'And up Taygetos' winding 
slope." 



'Lilies floating in pond." 

"For' you the Indian on the 
plain his lasso-coil is throw- 
ing." 



'For you from Carolina's pine 
the resin gum is stealing." 

'For you upon the oak's great 
bark the woodman's axe is 
smiting." 

'For you round all her shel- 
tered homes bloom Eng- 
land's thorny hedges." 



(5242) 



"Faneuil Hall." 

*4 Eaneuil Hall, Boston, west from Quincy Markets. 
*5 The Cradle of Liberty — Faneuil Hall — interior view. 



456 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



"The Huskers." 

*200 Twentieth century har- 
vester cutting and 
binding corn in Mich- 
igan. 

(7087) "When the frost is on the pumpkin and the fodder's 
in the shock." 



'On the cornfields and the 
orchards and softly pic- 
tured woods." 



"The Pine Tree.'* 

39 Broad St. north to the 
Btock Exchange, New 
York City. 



^60 Cotton is king- 
gia. 



■ Geor- 



"Tell us not of banks and 

tariffs, 
Cease your paltry peddler 

cries." 
"Would ye barter man for 

cotton?" 



ELLA WHEELER WILCOX— 1855. 

'The Statue." 

(1572) 
735 Huge blocks of world 's 
finest marble in quar- 
ries, Carrara, Italy. 

(2424) Ancient statue. 



"Fair shapes pursue him." 
"The marble waits, how beau- 
tiful, how pure 
That gleaming substance." 
"And it shall endure." 



WOODROW WILSON— 1856, 

*138 President Wilson and his cabinet, Washington, D. 0. 
(11252) At desk— (11352) His Inaugural. 
(11094) Greeting friends. 



OWEN WISTER— 1860, 

"The Virginian." 

*257 Among the 30,000 cattle on Sierra Bonita ranch, 
Ariz. 
258 Moving a herd on Sierra Bonita Kanch, Ariz. 
*259 Cowboys roping a yearling to examine brand. 
(6294) (6295) 



LITER ATtJRE 457 

ENGLISH AUTHORS 

JOSEPH ADDISON— 1672. 
511 At Oxford — north to picturesque tower of Magdalen 
College, Eng. 
(11315) High Holborn St.— (9387) Addison's walk, Oxford. 

SIR EDWIN ARNOLD— 1832. 
« 'Niagara Falls. ' ' 

*69 "Niagara, thou eternal drop from God's right 

hand. ' ' 
70 Majestically grand, the falls from the "Maid of the 

Mist. ' ' 
*71 Tireless Niagara — Horseshoe Falls. 
*72 Marble whiteness of American Falls. 

73 Looking in the Cave of the Winds. 

74 Nature 's everlasting smile. 

*76 The Whirlpool Eapids from the steel bridge. 
*77 Autumn beauties along Niagara's banks. 

ROBT. BROWNING— 1812. 

*736, 737 Florence, where Browning lived for years. 
*740, 741, *742 Venice, which he loved and where he died. 

"In a Oondola.*^ 

*740, (2057) Gondola scenes in Venice. 

"By the Fireside." 

Verse II 
*525 Fireside in Shake- "I shall be found by the fire- 
speare's old home. side." 

Verse IX 
*586 Grytereids glacier in "Does it feed the little lake 
Norway across Lake beloio?" 

Olden. , , 



458 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



J18 Mont Blanc, monarch 
of European Mts. 



Verse IX 

"Where Alv meets heaven in 

snow." 
Verse X 
"On our other side is the 

straight-wp rock." 



717 Frightful Alpine preci- 
pices — Aiguille Eouge 
to Mt. Blanc. 
"The Boy and the Angel." 

(1969) Vatican— (1968) St. Peter's Dome. 
(1978) Crowning of the Pope. 

ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING— 1809. 

"Aurora Leigh*'' [That England) . 

*524 The river Teme at "Such nooks of valleys lined 
Ludlow, Eng. icith orchises." 

(212) "An open pasture." 



SIR EDWARD GEORGE EARLE LYTTON BULWER— 1805. 

"Last Days of Pompeii.^* 

732 Beautiful home of the Vetii at Pompeii, Italy. 

*730 Naples and smoking Vesuvius, Italy. 

*731 In the wilderness of lava at base of Vesuvius, Italy. 

(2016) Euins of Herculaneum — (2017) Eoad to Vesuvius. 

(2019) Crater of Vesuvius. 

(2020) Forum and Vesuvius — (2021) Model ruins. 

(2022) Wheel tracks — street in Pompeii. 

(2023) Home of Marcus Lucretius. 

(2025) (2026) (2027) (2028) Belies unearthed. 

EDMUND BURKE— 1728. 
*556 Trinity College, Dublin, where Burke was a student. 



ROBT. BURNS— 1759. 

*546 Birthplace of Robert Burns, Ayr, Scotland, 
(7527) Where Burns died. 



LITERATURE 459 

(7522) Monument, Ayr — (7523) Monument from Auld 
Brig— (7526) Auld Kirk of Ayr, 
"The Brigs of Ayr." 
(7524) Brig O'Doon— (7525) Twa Brigs. 

"Address to Edinburgh." 

*537, *538, 539 Scenes in Edinburgh, Scotland. 
(7459) (7462) (7463) (7464) (7465) (7467) (7468) 
(7469) (7470) Other scenes in Edinburgh. 

'* Bruce' s Address at Bannockburn." 

(7532) Where Wallace gathered the Scots. (7817) Battle- 
field of Bannockburn. 

LORD BYRON (GEORGE GORDON)— 1788. 

(7498) Aberdeen— (9379) At Cambridge— (2032) Genoa, 

loved by Byron. 
(1808) Castle of CMllon. 

(First Canto) 

"Cbilde Harold." 

Verse I 
773 From mountain heights "Yes! sighed o'er Delphi's 
over Delphi — Greece. long deserted shrine." 

Verse XIII 
*518 The boundless ocean "Adieu, adieu! My native 
from the cliffs at shore fades o'er the waters 

Land's End, Eng. blue." 

Verse XIII 
*595 Over the Cliffs of "And now I'm in the tvorld 
Spitzbergen and Arctic alone 

Ocean, Norway. Upon the wide, wide sea." 

Verse XVI 
693 Castle of St. George "What beauties doth Lisbon 
and city from the first unfold! 

Tagus, Lisbon, Portu- Her image floating on that 
gal. noble tide." 



460 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*681 Cork oaks partly 
stripped of bark. 

*684 Alhambra and snowy 
Sierras — Granada, 
Spain. 

*687 Shipping on Guadal- 
quiver Eiver from 
bridge of Isabel to 
Golden Tower, Seville. 

689 Cadiz and Cathedral 
from Watch Tower to 
the open Atlantic. 



Verse XIX 

"The cork trees hoar that 

clothe the shaggy steep." 
Verse XXXII 
"Or dark Sierras rise in 

craggy pride." 

Verse LXV 

"Fair is proud Seville." 



Verse LXV 

"But Cadiz rising on the dis- 
tant coast 
Calls forth a sweeter though 
ignoble praise." 



(Bull Fight) 



688 The Espada giving a 
bull his death blow — 
end of bull fight, Se- 
ville. 
(2277) Verse LXIV 

(2283) Verse LXXV 
(2286) Verse LXXVI 

(2281) Verse LXXVII 

(2282) Verse LXXVII 

(2284) Verse LXXVIII 
(2280) Verse LXXVIII 



Verse LXVIII 

"The thronged arena shakes 
with shouts for more." 



"In costly sheen." 

"The mighty brute." 

"Dart folloivs dart." 

"Again he comes nor dart nor 

lance avail." 
"One gallant steed is 

stretched." 
"Full in the center stands the 

bull at bay." 
"Shake the red cloak." 



LITERATUEE 



461 



(2285) Verse LXXVIII 

(2287) Verse LXXIX 

(2288) Verse LXXX 



"'Tis past — he sinks upon the 

sand." 
"After last bull is dead." 
"Such the ungentle sport." 



(Second Canto) 



*764, *765 From west wall 
of the Parthenon over 
modern city of Athens, 
Greece. 

*767 Splendid columns of 
temple of Olympian 
Zeus at Athens — to 
which he here refers. 

787 A crowded street in 
Cairo, Egypt. 

788 A ship of the desert 
outside Cairo, Egypt. 

*858 The inner court of a 
Damascus home — 
Syria. 



774 "Go tell to Sparta," 
etc. — Thermopyl^, 
Greece. 

780, *781 The Bosphorus 
at Constantinople, Tur- 
key. 



Verse I 

"Goddess of wisdom, here thy 

temple ivas 
And is, despite of war and 

wasting fires." 
Verse X 
"Here, son of Saturn, was thy 

favorite throne." 



Verse LXI 

"Here woman's voice is never 
heard; apart 

And scarce permitted, guard- 
ed, veiled to move." 

"In marble-paved pavilion 
where a spring 

Of living toater from the cen- 
ter rose." 

Verse LXXIII 

"In black Thermopylce's sep- 
ulchres strait." 

Verse LXXIX 

"Nor oft have I seen such 

sight nor heard such song, 
As wooed the eye and thi'illed 

the Bosphorus along." 



462 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*768 "The mountains look 
on Marathon and Mar- 
athon looks on the 
sea. ' ' Greece. 



(Third 



*747 In the Strait of Mes- 
sina. 



*796 Desert scene. 
*818 Forest. 
147 Cavern. 
*476 Breakers' foam. 

*647, 648 Scenes in Brus- 
sels, Belgium, within 
sight of Waterloo. 



*705 The Jungfrau Moun- 
tain, Switzerland. 



636 Lorelei rocks on the 
Ehine. 



637 Across the Rhine from 
Coblenz to Ehrenbreit- 
stein. 



Verse LXXXIX 

"The battlefield where Persia's 

victim horde 
First hoio'd beneath the brunt 
of Hella's sword." 

Canto) 

Verse XIII 

"Where rose the mountains, 
there to him were friends; 

Where rolled the ocean, there- 
on was his home." 

"He had the passion and the 
power to roam, the desert, 
forest, cavern, breakers' 
foam." 

Verse XXI 

"There icas a sound of revelry 
by night 

And Belgium's capital had 
gathered there." 

Verse XLV 

"He who ascends to mountain 
tops shall find 

The loftiest peaks most wrapt 
in clouds and snow." 

Verse LX 

"And many a rock which 
steeply lours 

And noble arch in proud de- 
cay." 

Verse LVI 

"By Coblenz, on a rise of 
gentle ground 

Here Ehrenbreitstein %vith her 
shattered wall." 



LITEKATURE 



463 



*700 The backbone of Eu- 
rope from the lofty 
Pilatus, Switzerland. 



Verse LXIl 

"But these recede, above me 
are the Alps." 



(Fourth Canto) 



741 Bridge of Sighs, Ven- 
ice. 



*740 Venice, ''white swan 
of cities." 

(2057) Lion of Venice. 

*742 Palazzo Ca d'Oro on 
the Grand Canal of 
Venice. 

(2063) Eialto, Venice. 

(2058) San Marco, Venice. 

*726 Eome, east from St. 
Peter's Dome. 

*736 Florence and the Arno 
N.W. from San Min- 
iato, Italy. 

737 The D u o m o, "the 
very great heart" of 
Florence. 



Verse I 

"I stood in Venice on the 

Bridge of Sighs 
A palace and a prison on each 

hand." 
Verse I 
"I saw from out the wave her 

structures rise." 

Verse III 

"In Venice, Tasso's echoes are 

no m.ore. 
And silent rows the songless 

gondolier." 
Verse IV 

Verse XIII 

Verse XL VI 

"Rome — Rome imperial, hows 

her to the storm,." 
Verse LVII 
"Ungrateful Florence! Dante 

sleeps afar," etc. 

Verse LXI 

"There he more things to greet 
the heart and eyes," 



464 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



*705 The Jungfrau from 
summit of Scheldegg, 
Switzerland, 

717, 718, *719 Glaciers on 
Mont Blanc. 



Verse LXXIII 

"But I have seen the soaring 

Jungfrau near." 

Verse LXXIII 

"Glaciers of bleak Mont 
Blanc both far and near." 



Verse LXXIV 



*776 


Mt. Olympus. 


"Athos, Olympus, Aetna, At- 


746 


Mt. Aetna. 


las made." 
Verse LXXIX 


725 


The Tiber and its 


"Dost thou flow 




Island from the S.E., 


Old Tiber! Through a marble 




Kome. 


ivilderness." 
Verse LXXX 


(1966) 


(1967) Eome. 


Verse CX 


*728 


Roman Forum S.E. 


"Whose arch or pillar meets 




from Capitol to Arch 


me in the face, 




of Titus. 


Titus or Trajan's?" 


(2000) 


Trajan's Forum and 
Column, 


Verse CXII 


*728 


The Roman Forum, 


"And still the eloquent air 


(1990) 


Forum. 


breathes, burns with Cic- 
ero." 
Verse CXLIII 


(1996) 




"A ruin, yet what ruin." 
Verse CXLIV 



(1995) This magic circle 
(Coliseum), 

*729 A mighty monument 
to pagan brutality — ■ 
the Coliseum at Rome. 



Verse CXLV 

"While stands the Coliseum, 

Rome shall stand." 





Lll^EEATURE 465 






Verse CXLVI 


(1967) 


The Pantheon. 


Verse CLII 


*726 


Tomb of Hadrian 


"Turn to the mole which 




from St. Peter's 


Hadrian reared on high." 




Dome. 




(1984) 


(1985) St. Angelo's 
Castle. 


Verse CLIII 


(1970) 


St. Peter 's, ' ' the vast 





and wondrous dome. ' ' 

778 From fireman's watch 
tower over St. Sophia 
— Constantinople . 

(2066) Portico of St. Peter's 
(detail view). 

(2073) Vatican. 

(1982) "Laocoon's torture." 

(6790) Pathless woods. 

62 Looking out on the 

boisterous waves of 

the Atlantic. 

*518 The boundless ocean 

from the cliffs at 

*595 



Verse CLIII 

"/ have beheld Sophia's bright 
roof swell." 

Verse CLVII 



Verse CLX 

Verse CLX 

Verse CLXXVIII 

"There is rapture in the lonely 
shore." 



There is society where none 
intrudes 
Land's End, England. By the deep sea, and music in 
its roar." 
Verse CLXXIX 
Over cliffs of Spitz- "Roll on thou deep and dark 
bergen, and Arctic blue ocean, 

Ocean. Ten thousand fleets sweep 

over thee in vain." 



466 THE WORLD VISUALlZEJJ 

THOMAS CARLYLE— 1795. 

(7529) Birthplace— (7474) University of Edinburgh. 

GEOrmEY CHAUCER— 1328. 

"The Canterbury Tales." 

*512 Cathedral choir in Canterbury Cathedral, the shrine 
toward which the pilgrims journeyed. 

(11332) Canterbury Cathedral— (171) Cloisters of Cathe- 
dral. 

(11331) West Gate and Fallstaff Inn. 

SAMUEL COLERIDGE— 1772. 

"To a young Ass." 

*569 The picturesque home "Poor little foal of an op- 

of a prosperous farm- pressed race, 

er, County Kerry, Ire- / love the languid patience of 

land. thy face." 

"On Revisiting the Sea Sliore." 

*518 The boundless ocean "Ood be with you, gladsome 
from the cliffs at ocean. 

Land's End, England. Hoio gladly greet I thee once 
more." 

WILLIAM COWPER— 1731. 

"John aHpin's Ride." 

*501 Fleet St., London. "A trainband captain eke toas 

he 
Of famous London town." 
500 Cheapside, west past "The stones did rattle under- 
Bow Church — London. neath 

As if Cheapside toere mad." 



LITERATURE 467 

THOMAS DE aUINCEY— 1785. 
530 "Dove cottage" at Grasmere, home of Wordsworth, 
and where later De Quincey lived for over twenty 
years. 

CHARLES DICKENS— 1812. 

(140164) Old Curiosity Shop— (11315) High Holborn St. 

"Pickwick Papers.^* 

(115) The Strand, at west end of which was the old Hun- 

gerford Market. 
*501 Fleet St., at the north end of which, in Farringdon 

St., was the site of old Fleet Prison, celebrated 

in "Pickwick Papers." 

JOHN DRYDEN— 1631. 

' 'Hunting Song. ' ' 

516 After a hard run "With horns and hounds I 
with the otter pack. waken the day." 

(10181) 
*586 Grytereids glacier "And chase the wild goats 

and Lake Olden O'er the summits of the 

(shows herd of wild rocks." 

goats). 

MARIAN C. EVANS (GEORGE ELIOT)— 1819. 

"Romoia." 

*736 Florence and the Arno N.W. from San Miniato, 
Italy. 
737 The Duomo of Florence. 

(2042) Palazzo Vecchio— (2049) Ponte Vecchio. 

(2043) (2045) (2046) (2047) (2048) (2050) and 

(2051) Other scenes in Florence, Italy. 



468 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

OLIVER GOLDSMITH— 1728. 

*501 Fleet St., London (This street was a familiar haunt 

of Goldsmith.) 
(106) Ludgate Hill, east to St. Paul's, London. At the 
corner of St. Paul's next to Ludgate Hill is the 
site of the shop of John Newbery, immortalized 
by Goldsmith, for whom he is said to have pre- 
pared "Goody Two Shoes." 
*556 Trinity College, Dublin, where Goldsmith studied. 
(11543) Old Cheshire Cheese— (10594) Goldsmith's tomb. 

THOMAS GUAY— 1716. 

*509 Windsor Castle on the south side of the Thames. 
Opposite on the north side is Eton, where Gray 
spent his schooldays. 

"Elegy In a Country Cburcbyard.^^ 

(11326) The churchyard at Stoke Pogis. 

FELICIA (BROWNE) HEM ANS— 1793. 

"The Landing of the Pilgrims.*' 

*476 Where the waves dash "The breaking waves dashed 
high on the coast of' high 

Peru. On a stern and rock-bound' 

coast." 
(11243) "The heavy night hung dark." 

THOS. HOOD— 1798. 

"The Bridge of Sighs." 

741 Bridge of Sighs between a palace and a prison, 
Venice. 

DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON— 1709. 

*501 Fleet St., where Dr. Samuel Johnson toiled over his 
dictionary (in Gough Square), and where he spent 
his last years (in Bolt Court). 



LITEEATURE 469 

(11543) Cheshire Cheese Inn, where Johnson was a frequent 
visitor. 
(115) The Strand and St. Clement Danes. 

BEN JONSON— 1574. 
*501 Fleet Street, London, where Jonson was a conspic- 
uous figure 300 years ago. 
(7480) Edinburgh— (7481) Hawthornden. 

REV. ELIJAH KELLOGG. 

**Spartacus to the Gladiators." 

*771 Looking over modern "Mi/ ancestors came from Old 

homes in ancient Sparta." 

Sparta. 

*768 Battlefield of Mara- "My grandsire, an old man, 

thon, Greece. was telling of Marathon." 

*729 A mighty monument "To-day I killed a m.an in the 

to pagan brutality — arena." 

the Coliseum, Rome. 

725 The Tiber and its "And he shall pay thee back 

Island from the S.E., until the 

Eome. Yellow Tiber is red as froth- 

(6759) "Lion in his den." ing wine." 

RTJDYARD KIPLING— 1865. 

*835 Lord Eobert's army advancing toward Johannes- 
burg, So. Africa. 

"Kim." 

*883 Bombay Station. 

(3445) Old Zamzama gun — ^Lahore — (3444) The Bazaar. 

(3461) Bazaars, Simlah — (3549) Viceregal Lodge, Simlah. 

"On the Road to Mandalay." 

*910, 911 Mandalay, Burma. 
(9028) Mandalay, Burma. 



470 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



Scenes in Lahore, which he de- 



'Mine own People." 

(3444) (3446) (3445) 
scribes. 
JNOTE. — See Underwood Travel Tour of India, China, 
Burma and Ceylon for further illustrations of Kipling. 



(7519) 



J. SHEEIDAN KNOWLES— 1784. 

Necropolis at Glasgow. 



"WilMatn Tell to His native Mountains, 



*701 S i s i k n and the 
mighty Ur-Eothstock, 
Switzerland. 



*698 Lucerne and lofty 

Pilatus. 
*700 Backbone of Europe 

from the summit of 

Pilatus. 

702 Tunnels of the Axen- 
strasse overhanging 
Lake Lucerne. 
(1748) Lake Lucerne from 
Axenstein. 



"O sacred forms, how proud 

you look! 
Hoio high you lift your heads 

into the sky, 
How huge you are, how 

mighty, and hotv free!" 
"Heavens! with what pride I 

used to walk these hills." 
"Or as our peaks that wear 

their caps of snow, 
In very presence of the regal 

sun." 
"Yes, I have often sat in my 

boat. 
When midway o'er the lake." 



FRANCIS MAHONEY— 1804. 

•«TAe Bells of Shandon." 

(401) St. Anne Shandon Church, Cork. 
(8340) Vatican at Eome. 
*659 Notre Dame Cathe- 
dral in Paris. 



"And cymbals glorious siving- 

ing uproarious 
In the gorgeous turrets of 

Notre Dame." 



LITERATURE 



471 



(1970) Tower of Ivan (showing bell) Kremlin. 



778 From fireman's tower 
over St. Sophia and 
Bosphorus, Constanti- 
nople. 

779 Interior of St. Sophia, 
Turks at prayer. 



"In St. Sophia the turkman 

gets, 
And loud in air calls man to 

prayer 
From tapering summits of tall 

nfiinarets." 



JOHN MILTON— 1608. 



*501 Fleet St., east past St. 
. yard of which was 

for several years. 

'On May Morning." 

84 A glorious May day 
among the daisies. 

*602 Happy crowds cele- 
brating the Spring 
Festival Jonkoping, 
Sweden, 

*964 The groves were 
God 's first temples — 
avenue of old cryp- 
tomerias at Nikko, 
Japan. 

*524 The Eiver Teme at 
Ludlow, Eng. 



Bride's Church, in the church- 
the house where Milton wrote 



"Hail! bounteous May, that 

doth inspire 
Mirth and youth and warm 

desire," 



'Woods and groves are of thy 
dressing." 



"Hill and dale doth boast thy 
blessing." 



MARY RUSSELL 

"Rienzi to the Romans." 

*728 The Eoman Forum 

S.E. from the Capitol. 

(1988) Palace of Senators. 

(Rienzi slain at left 

foot of stairs.) 



MITFORD— 1787. 

"Hear m,e ye loalls that echoed 
to the tread of either Bru- 
tus." 



472 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

JAMES MONTGOMERY— 1776. 

"The Pelican Islands." 

*165 Pelican Islands, Florida. 

SIR THOMAS MOORE— 1779. 

"The Light of the Harem." 

*885 An earthly paradise — the famous Vale of Cashmere, 
India. 

"Lalla Rookb." 

*885 An earthly paradise, Vale of Cashmere, India. 
*886 Shelling rice, and gossiping with neighbors, Cash- 
mere, India. 
*887 Humble shawl weavers of Cashmere. 
(3448) Eoad near Cashmere — (8451) Land of Lalla 
Kookh — (3451) Vale of Cashmere. 

MRS. CAROLINE ELIZABETH NORTON— 1777. 

"Bingen on the Rhine." 

*805 to 808 (2 are starred) "A soldier of the Legion lay 

Scenes in Algiers. dying in Algiers." 
*635 Ehrenfels Castle "On the vine-clad hills of Bin- 
across the Ehine to gen — • 
vine-clad hills of Fair Bingen on the Rhine." 
Bingen. 
(10458) "Down the pleasant 
river" at Bingen. 

ALEXANDER POPE— 1688. 

*507 A scene in the Gardens of Hampton Court Palace, 

famed as furnishing the setting for the ' ' Eape 
of the Lock." 

"Pastorals." (Spring.) 

*509 Windsor Castle from "Nor blush to sport on 

across the Thames, Windsor's blissful plains," 
England. 
(6772) Nightingale's nest. 



LITERATURE 473 

*460 Plowing (with oxen) "While yon slow oxen turn the 

in Ecuador. fertile plain." 

510 The Thames at Hen- "Blest Thames' shore the 

ley, England. brightest beauties yield," 

*507 Trim First Pioneers "All Nature laughs; the 

at Hampton Court, groves are fresh and fair." 

Eng. 

' * Pastorals. ' ' ( Windsor Forest.) 

*776 Mount Olympus, on "Not proud Olympus yields a 

whose summit dwelt nobler sight." 
the gods of ancient 
Greece. 

*79 A drive through a "When frosts have whitened 

forest of crystal. all the naked groves." 



JOHN RUSKIN— 1819. 

(224) Home of Euskin. 
(11340) Warwick Castle. 

Note. — See Underwood Travel Tour of Italy (stones of 
Venice, etc.). 



SIR WALTER SCOTT— 1771. 

*537 National Gallery, Scott monument, Princes St. and 
Carlton Hill, N.E. from Castle, Edinburgh, Scot- 
land. 
*538 Princes St. and Scott monument, Edinburgh, Scot- 
land. 
(7482) Abbotsford— (7483) Scott's library— (7487) 
Burial place — (7474) University of Edinburgh. 

"Bonnie Dundee." 

(7460) Castle, Edinburgh. 



474 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



"Marmion." 

Canto VI: 

541 Tantallon Castle, 

where Douglass and 

Marmion faced each 

other. 
539 Holyrood Palace, old 

house of ill-fated 

Mary, Queen of Scots, 

Edinburgh, Scotland. 
(7473) Old fountain, Holy- 
rood. 

Note. — Also the Abbott and Waverley. 



'While in Tantallon'j towers I 
stand." 



"Lady of the Lake." 

Canto I : 6 

552 The Brig O' Turk at 
Grlenfinlas in the 
Trossaehs. 

Canto I: 14 

*553 Ellen's Isle, the 
peaceful retreat of 
S c 1 1 's " Lady of 
the Lake," Lake Ka- 
trine. 



Canto II: 16, 25. 



^542 Scotland's pride, the 
great Forth bridge 



"And when the Brig O' Turk 

was won 
The headmost horseman rode 

alone." 

"Loch Katrine lay beneath 

him,, rolled 
In all her length far-winding 

lay, 
With promontory creek and 

bay 
And Islands." 

"Now might you see the tar- 
tans brave 

And plaids and plumage" 
or 

"The belted plaid and tartan 
hose 



LITERATTJEE 



475 



and the Highland 
kilt. 



Canto III: 14. 

551 Ben Venue, veiled in 
Highland mists from 
across Loch Achray. 

Canto V: 7. 

550 From Stirling Castle 
west up the beautiful 
Forth Valley toward 
the Trossachs, Scot- 
land. 



Canto VI: 18. 

(7534) "Old stone bridge." 

Canto V: 22. 

*547 Stirling Castle, seat 
of old-time kings, 
Scotland. 



Canto VI: 2. 



Did ne'er more graceful limbs 

enclose. 
His flaxen hair, of sunny hue, 
Curled closely round his bon- 
net blue." 

"So swept the tumult and 

affray 
Along the m,argin of Achray." 

"Deep waving field and pas- 
tures green 

With gentle slopes and groves 
between 

These fertile plains, that soft- 
ened vale 

Were once the birthright of 
the Gael." 



"With trailing arms and 
drooping head 

The Douglas up the hill he 
led. 

And at the castle's battled 
verge 

With sighs resigned his hon- 
ored charge." 

"At dawn the towers of Stir- 
ling rang 

With soldier-step and weapon 
clang." 



476 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



Canto VI: 3. 

753 Imperial armory, 
Vienna, shows sim- 
ilar armor that has 
actually been worn. 
Canto VI: 15. 

551 Ben Venue from 
across Loch Achray. 



Canto VI: 19. 

*553 Ellen's Isle and Lake 

Katrine. 
(7539) "Where the rude 

Trossachs. " 
(7541) Eowing on Katrine. 



"All have arms, well trained 

to wield 
The heavy halbert, brand and 

shield." 

"The minstrel came once m,ore 
to view 

The eastern ridge of Ben 
Venue 

For, ere he parted, he would 
say 

Farewell to lonely Loch Ach- 
ray. 

Where shall he find, in for- 
eign land 

So lone a lake, so sweet a 
strand?" 

"Where the rude Trossachs' 

dread defile 
Opens on Katrine's lake and 

isle." 



"The Lord of the Isles." 

(7507) Oban and hills "Lord of the Isles" ruled a realm of 

this sort. 
(7510 Staff a coast. (7508) Main street of Oban. 
(7511) (7512) Giant's Causeway, Staffa coast. 

"Lay of the Last Minstrel." 

Canto I Armor of a knight. 

753 Imperial armory, Vienna. 
Canto II Melrose Abbey. 

*540 Melrose Abbey, the shrine of historic tradition and 
romantic story. 



tiTEEATURE 477 

(7484) Great east window. 

(7485) Beautiful Melrose. 

"Rob Roy." 

(7518) Cathedral of Glasgow. Eob Eoy made appointment 
on bridge. (7513) Glasgow Bridge. 

"Kenilwortb." 

(213) Kenilworth Castle. 

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE— 1564. 

*525 Living-room in Shakespeare's home at Stratford-on- 

Avon, Eng. 
*526 Anne Hathaway 's cottage at Shottery, Eng. 
(160) Birthplace. (162) His library. (167) Church at 

Stratford. (166) Entrance to Church. (169) 

Memorial Theatre. 

"King Lear." 

Act IV., Scene 6. 
*513 Shakespeare cliffs at "Come on, Sire, here's the 
Dover, England. place, stand still! 

How fearful and dizzy 'tis to 
cast one's eyes so low." 

"Two Gentlemen of Verona." 

(2054) Ponte Pietra and Castle, Verona. (2055) Amphi- 
theatre, Verona. 

"Richard III. ' ' Act III, Scene 4. 

*498 Tower of London, famous old palace and prison of 

Eoyalty. 
(11310) Grim walls of tower. (123) Warders at tower — 

16th century costume. 
(10589) Headman's axe and block. (122) Crowns and 

scepters. 



478 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

* 'Merry Wives of Windsor." 

*509 Windsor Castle from across the Thames. Eng. 

' « Othello. ' ' ( The Moor of Venice. ) 

Act I, Scene 1. 

(2057) Street scene, Venice. 

' 'King Henry VI. ' ' {Part I) 

Act I, Scene 1 Westminster Abbey. 

*504 Westminster Abbey south to Victoria tower of 

Parliament buildings, London. 
(136) Westminster. (137) Westminster interior. 
*502 Houses of Parliament and towers of the Abbey. 
Act I, Scene 3 Before the gate of the Toiver of London. 
*498 Tower of London — famous old palace and prison 
of Eoyalty. 
Act III, Scene 2 Plains near Bouen, France. 
(9618) Kouen. 

"King Henry VI." {Part II) 

Act IV, Scene 1 Seashore near Dover, Eng, 
*513 The Shakespeare Cliffs at Dover, Eng. 

"Merchant oi Venice." 

Act I, Scene 1 On a street in Venice. 

*740 Venice, "white swan of cities" gives good gen- 
eral idea of city. 
Act I, Scene 3 ShyJock says "In the Bialto you have rated 
me." 
(2063) The Eialto. 
Act II, Scene 1 In a room in Portia's house. 

(2001) Typical interior of a splendid Italian home. 
*742 Palazzo Ca d'Oro, home of an old merchant of 
Venice. 

"Henry V." 

Act II, Scene 1. (122) Crowns and scepters. 
Act II, Scene 1. 500 A street in London. 



LITERATURE 479 

Act II, Scene 4. (1588) Eoom in Old French Koyal Pal- 
ace. 
Act III, Scene 2. (9618) Eouen, France. 

i' Julius Caesar." 

Act I, Scene 1. On the occasion of a triumphal procession. 
(1997) Via Sacra, over which Eome's pageants passed. 
Act II, Scene 2. In a room in Ctesar's palace. 

732 Beautiful home of the Vetii at Pompeii shows 
how fine Eoman houses were planned. 
Act III, Scene 1. In a street near the Capitol. 
(1988) Palace of Senators (close by spot). 
Act III, Scene 2. Where Brutus and Anthony made their 
speeches, is supposed to be in the Forum. 
*728 The Eoman Forum southeast from the Capitol 
shows the ground in question. 

EDMUND SPENSER— 1552. 

**Tbe Faerie Queene." 

753 Imperial Armory, Vienna, Austria, showing armor 
such as that referred to in this poem. 
(1887) Armor of Emperor Ferdinand I. (1888) Armor of 
Eudolph II. 

ROBEUT lOTJIS STEVENSON— 1850. 

(7474) University of Edinburgh. 

"Edinburgii. " 

(7459) (7460) Castle. (7475) St. Giles. (565) St. 

Giles (interior). 
(7476) Martyrs' memorial. 

ALFRED TENNYSON— 1810. 

*562 Looking southwest over "Break, break, break, on thy 
Giant's Causeway, Ire- cold gray stones, O seal 

land. 



480 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



"Defence of Lucknow. " 

(3614) Memorial to Sir Henry Lawrence, Lucknow. 

"King Arthur." 

670 Where Atlantic surges beat on rock-bound eoast of 
Finisterre. (Looking toward Island where Arthur 
was born.) 

"The Brook." 

(6781) Home of great Blue Heron. (635) Waters making 
sudden sally. 



552 The Brig O'Turk and 
glassy Glenfinlas, 
Scotland. 
(10620) 
(1794) 
511 At Oxford, England. 
536 Fairy Glen, Bettws-y- 
Coed, Wales. 
"Crossing the Bar. '* 
(1811) Sunset on Lake Gen- 
eva. 



'Or slip between the bridges.' 



"Chattering over stony ways." 

"With many a curve." 

'I steal by lawns and grassy 

plots." 
'But I flow on forever." 

''Sunset and evening star." 



WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKEUAY— 1811. 



(3087) Where Joshua bid the 
moon stand still. 
62 Looking out on the 
boisterous waves of 
the Atlantic. 



"King Canute." 

"But the sullen ocean arir- 
sivered ivith a louder, deep- 
er roar; 

And the rapid ivaves drew 
nearer, falling, sounding 
o'er the shore." 



WILLIAM WORDSWORTH— 1770. 

530 "Dove Cottage," for years the home of Words- 
worth, in poetic Grasmere, England. 

(197) Wordsworth lodgings, Hawkeshead. (200) Church 

at Eydel. 

(198) School at Hawkeshead. 



LITERATURE 481 

" Daffodils.' ' 

(10430) A sea of white poppies like "A host of golden 
daffodils. ' ' 

"My heart leaps up. " 

(622) Eainbow in sky. 

"Lines composed a few miles above Tintera Abbey,** 

(205) Kuins of Tintern. 

"Composed from Westminster Bridge. ' ' 

(103) Westminster Bridge. 

"To the Daisy." 

84 In a daisy field in New Jersey. 

"Bruges." 

(1484) Cathedral at Bruges. 

"In the Cathedral at Cologne." 

(1229) Cathedral at Cologne. 
*638 Cologne's Cathedral, town hall and bridge of boats, 
Germany. 

"Upon banks of Rhine." 

*635 Ehrenfels castle S.W. across the Ehine to Bingen, 
Germany. 

"On approaching the Staubbach at Lauterbrunnen." 

(1760) Staubbach. 



AUTHORS OF NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING 
COUNTRIES 

DANTE (ALIGHIERI)— 1265. 

*736 Florence and the Arno N.W. from San Miniato, 
Italy (showing bridge where he met Beatrice). 
737 The Duomo, "The very great heart of Florence." 
(The work begun during Dante's lifetime.) 
Note. — See the Underwood Travel Tour of Italy. 



482 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



DEMOSTHENES— 385 B, C. 

*761 to *767 (5 are starred) Scenes in Athens, the city of 
Demosthenes. 
(9280) The Pnyx. 

Note. — See Underwood Travel Tour of Greece. 

GOETHE (JOHANN WOLFGANG VON)— 1749. 

(10431) Eoom in Goethe 's house. (10432) Schiller's house 
at Weimar. 
(1382) At Frankfort (native city of Goethe), Germany. 

Note. — See Underwood Travel Tour of Germany 
and Italy. 

HEINE (HEINEICH)— 1799. 
"Lorelei." 

636 Lorelei Eocks, where the siren lured boatmen to 
destruction — the Ehine, Germany. 

"Spring Festival. ' ' 

*602 Happy crowds celebrating the Vorfest (Spring Fes- 
tival) in Jonkoping, Sweden. 



HOMER— 850 B. C. 

(Date according to Herodotus.) 
770 Agamemnon's council hall in the innermost comer 
of Argos, Mykenae, Greece. 
(9310) Gate of Lions, Mykense. (9311) Tomb of Agamem- 
non, Mykenas. (9312) The Heraeon. 

(9314) Angos and the plain. 

(9315) Walls of prehistoric palace, Mykenae. (2408) Most 

famous Cyclopean building. 

(9316) Gateway of wall-girt Tiryns. 

Note. — For further illustrations of the writings of 
Homer and other Grecian authors, see the Under- 
wood Travel Tour of Greece. 



LITERATURE 483 

VICTOR HUGO— 1802. 

*656 The old City Island and the Seine S.E. from the 

Louvre, Paris. 
*659 The old historical Cathedral — Notre Dame, Paris. 
(1558) Interior Notre Dame. 

Note. — Much other valuable material will be found 
in the Underwood Travel Tour of France. 

HENE,IK IBSEN— 1828. 

(607) Ibsen in home at Christiania. 

SCHILLER (JOHANN CHRISTOF FRIEDRICH VON)— 1759. 

(10432) House at Weimar. (10431) Eoom in Goethe's 
house. (1309) Schiller statue, Berlin. 

"Hero and Leander.^' 

*631 The great Watzmann — "Lulled lay the smooth and 

on the Konig's See — silent sea; 

Bavaria. A mirror in translucent 

calm." 
(11243) "And darkness is thy solemn 



SIENKIEWICZ (HENRYK)— 1845. 

'Quo Vadis." 

*729 The Coliseum, Eome. 

(1995) (1996) Interior Coliseum. (2023) Typical house 
of days of Petronius. 

(2008) (2009) Along Appian Way. (2006) (2005) Cathe- 
dral dedicated to St. Paul. 

Note." — For further material see Underwood Travel 
Tour of Italy. 



484 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

SOCEATES— 470 B. C. 

*761 to *767 (5 are starred) Scenes in Athens, the city of 
Socrates. 
Note. — For further illustrations, see the Underwood 
Travel Tour of Greece. 

VERGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIIIS MARO)— 70 B. C. 

725 The Tiber and its island — ^Eome, the city of Vergil. 
*726 Eome, the Eternal City, from St. Peter's dome east. 
*728 The Eoman Forum S.E. from the Capitol, Eome, 

Italy. 
*729 The Coliseum at Eome. 

Note. — See Underwood Travel Tour of Italy. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on appHcation beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any- 
subject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



MANUAL TRAINING 

EDITED BY 
CHARLES A. BENNETT, 

DEPARTMENT OF MANUAL ARTS, BRADLEY POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, 
PEORIA, ILL. 

173 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 176 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM. 

It must not be expected that any collection of 
stereographs or slides selected for general school use 
will give all the illustrative material needed by the 
teacher of manual training. It cannot furnish the 
usual illustrations of processes which are most es- 
sential. On the other hand, it can furnish much un- 
usual material to supplement what the teacher should 
always have on hand in the workroom. In that re- 
spect this collection is of special value. It contains 
much material that is especially choice and very 
difficult to obtain in any other form. 

The stereographs or slides selected have been 
roughly classified under three main heads : 

I Fundamental Handicraft requiring, for the 
most part, only individual effort. 
II Building Construction and Materials, in- 
cluding boats. 
Ill Machinery and Metals. 

485 



486 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

It is not supposed that the stereographs listed 
below include all the material in the collection on 
these three subjects — much will be found under 
"Products and Industries," "Architecture," "Trans- 
portation," "Agriculture" and "Home Economics" 
— but it is believed that they contain what will be 
of greatest service to most teachers of manual 
training. 

The order of the stereographs or slides in the lists 
under each sub-topic is merely suggestive. It is 
taken for granted that each teacher will wish to 
modify the order to suit his needs, yet it is believed 
that presenting them in the order given is far better 
than in the geographical order, and may be of real 
value when no other illustrative material is available. 

The numbers used below refer to the serial num- 
bers in the upper right hand corner of the stereo- 
graphs and on the slides. The numbers starred are 
included in the special 600 series. 

(Note. — For more extensive material on Manual Training, 
refer to our General Catalogue.— The Publishers.) 

I. FUNDAMENTAL HANDICRAFT 

(a) ROPE MAKING 

415 Natives making rope from the maguey plant in Mexico. 
*355 Making rope from native hemp in the Philippine Isl- 
ands. 
*259 One of the many uses of rope — roping a yearling on 
the plains, Arizona, 



MANUAL TRAINING 487 

*450 Another use of rope — water sellers of Barranquilla, 
Colombia, S. A. 

(b) BASKETHY 

*955 Baskets used for gathering millet in Japan. 

*744 Baskets used for gathering lemons in Sicily. 

*713 Swiss woman with a mountain basket. 

*908 Carrying rice in baskets in Burma. 

630 Baskets on barley field, Germany. 

702 Swiss youth with a basket. 

*956 Mountain baskets used by the Japanese. 

*160 Baskets full of cotton iu Georgia. 

*782 Baskets used in Constantinople. 

*973 Baskets used on the tea plantations of Japan. 

*817 Coffee baskets in East Africa. 

399 Sombreros in Mexico. 

979 Woven umbrella hats used by the Koreans. 

696 Basket top sledge in the Madeira Islands. 

*169 Wheel chairs at Palm Beach, Florida. 

350 Boats with roofs made of reeds, Manila, Philippine 
Islands. 

*482 Straw boats on Lake Titicaca, Peru. 

(c) SPINNING 

*263 Hopi Indians carding, spinning and knitting wool in 

Arizona. 
*667 A grandmother at her spinning wheel in France. 

(d) WEAVING 

*264 Hopi Indian weaving blanket in Arizona. 
*416 Weaving matting in Mexico. 

*887 Shawl weavers at their work in Cashmere, India. 
*359 Weaving the famous pina cloth in the Philippine Is- 
lands. 
*871 Arab weaving silk in Syria. 



488 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

658 Making Gobelin tapestry, Paris, France. 
*783 Weaving Persian rugs in Constantinople. 

784 Persian rug design artists at work. 
*464 Shawls worn by ice dealers of Quito, Ecuador. 
*475 Shawls worn by water carriers in the mining country 

of Peru. 
*463 Shawl worn by native in the Andes. 
*461 Shawl worn by native traveler in the Andes. 
*192 Shawls worn by some of the Indians of the United 

States. 
*962 Floor matting in a Japanese home. 

(e) POTTERY 

*519 Porcelain "clay pit, England. 

*520 Grinding and mixing clay for porcelain in England. 
*522 "Throwing" plates on a potter's wheel, Eoyal Porce- 
lain Works, Worcester, England. 
*521 Dipping plates in glaze preparatory to firing, Porce- 
lain Works, Worcester, England. 
523 Turning and trimming a cup on a lathe, Eoyal Porce- 
lain Works, Worcester, England. 
968 Japanese potter at his wheel. 
*969 Decorating cloisonne ware in Kyoto, Japan. 
413 Water vender in Mexico. 
122 Modeling clay pots for molten glass, Tarentum, Pa. 

(f) WOODEN IMPLEMENTS 

*269 Bow and arrow in hand of Indian boy. 

*990 Australian aboriginal huntsmen and warriors with their 
boomerangs. 

769 Primitive yoke, Corinth, Greece. 

*645 Yokes for carrying milk pails in Holland. 

*974 Japanese flails. 

*408 Mexican coffee sheller. 

329 Mortars for shelling rice — Panama. 



MANUAL TRAINING 489 

(g) METAI WORK 

*860 A swordmaker of Damascus, Syria. 
918 Native goldsmiths at work with crude tools, Kandy, 

Ceylon. 
812 Strange dress of women in East Africa, who wear wire 

collars. 



II. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND 
MATERIALS 

(a) THATCHED DWELLINGS 

*816 Village in East Africa. 

*811 Thatched roofs in East Africa. 

916 A floating home in Burma. 

*348 A native home in Tutuila, Samoan Islands. 

*356 A workingman 's home in Ermita, Philippine Islands. 

*412 Thatched house in Mexico. 

*325 A village in Porto Eico. 

*450 Thatched roofs in Barranquilla, Colombia, S. A. 

*980 Constructing a building in Seoul, Korea. 

*459 Stone building with thatched roof in Ecuador. 

565 Thatched stone buildings in Ireland. 

*526 Anne Hathaway 's cottage at Shottery, England. 

515 The quaint thatched cottages of Shanklin, Isle of 
Wight. 

(b) DWELLINGS BUILT OF BAMBOO AND THE GROWING 

GRASSES 
*934 Bamboo plantation in China. 
*967 "Under the bamboo trees" in Japan. 
*458 Native home, made of bamboo boards in Ecuador. 
353 Use of bamboo in house construction in Philippine 
Islands. 
*359 A bamboo building in Molo, Panay, Philippine Islands. 



490 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

(c) BOATS 

*824: "Dugout" canoes on the Congo Eiver in Africa. 

*331 Indian ''dugouts" on the Chagres Eiver, Panama. 

*316 Alaskan boats and village. 

392 Esquimaux kayaks. 

*444 Three types of boats on Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. 

374 Carrying canoe at the rapids on the Muskoka Eiver, 
Canada. 

*881 Date-palm boats in the Tigris Eiver. 

*S80 Most curious and interesting boats on the Tigris Eiver. 

574 Old Viking ship, Christiania, Norway. 

*61 Life-saving boats, Long Island, New York. 

*187 " End- wheeler " on the Mississippi Eiver. 

*560 Building an ocean liner at Belfast, Ireland. 

*672 The toy boat builder, Dieppe, Erance. 

(d) LUMBERING 

*964 Forest in Japan. 

*294 A monster log in California. 

295 Saw used in felling big trees in California. 
*296 Splitting a log with dynamite in California. 
*166 Hauling logs with oxen in Florida. 
*297 Hauling big logs with mules in California. 

914 Hauling logs in Burma. 
*305 ' ' Shooting ' ' logs down a mountain side in Oregon. 

300 Poling logs on a mill pond in California. 

385 Logs in river in Alaska. 
*304 Log raft containing millions of feet of timber, Colum- 
bia Eiver, Oregon. 

298 Train load of logs in California. 
*299 Sawmill in the big tree district of California. 

224 Scouring logs and hauling them up the slip into the 
sawmill, Minneapolis, Minn. 

362 Primitive sawmill in the Philippine Islands. 
*225 Seasoning lumber in the yards of Minneapolis, Minne- 
sota. 



MANUAL TKAINING 491 

446 Lumber yard in Venezuela. 

907 Elephant laborers piling timber in Eangoon, Burma. 

(e) TURPENTINE AND TAR 

*149 Collecting turpentine in the pine forests of North 
Carolina. 

*150 Sweating out the tar from the pine, North Carolina. 

*151 A turpentine still in the pine forests of North Caro- 
lina. 

*159 The greatest resin market in the world, Savannah, 
Georgia. 

(f) WOODEN BUILDINGS 

*262 Home of Navajo Indians, Arizona. 

*618 Log house in Eussia. 

581 Hewn log house in Norway. 

575 Houses made of hewn logs in Norway. 

26 A New England home. 

(g) QUARRYING 

*28 Granite quarries in Concord, New Hampshire. 
735 The world's finest marble quarries in Carrara, Italy. 
*734 Hauling marble from the quarries in Carrara, Italy. 

(h) STONE STRUCTURES 

*577 Locks in canal in Norway. 

*803 The great dam across the Nile at Assuan, Egypt. 

*801 A Nilometer in Egypt. 

*496 London Bridge. 

497 Tower Bridge, London. 

410 Ancient mosaics in Mexico. 

(See Architecture for examples of stone 'buildings.) 



492 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



///. MACHINERY AND METALS 

(a) PRIMITIVE MECHANISMS 

*797 The oldest of well-sweeps, lifting the Nile waters to 

the fields in Egypt. 

*435 Crude method of grinding sugar-cane in Jamaica. 

935 Chinese wheelbarrows. 

*875 Irrigation on the Euphrates Eiver in Mesopotamia. 

965 A yama-kago (mountain chair), Japan. 

*192 Indian papoose as carried on its mother's back. 

919 A grinding machine in Ceylon. 

(b) COPPER MINING AND SMELTING 

*267 Loading surface ore, Metcalf Mines, Arizona. 

268 Running out ore, Wilson Mine, Metcalf, Arizona. 
*266 Inclines to copper mines, Metcalf, Arizona. 
*265 Mountain railway to Morenci Copper Mines, Arizona. 
*204 Shaft houses above the richest copper mine on earth, 
Calumet, Michigan. 
205 Copper in bars and plates leaving the smelters of the 
Calumet and Hecla IMines, Michigan. 

(c) IRON MINING AND THE MANUEACTURE OF STEEL 
227 Open-pit iron mining with a five-ton steam shovel, Hib- 

bing, Minnesota. 

*229 Near view of five-ton steam shovel, Hibbing, Minne- 
sota. 

*228 Dumping ore into cars, open-pit mine, Minnesota. 

*232 Iron miners at work in an underground "drift," Sell- 
ers' Mine, Hibbing, Minnesota. 
230 Miners far down under ground in Sellers' Mine, Hib- 
bing, Minnesota. 

*231 Dragging cars of iron ore through subterranean pas- 
sages to the shaft, Hibbing, Minnesota. 
209 Gigantic crusher and spouts feeding it with iron ore 
from the mine, Escanaba, Michigan. 



MANUAL TRAINING 493 

*233 Docks with two miles of frontage, holding 200,000 tons 
of iron ore. Two Harbors, Minnesota. 

*203 Pockets of iron ore (160 tons each) on long dock 
ready for shipment, Escanaba, Michigan. 

*234 Aboard a lake steamer loading with iron ore by chutes 
from gigantic docks, Duluth, Minnesota. 

*196 Unloading iron ore from lake vessels— old and new 
methods — Cleveland, Ohio. 

*198 Lowering a five-ton electric clam into the hold of an 
ore steamer at Cleveland, Ohio. 

*199 Electric imloader lifting five tons of iron ore from ves- 
sel 's hold to docks, Cleveland, Ohio. 

*195 Piles of iron ore between docks of lake steamers and 
railways to mills, Cleveland, Ohio. 

*119 Steel works, famous for gigantic furnaces, Homestead, 
Pa. 
120 Eed-hot iron flowing from blast furnace ready for 
making into pig-iron and steel, Pittsburg, Pa. 

*121 Steel beam, red-hot, drawn out 90 feet long, steel works 
at Pittsburg, Pa. 
*43 Steel framework in one of New York's greatest "sky- 
scrapers. ' ' 

(d) BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION 

*57 High bridge at Poughkeepsie, New York. 
913 A railway bridge 1,000 feet high. North Burma. 
678 The Viscaya Bridge across Nervion Eiver, and its fly- 
ing ferry, Bilbao, Spain. 
*624 Bridge across ship canal connecting the Baltic and 

North Seas, near Kiel, Germany. 
*542 The great Forth Bridge, Scotland. 
*72 Bridge at Niagara Falls. 
*31 On the Brooklyn Bridge. 

*32 Brooklyn Bridge, from the World Building, New York 
City. 



494 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

(e) SOME THIUMPHS OF MECHANISM 
*115 A great coal breaker and automatic slate picker, Pa. 
*114 Picking slate in a great coal breaker. 
*642 A Dutch windmill. 
*376 A modern threshing machine at work in Manitoba, 

Canada. 
*309 A modern American harvester at work, Walla Walla, 
Washington. 
145 A fleet of battleships at Hampton Eoads, Virginia. 
*78 The electric power plant, Niagara Falls, New York. 
53 Electric locomotive and train, New York. 
*164 Automobiles on the world's finest race track in Florida. 
*60 Curtis in his biplane, Long Island, New York. 
144 The Wright aeroplane in flight at Fort Myer, Virginia. 
*334 Compressed air drills at work in Panama Canal. 
*336 Great locks and chambers in Panama Canal. 
*338 Close view of the lock gates at Miraflores, Panama. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 



The Publishers can supply on application beautiful 
photographs suitable for wall decoration of any sub- 
ject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



MYTHOLOGY 

BY 

EMILIE KIP BAKER, 
AUTHOR OF "out OF THE NOBTH LANDS"; "STOEIES FROM 
NORTHERN MYTHS" ; "POEMS FOB SCHOOL DAYS," ETC. 

55 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES OF THE 1,000 LIST 
WITH 68 REFERENCES TO THEM 

ALSO 106 SUPPLEMENTAL STEREOGRAPHS OR 
SLIDES WITH 148 REFERENCES TO THEM 

The student or reader who is unfamiHar with 
mythology, finds that the frequent allusion in liter- 
ature to mythological subjects is apt to be a hin- 
drance to the full enjoyment as well as the under- 
standing of much of the best that lies in books. In 
art, too, there is an added pleasure to be derived 
from a knowledge of mythology, for most of the 
famous work in sculpture and architecture is a glor- 
ification of the Greek and Roman gods ; and the 
subjects of many paintings are drawn from the 
same source. So it is part of every student's edu- 
cation to be familiar with the gods and heroes of 
ancient times; and it is hoped that by suggesting 
these old stories through the use of stereographs, an 
interest will be aroused in the subject of mythology. 

495 



496 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

The illustrations try to bring this ancient world 
closer to the modern reader by showing him the 
places associated with the heroic deeds of gods and 
men; where the famous siege of Troy took place; 
where Vulcan forged the thunder-bolts of Jupiter; 
and where Ulysses spent his years of wandering. 
Thus the legends of old Greece and Rome will be 
related to the world in which the reader lives, and 
when he sees the ruins of those famous temples 
where men sacrificed to the gods of Olympus, he 
may wish to learn more about those who lived "in 
the brave days of old." 

The selection has been drawn from as wide a 
field of subjects as possible, and includes a consid- 
erable number of supplementary subjects in addi- 
tion to the regular subjects from the World Visual- 
ized, but no attempt has been made at an exhaustive 
treatment or a close arrangement. The one object 
has been to illustrate some of the literary allusions 
which the student is likely to meet in his reading of 
ancient or modern literature. Most of the material 
is chosen with reference to Greek and Roman myth- 
ology, though some of the stereographs relate to 
Norse, Teutonic, and Oriental folk-lore. 

Publishers' 'Note: 

The numbers used in the following list — except those in 
parentheses — are the serial numbers found on the upper right- 



MYTHOLOGY 497 

hand corner of the stereographs and on the slides. The sup- 
plementary subjects are indicated by the larger numbers in 
parentheses ( ) , these numbers being from the general 

catalogue. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 



GRECIAN AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 
JUPITER (ZEUS) 

Jupiter was the greatest of the gods. He ruled 
over all the world from his throne on high Olym- 
pus. He is represented in statues as seated on a 
throne with a scepter in one hand and a thunder- 
bolt in the other. Jupiter's father Saturn was bent 
on devouring all his children ; but through the strat- 
egy of Rhea, Jupiter was saved and was concealed 
on the island of Crete. 

(11809) View in Crete. Here Jupiter was cared for by 
the Nymphs, and fed by a goat. 
*776 Mt, Olympus. This was the home of the gods — 
the place where Jupiter established his sov- 
ereignty after waging successful war with the 
Titans. Jupiter desired a cup-bearer to serve in 
place of the disgraced Hebe, so he changed him- 
self into an eagle and carried off the beautiful 
Ganymede, son of the king of Troy. He kept 
the youth on Mt. Olympus to serve at the feasts 
of the gods. 

(11791) (11805) Troy, the birthplace of Ganymede. The 
walls of Troy were built by Neptune in punish- 
ment for his attempt to dethrone Jupiter. 



498 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

*766 Temple of Jupiter at Athens. 

*767 (9335) Temple of Jupiter, Olympia. Inside this 
temple was the famous statue of ivory and gold 
that was considered one of the seven wonders 
of the world. 
(9337) Stadium where the Olympic games were held every 
five years in honor of Jupiter. The Greeks reck- 
oned time by Olympiads. 
(9308) Temple of Zeus at Corinth. 

(11248) How the plains of Greece may have looked to 
Deucalion and Pyrrha after the subsiding of the 
flood. 
(8585) A Greek theater such as those where the games in 
honor of the gods were held. 
(11557) The Wolf — suggests the story of Lycaon and his 
punishment. 
(2015) The Farnese Bull. 

Antiope, beloved by Jupiter, was ill-treated by 
Dirce, who was therefore condemned to be tied 
by her hair to a bull and dragged to death. 
(7388) The Three Graces. 

They were daughters of Jupiter, and presided over 
dancing and social pleasures. 
(9336) Marbles from the west pediment, Temples of Zeus, 
at Olympia. 

JUNO (HERA) 

Juno was the sister and wife of Jupiter. She 
was the patroness of marriage, and many festivals 
were held in her honor. 

(770) Mycense — one of Juno's favorite cities. 
(622) Rainbow in the spray. 
Juno chose as her messenger the maiden Iris, who is some- 



MYTHOLOGY 499 

times represented as a rainbow; sometimes the rainbow is 
merely the road over which she travels. 
(11553) (11560) Views of bears — suggest how Juno 
turned Callisto and her son Areas into bears. 
They were afterwards set in the sky as the con- 
stellations of the great and little bear. 
(9334) Temple of Hera near Mycenae. 
(2460) Volo; near this is the stream across which Jason 
carried Juno in the form of a helpless old wom- 
an, without knowing that it was the goddess. 
(8583) Euins of Temple of Juno in Girgenti. 

MERCTIRY (HERMES) 

Mercury was the messenger of the gods, and he 
also conducted the souls of the dead to Hades. To 
enable him to travel swiftly, the gods gave him a 
winged cap and a pair of winged sandals. He also 
carried a wand — the caduceus — the gift of Apollo. 

(2424) The famous statue of Hermes by Praxiteles. 

(9334) Herseon, Olympia, where the statue was found. 

(2394) Statue of the winged messenger. 
(499) Picture of an Irish maiden and her harp — suggests 
the story of the invention of the lyre by Mer- 
cury, who, when only a day old, took a tortoise- 
shell and stretched strings across it. This lyre 
he afterwards gave to Apollo in exchange for the 
sun-god's cattle which Mercury had stolen. 

MINERVA (ATHENA) 

The goddess of wisdom who sprang full-grown 
and fully armed for battle from the head of Jupiter. 

*761, 762, *764 Athens— both Neptune and Minerva 
contended for the right to name the city, and 
the honor was given to Minerva. 



500 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

845 The olive tree — in the contest, Neptune offered a 
beautiful horse to the city, but Minerva gave the 
olive branch of peace. 
(9348) Olive grove near Delphi. 

762, *764, *765 (9283) (9284) The Parthenon— Tem- 
ple of Minerva. 
(395) Victory of Athena in the Pediment of the Par- 
thenon. This famous temple was dedicated to 
Minerva. 
(9295) Statue of Athena in the Parthenon. This gold 
and ivory statue was the work of Phidias. 
*764 The Acropolis, on which stood the Parthenon. 
0190) (10133) Owl — one of the favorite birds of 
Minerva. 
*871 A Syrian weaving scene, showing a primitive loom 
such as the maiden Arachne may have used when 
she contended with Minerva and was punished 
for her arrogance by being turned into a spider. 
761 Athens, old and new. 
*764 The Acropolis. 
(9323) Temple of Minerva at Alea. 

(2445) Fountain of Pyrene, where Bellerophon caught the 
winged horse, Pegasus, by aid of Athene. 

BIANA (ARTEMIS) 

Diana was the daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 
and the sister of Apollo. She was a famous hun- 
tress, and was goddess of the moon as well. In art 
she is represented as dressed for hunting, with a 
bow in her hand and a hind at her side. 

(10666) Statue, the Diana of Versailles, in the Louvre. 

Also called the "Diana of the Hind." 

(9342) (9343) Thebes, where Niobe lived, whose daugh- 



MYTHOLOGY 501 

ters Diana shot to deatli because her mother, 
Latona, had been scorned by Niobe. 
(2141) Statue of Mobe protecting her child from the ar- 
rows of Diana. 
(8592) Spring of the nymph Arethusa. She was one of 
Diana's nymphs, and was turned into a fountain 
by the goddess so that she might escape from the 
river-god Alpheus. 

(11808) Ruins of the temple of Diana at Syracuse. 

(10989) Ephesiis — where there was the most famous tem- 
ple of Diana. It was one of the seven wonders 
of the world. 

(11366) Site of Diana's temple. 

NEPTUNE (POSEIBON) 

Neptune is represented in art as driving a chariot 
drawn by huge sea-horses. He held a trident in his 
hand and was accompanied by the Tritons who 
were half fish and half human. 

Neptune was the brother of Jupiter and Pluto, 
and to him was given the empire of the sea. 

(2393) Colossal Poseidon. 

(2395) Neptune, god of the sea. The most famous chil- 
dren of Neptune were Triton and Proteus. 
*987 Horses, beautiful as the one produced by Neptune 

in his contest with Athena over the right to 

name the city of Athens. 
(2389) Triton in the Acropolis museum. He was the son 

of Neptune, and the trumpeter of the ocean. 

By blowing on his shell he could raise storms or 

allay them. 
(11791) (11805) Troy. Neptune, being condemned to 

serve the king of Troy, built the city walls with 



502 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

the help of Apollo, through the magic of whose 

playing the stones fell into their places. 
(9302) Temple of Neptune, where votive offerings were 

made. Sailors hung on the walls of the temple 

the spoils of victories at sea or treasures saved 

from shipwrecks. See also 62, 353, 485, *595. 
(1882) Laocoon — in the Vatican at Rome. This portrays 

the tragedy of Laocoon and his sons. Laocoon 

was a priest of Neptune. 
*286 What the sea-birds are looking for. Suggests the 

story of the Halcyon birds which built their 

nests on the crest of the waves. 
*656 Eiver Seine — Each river had its own particular 

river-god; but they were all under the dominion 

of Neptune. 

APOLIO (PHOEBUS) 

Apollo was the son of Jupiter and Latona. He 
was the god of the sun, and also the god of music. 
In art he is represented as a handsome youth 
crowned with laurel and holding a lyre or a bow. 

(10663) Apollo. (Uffizi Gallery.) 

773 Delphi, situated on the slope of Mount Parnassus, 
where the most famous of the Grecian oracles — 
that of Apollo — was located. The Pythian games, 
held to celebrate Apollo's slaying of the Python, 
were celebrated every three years at Delphi. 
(9350) (9352) Apollo's temple at Delphi. 

*776 Thessaly. It was Admetus, king of Thessaly, 
whom Apollo served as a shepherd after he was 
banished from Olympus on account of his defi- 
ance of Jupiter. 
(2466) The river Peneus flows through Thessaly. Peneus 
was a river-god, and his daughter Daphne was 



MYTHOLOGY 503 

loved by Apollo. To help her escape from 
Apollo, Peneus changed her into a laurel tree. 
957, *977 Apollo went down into the heart of Mount 
^tna to destroy the Cyclops who had forged 
the thunder-bolt with which Jupiter killed 
Apollo's son ^sculapius. 

(9319) Tholos in the sanctuary of ^sculapius. 
(10663) Statue of Apollo with laurel crown, suggests the 
story of how the laurel became the crown of 
poets. 

(2438) The Bassaj temple of Apollo. 

(2426) A Greek shepherd. In some disguise like this 
Apollo tended the flocks of Admetus on the 
plains of Thessaly. 

(2457) (9348) Mount Parnassus, on whose slopes was 
the sacred oracle of Delphi. In tlie caves of 
Mount Parnassus lived the python which Apollo 
slew with his arrows. 
773 Where Apollo slew the python. 

(2466) Vale of Tempe — one of the favorite haunts of 
Apollo. It was from this spot that he trans- 
ferred the laurel to Delphi. 

(9342) (9343) Thebes. Here Niobe lived with her four- 
teen beautiful children. She oflfended Latona, 
the mother of Apollo and Diana, by boasting of 
her children, so Latona sent Apollo and Diana 
to kill the children of Niobe. 

(2141) Statue of Niobe protecting her child. Niobe was 
turned into stone by the gods who pitied her 
sorrow. 

(9331) Messene — The Arcadian Gate of old times. The 
maiden Marpessa, as she was escaping with her 
lover Idas was stopped in Messene by Apollo, 
who desired her love. She wisely refused him 
and chose the shepherd Idas. 



504 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

(8574) (8573) Ruins of the Greek temple to Hercules 
and Apollo, Sicily. 

(1981) View in the gallery of the statues, Vatican, show- 
ing the Discobolus. This suggests the origin 
of the ancient game of quoits. In connection 
with this is the story of Apollo and Hyacinthus. 
*876 The flood-plain of the Euphrates, suggesting the 
scene where Apollo slew the python with his 
golden arrows. The python was born of the 
slime that settled on the land after the flood. 
812 Showing negroes in Africa. This suggests the 
tales of the origin of the black men; how Phae- 
ton, son of Apollo, insisted upon driving the sun 
chariot. He lost control of the horses, and the 
chariot came so near the earth that the people 
who lived in that part of the world were burned 
black. 
*395 Land of the midnight sun, where lived the Hyper- 
boreans, among whom Apollo spent a year 
shortly after his birth. 

(9352) Sacred Omphalos from the temple of Apollo. 

(9306) Ruins at Corinth — with temple of Apollo. 

(2451) The highest peak of Mt. Parnassus. 

(1571) The "Fighting Hero," Hall of Melpomene. Mel- 
pomene was the Muse of Tragedy. Apollo was 
leader of the Muses. 

HERCULES 

(7398) Statue of Hercules — the famous Farnese Hercules 

in the museum at Naples. 
(9316) Cyclopean gate-way of "wall -girt Tiryns," where 

Hercules was brought up. This suggests the 

story of the twelve labors of Hercules. 
(6759) African lion, such as Hercules slew in the Nemean 

forest. 
(9315) Tiryns, where Hercules was brought up. 



MYTHOLOGY 505 

*692 Gibraltar — The Pillars of Hercules. Some author- 
ities say that Hercules raised the mountains; 
others relate that he split the mountain in two. 
The hero was on his way to capture the oxen 
of Geryon. 

(8573) Ruins of Temple of Hercules and Apollo. 

(1967) Mount Aventine, where the giant Cacus hid the 
oxen in his cave, having stolen them from Her- 
cules. 

(9308) Nemea — where Hercules killed the Nemean lion. 

(2460) Mount Pelion. Near the summit of this mountain 
lived the famous centaur Chiron, to whose care 
Hercules was intrusted when a child. 
*301 Crater Lake. Hercules was sent to kill the birds 
that hovered over lake Stymphalus — a crater 
lake. The mists that rose from the lake were 
very deadly. 

CERES AND PHOSERPINA 

Ceres was the goddess of agriculture, and Proser- 
pina was her daughter who was carried off by Pluto 
to Hades. In art, Ceres is represented as crowned 
with ears of corn and flowers. She holds a sickle 
in one hand, and a sheaf of wheat in the other. 

(9298) Eleusis. Here was built a beautiful temple to 

Ceres in memory of her visit to this city. 
(9298) The Initiation Hall of Mysteries at Eleusis, where 

sacred rites, instituted by Ceres, were celebrated. 
(8598) Papyrus-bordered Spring of Cyane — the nymph 

who tried to save Proserpina from Pluto. 
*744 A lemon grove in Sicily. There were many sacred 

groves in Sicily and Greece. 
Ceres visited a terrible punishment on Erysichthon 

for daring to cut down a tree in her grove. 



506 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

(9295) Relief from the Temple of Ceres at Eleusis. 
(10190) The owl — The unfortunate man who told of Pros- 
erpina's eating the pomegranate-seed while in 
Hades was changed by the wrathful Ceres into 
an owl. 

BACCHUS (DIONYSUS) 

Bacchus was the god of wine and revelry. He 
was intrusted to the care of the nymphs in his in- 
fancy, and later became the pupil of the satyr 
Silenus. 

(10666) View in Louvre showing Bacchus against wall and 

Diana in foreground. 
(11806) Figure of Silenus, the tutor of Bacchus, in the 

theater of Dionysus. 

(9290) Theater of Dionysus. 

(9291) Seat for the priest of Dionysus — theater of Diony- 

sus. 

(9342) Thebes, where Semele, the mother of Bacchus, 
lived. 

(2424) Statue of satyr holding the infant Bacchus 
( Museum Naples ) . 

(2014) Bacchus traveled through the country with his 
attendant nymphs and satyrs, and taught the 
people the art of wine-making. 
(10112) Bats — These suggest the story of the daughters 
of King Minyas, who were turned into bats in 
punishment for neglecting the rites of Bacchus. 

(2143) Bacchus and Ampelus (Uffizi Gallery). 

(2139) The Dancing Faun. 

(8588) The ear of Dionysus — famous cavern near Syra- 
cuse. 



MYTHOLOGY 507 

THE CYCLOPS 

The Cyclops were the children of Uranus 
(Heaven) and Gaea (Earth). Homer describes 
them as a gigantic race of shepherds. Each had a 
single eye in the middle of his forehead. The 
Cyclops helped to forge the thunder-bolts of Jupi- 
ter, and after conspiring against him were con- 
demned to dwell in Tartarus. The most famous of 
the Cyclops was Polyphemus, about whom there are 
many stories. 

746 Mount ^tna, the chimney of Vulcan's workshop 
where he directed the work of the Cyclops. The 
mountain was supposed to lie on the head of 
the giant Typhon, who caused volcanic eruptions 
by spitting forth burning rocks and flames. 
Some of the Cyclops were released and allowed 
to live on the islands in the Mediterranean. 
*301 Crater Lake in an extinct volcano. 

Compare with this picture: 
*403 Popocatapetl. 
465 Pichincha. 
*956, 957 Fujiyama. 
976, *977 Aso-San. 

VENUS (APHEODITE) 

Venus was the goddess of love and beauty. In 
art she is represented as a beautiful nude figure. 
Sometimes she is pictured as seated in a chariot 
drawn by doves. 

62 View of the sea — suggests the myth of Venus that 
she was born of the foam of the sea. 



508 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



(2014) Venus of Gallipede. 

(10664) Venus of Capua (Naples Museum). 
(2138) Venus— by Canova (Pitti Palace). 

(10665) Venus Genetrix (Uiiizi). 
(2048) Venus de Medici. 
(1572) Venus de Milo (Louvre). 

(11805) Troy — whicli suggests tlie story of the judgment 
of Paris. Paris was the son of the king of Troy, 
and he was cliosen as judge in the contest for 
the golden apple. By awarding the prize to 
Venus the events were begun which ended in tlie 
Trojan war. 
(2047) Koom in the Uffizi Palace containing the Venus 
de Medici. 

NIOBE 

(9342) Thebes, where Niobe was queen and where her 
fourteen children were shot by Apollo and Diana 
with their golden arrows. She was turned to 
stone by the gods who pitied her grief. 

(2141) Statue of Niobe in Pitti Palace, Florence (Prax- 
iteles ) . 



AGAMEMNON 

770 Agamemnon's Council Hall, Mykense. Agamem- 
non was leader of the Greeks in the Trojan War. 

(9311) Tomb of Agamemnon. 

(9312) Argos, near which Orestes avenged his father 

Agamemnon's death by slaying his faithless 
mother Clytemnestra. 
(11805) Site of Troy. Here raged the Trojan War in 
which Hector, Achilles, Priam, Paris and Aga- 
memnon fought. 
(9312) Herseon, where the Greek chiefs swore fealty to 
Agamemnon when he was setting out for Troy. 



MYTHOLOGY 509 

PARIS (Son of King Priam of Troy) 
(11810) Statue of Paris in Athens suggests the story of 
the judgment of Paris, and the awarding of the 
golden apple to Venus which started the chain 
of events that resulted in the Trojan War. 
*771 Site of ancient Sparta. 
772 Langada Gorge — Sparta's war path to the west. 
(10811) Walls of Troy — around these walls the great bat- 
tles of the Trojan War took place and on the 
walls stood Helen of Sparta watching the battle. 
(11805) Center of Troy, where these ruins now lie, stood 
the palaces of the Trojan princes, 

ULYSSES 

745 Modern Syracuse, Sicily, where Ulysses came in 
his wanderings. 
*747 From Charybdis to Scylla — a danger passed by 
Ulysses in his wanderings. 

PEESEUS or ABGO 

(9313) Argos, place of many traditions. Perseus was 

born here, with whom is associated the slaying 
of the Gorgon Medusa. 
(11804) The Loggia of Florence showing statue of Perseus 
holding up the severed head of Medusa. 

(9314) Larissa, Argos, where Perseus killed his grand- 

father Acrisius, unintentionally, according to 
prophecy. 

(9315) Tiryns, where he ruled. 

JASON, THE ARGONAUTS AND THE SEARCH FOR THE 

GOLDEN FLEECE 

(9319) Tholos, in Temple of .:Fsculapius, god of healing. 

^sculapius accompanied the Argonauts in their 

expedition to Colchis. He was destroyed by 



510 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Jupiter at the instigation of Pluto, who was 

jealous of his power of healing. 
780 View of the Bosphorus from Asiatic side. Through 

this strait Jason sailed in the ship Argo in 

search of the Golden Fleece. 
*781 View over the Bosphorus from the European side. 

Jason passed here on his way to Colchis. 
(2460) Volo (lolcus) Harbor from which Jason sailed in 

quest of the Golden Fleece. 
(2460) Mt. Pelion. The ship Argo was built of trees cut 

on Mt. Pelion. 

PEGASUS 

The famous winged horse Pegasus, which was 
captured by Bellerophon, sprang from the drops of 
blood that fell from the Gorgon Medusa v/hen Per- 
seus cut off its head. 

(2445) The fountain of Pirene, where Bellerophon caught 
Pegasus, with the help of the golden bridle given 
him by Minerva. 

(9406) Old Corinth. Bellerophon was a grandson of 
Sisyphus, king of Corinth. 

THESEUS 
Son of King ^geus of Athens 

*761 Athens, where old King ^Egeus watched to see 
his son Theseus returning with white sails from 
slaying the Minotaur. On seeing the black 
ship he flung himself into the sea and the sea 
was called by his name after that. 

*768 Plain of Marathon, where Theseus and Pirithous 
became friends. 



MYTHOLOGY 511 

(11809) Crete, where Minas was king and where Theseus 
slayed the Minotaur, which was kept in the laby- 
rinth constructed by Daedalus. 

CASTOR AND POLLUX 

(8584) The Temple of Castor and Pollux. The brothers 
were permitted by Jupiter, after the death of 
the mortal Castor, to form the constellation 
Gemini — the Twins. 
*771 Site of Sparta, with which is associated Castor 
and Pollux. 

THE TROJAN WAR 

Caused by the carrying off of Helen, wife of the 
King of Sparta, by Paris, son of the King of Troy. 

(11805) (11791) Views of ancient Troy, where the Tro- 
jan war raged and where Hector, Achilles, 
Priam, Paris and Agamemnon fought. 

(1571) The Fighting Hero— Hall of Melpomene. 

(2043) The Rape of Polyxena, in the Loggia at Florence. 

(EDIPTJS 

(11807) (9352) Winged sphinx, Delphi Museum. Like 

the one who propounded the riddle to CEdipus. 

(9343) Thebes and the road CEdipus took with blinded eyes 

when he went out of the city. 
(9342) Thebes. 

*795 Sphinx at Gizeh, Egypt. 
(9306) Old Corinth, where CEdipus spent his youth. 

EUROPA 
(The fair daughter of King Agenor of Phoenicia) 

(11809) Crete, where she was borne by Jupiter. 



512 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

PAW 
God of the flocks and herds. He lived sometimeg in the 
mountains and sometimes in the valleys, where he loved to 
dance with the nymphs. He is represented with pointed ears, 
and having the legs and horns of a goat. 

(9322) Wall of Mantinea and mountain range beyond 
which was the home of Pan and the Arcadian 
shepherds. 
(2466) Vale of Tempe, such a spot as Pan often chose 
for his sports. Eead the story of Pan and 
Syrinx, which tells of the invention of the reed 
pipe by Pan. 

PIGMIES 

826 View of pigmies of the Congo. 
(11562) Cranes like those that were wont, in the days of 
Homer, to emigrate in winter to the pigmies' 
country, near the source of the Nile and devas- 
tate the cornfields of the little folk. 

VESTA, GODDESS OF THE HEARTH 

725 Temple of Vesta, sacred to Vesta, Goddess of the 
Hearth, where Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus 
and Remus, tended the sacred fire. The temple 
of Vesta was situated on the southern side of 
the Forum and may be located in the view. 

ROMULUS AND REMUS 
725 Temple of Vesta, where Rhea Silvia, the mother 

of Romulus and Remus, tended the sacred fire. 

In punishment for breaking her vows she was 

condemned to be buried alive. 
725 The Tiber, into which Romulus and Remus were 

thrown by Amulius. 



MYTHOLOGY 513 

(11557) The wolf. Eomulus and Remus were nurtured by 
a she-wolf. 
*726 Eome, city founded by Romulus. 
*728 The Forum. 
(1966) The capitol. 

THE INVENTION OF THE SAW 

(4507) A saw mill in Korea. Perdix, the nephew of 
Daedalus, invented the saw, in imitation of the 
backbone of a fish, much to the anger of Dsedalus, 
his teacher. 

PSYCHE 

(11563) Stages of the butterfly, which was a lovely symbol 
of Psyche, beloved of Eros (Cupid). 

ARETHTJSA 
(One of the most beautiful of Diana's nymphs) 

(8592) Spring of Arethusa. She was changed into a foun- 
tain by Diana to escape the river God Alpheus. 
148 Luray Caverns, Va. Suggests the way in which 
the river Alpheus disappeared and continued its 
course underground to appear again in Sicily. 

NIKE 
(The Goddess of Victory) 
763 Temple of Nike, Athens. 
(1573) Statue of Winged Victory (Louvre). 

NORSE, TEUTONIC, CELTIC MYTHOLOGY 

From Iceland came the Eddas and Sagas of 
Norse mythology. Thor, Odin, Baldur, the Val- 
kyries, Freya, Loki, all had their birth in the imag- 



514 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

ination of skalds (bards) of Iceland. All the runic 
lore of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, even Teutonic 
mythology (Nibelungenlied, for example), can be 
traced to a source in the land of "frost and fire." 

*590 Kjendal glacier, Norway. 
*585 Naerofjord, Norway. 
588 Rustoen Falls, Rustoefjeld, Norway. 
603 Toppo Falls, Trollhattan. 
*576 Rjukanfos, "foaming fall." 
*586 Grytereids Glacier, Norway. 
These, though not in Iceland, suggest the natural scenery 
in which took place the deeds of Northern gods and heroes. 
636 Lorelei Rocks in the Rhine. 
(1235) Drachenfels (Dragon's Rock). On a cave below 
the castle once lived the Dragon which was slain 
by Siegfried, hero of the Nibenlungenlied. 

THE LEGEND OF ST. URSULA 

*638 Cologne, where, according to Christian legend, St. 
Ursula and 11,000 virgins were put to death by 
an army of Huns. St. Ursula is identified with 
the Swabian goddess Horsel (Ursel), the Holda 
or Venus of Teutonic mythology. 

A LEGEND OF KING ARTHUR 
(7460) The Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland, built on the ridge 
of rock called "Arthur's Seat." See story of 
Le Morte d'Arthur. 

THE DRUIDS 

(178) Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, most cele- 
brated of Druid circles. The Druids stood to 
Celtic tribes in the same relation that the Brah- 



MYTHOLOGY Sl5 

man did to India, the Magi to Persia, and 
Priests to Egypt. Here in May was celebrated 
the great festival of Beltane — "fire of God" — a 
trace of which is to be found in the name given 
to Whitsunday in parts of Scotland even to-day. 
Sir Walter Scott refers to it in the Boat Song 
in the "Lady of the Lake." 

(7510) Fingal's Cave, haunt of Druids. 

(9603) Prehistoric monuments of Carnac, France — built 
by the Druids. 
(387) The great suspension bridge which leads over 
Menai Strait, North Wales, to Anglesey. To 
this island the Druids were driven by the Roman 
invasion. The Eisteddfodds of Wales are suc- 
cessors to the sessions of bards and minstrels 
which the Druidical priesthood kept up in Wales 
long after their mystic religion was extinct else- 
where. 



EGYPTIAN, BABYLONIAN, PHCENICIAN, 
HEBRAIC, HINDU MYTHOLOGY 

(11316) Rosetta Stone, which has revealed some of the 
secrets of Egyptian antiquity and gives the key 
to the religious beliefs of early Egyptians. 
(9133) Temple of Siva, Elephanta, the god of destruction. 

THE SUN GOD 

*795 Great sphinx of Gizeh — the most ancient statue 
known — the personification of an Egyptian Sun 
God. 
856 Temple of Baal at Baalbek, Syria — temple of the 
Phoenician Sun God. 



516 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

BUDDHA 
God of preservation 
Incarnation of Vishnu 
909 Statue of Buddha. 

JUGGERNAUT 

(3508) Temple where the idol is kept. 
(3618) Car of Juggernaut in which the image of Jugger- 
naut rides. 

A CHRISTIAlir MYTH 

*874 The traditional "Garden of Eden," Euphrates Val- 
ley, where one of the early myths of creation 
centers. 

SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any 
subject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



NATURE STUDY 

BY 
ELLIOT R. DOWNING, Ph.D., 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE, THE UNIVERSITY OF 

CHICAGO, THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, EDITOR OF THE 

NATURE STUDY REVIEW 

387 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 799 
REFERENCES TO THEM. 

These travel studies through the stereoscope (and 
in lantern slides) have been selected because of 
their marked value in an elementary study of na- 
ture. This is not a repetition of any other classifica- 
tion, though naturally most of the subjects used are 
also used elsewhere, as under the head of Zone Life, 
Animals, Botany and Physical Geography. And 
those who desire a fuller treatment of the subject 
will find plenty of additional material under those 
classifications. 

In general, the value of this list in nature study 
will be to extend the very limited observations 
possible in most regions. Thus the pupil will 
begin his study with the materials he has imme- 
diately at hand — the animals of the farm, the crops 
of his own locality, the physiographic features of 

517 



518 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

his home. Then he will be appreciative of similar 
things elsewhere — the relatives of these familiar 
farm animals that in other lands are used for like 
purposes. He may compare them by the stereo- 
graphs or slides in matters of habits, care, structure, 
etc. The child of the inland town, whose notion of 
wave action must be limited to his observations on 
the shore of his little pond, may see in the stereo- 
graphs such action on the ocean shore. It should be 
understood that it is not the intention that these 
stereographs will take the place of a careful study of 
the local environment, but they will supplement this. 

They will stimulate it, too. Often we see in a 
picture first and appreciate there what has passed 
unnoticed in our everyday surroundings for years. 
Thus the child who sees the cutting action of a 
stream in such stereographs as 76 and 223, or who 
notes the deposit at the mouth in 80 and 586, will 
go to the study of his own local creek with renewed 
zest and added interest. 

But the stereograph is more than a mere picture, 
giving as it does the object set out in real space as 
in nature. Stereographs, therefore, serve in a 
peculiar way to widen the child's environment and 
to enrich his personal experience. 

The subject matter is here treated under three 
main headings, "Animal Life," "Plant Life" and 
"Physical Phenomena," 



Nature study 519 

Publishers' Note. 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial numbers 
found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs and 
on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special ' ' 600 ' ' set. 

For further illustrations for Nature Study the teacher is 
referred to the wider range of material to be found in our 
general catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the dif- 
ferent countries, particulars of which will be sent on applica- 
tion. 

ANIMAL LIFE 

THE MAMMALS 

Ass, 800. 

Bear, 239. 

Beasts of Burden. See Ass, Bullock, Burro, Camel, Caraboa, 

Dog, Donkey, Elephant, Horse, Llama, Mule, Ox, Water 

Buffalo. 
Beaver, 51. 
Buffalo, *238. 

" (water), *357, *363, 914. 
Bullocks, *883, 905, 914. 
Burro. See Donkey. 

Camel, 788, *789, 790, *795, *842, 845, 848, *859, 902, *938. 
Caraboa, *358. 
Cat, *56. 
Cattle, Beef type, 217, 664. 

Milch type, *86, *569, *585, *642, *679, 757, *895. 
Deer, 191, *582, *593. 
Dog, *10, *56, *108, *294, *442, 516, *543, *562, *593, *642, 

643, *704, 715, *760. 
Donkey, 275, *403, *404, *450, *461, *569, 790, 882. 
Elephant, *904, 907, 923, *924, 925. 

Farm Animals. See Camel, Cattle, Dog, Goat, Hog, Horse, 
Sheep, Water Buffalo. 



520 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Giraffe, 819. 

Goat, 575, *586, *743. 

Hippopotamus, 820. 

Hogs, *218. 

Horse, Carriage type, 26, 84, *584. 

Draft, *216, *987. 

Saddle, *259, *411, *676, 872. 

Pack, 477, 867, 890. 
Kangaroo, 984. 
Llama, *473, 477. 
Monkey, 827. 
Mule, *181, *273, *442. 
Ox, *149, *166, 172, 326, *430, *734, 845. 
Eeindeer, *582, *593. 
Seal, 50, *287. 

Sheep, *201, *483, *543, *831, 991. 
Swine. See Hog. 
Tiger, 896. 

Water Buffalo, *357, *363, 914. 
Whale, *63, 64, 397. 
Zebra, 810. 

SUGGESTED TISE 

The home animals need, jfirst of all, to be ob- 
served and carefully studied. Then the stereo- 
graphs may serve to supplement this study. Thus 
the cat is seen to be a warmth-loving creature. She 
loves to lie stretched out before the fire and curls 
up to sleep in the warmest corners. She goes out 
regretfully in winter and then gingerly treads the 
snowy paths. Such facts the children readily dis- 
cover. Now see the old tiger, 896. He comes (as 
you would expect from pussy's preferences) from a 



NATURE STUDY 521 

hot country, as do nearly all the great cats. The cat 
does not chase her prey, the pupils will observe, as 
the dog does, but creeps up stealthily and then 
pounces upon it with a few powerful leaps. So, too, 
the tiger hunts. Throw the cat a bone when she is 
brought to school to serve as subject for the lesson 
and, in all probability, she will pick it up and slink 
off to a dark corner to eat it. She gnaws it lei- 
surely, licking it, and leaves it if you bother her. 
Not so the dog. He crunches it on the spot, growl- 
ing at any threatened interruption, and swallows his 
meal hastily in gulps. Like the cat, the tiger is a 
solitary hunter, eating his quarry in some secluded 
jungle lair. How like the cat in attitude, habits and 
structure he is. 

So we may study the cattle of the pasture lot, and 
then their foreign relations by the stereograph, the 
familiar horse in comparison with the zebra, the 
muskrat of the nearby swamp and the beaver, 51 
and 52, that is kin of his. For detailed suggestions 
on the beasts of burden see the sample lesson on 
Nature Study. 

BIRDS Pelican, *165. 

Auk, *394. Pigeon, *2. 

Chicken, *343, 448. Seagulls, *286. 

Gannets, *368. Thrush, 533. 

Geese, *569. Waxwing, *107. 

Goldfinch, 534. Birds' Nests, *165, *283, 
Ostrich, *283. *368, 533, 534. 



522 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



REPTILES 

Alligator, 163. 
Snakes, 894. 

FISH 

Salmon, *307, 308. 

INSECTS 

Silkworm and moth, *864, 
*865, *866, 867, 868, 
*869, *870. 

ANIMAL PRODUCTS 

MAN USES 
Blubber, *63. 
Ivory, *904, 907, 923, *924. 
Leather, *15. 
Milk, *86, *679, *743. 



Skins as clothing, *395. 
Silk, *864, *865, *866, 867, 

868, *869, *870. 
Whalebone, 64. 
Wool, 17. 

OFFENSIVE AND DE- 
FENSIVE STRUCTURES 

Fangs, 894. 
Hair, *238. 
Horns, 191, *238, 240, *358, 

544, *582. 
Hoofs, 191, *218, *357, 

*358, *363, 810. 
Spurs, 448. 
Trunk, 907, 923. 
Tusks, *904, 923, *924. 
Teeth, 163. 



SUGGESTED USE 

It is worth noting that these structures of offense 
and defense are developed most frequently in the 
male. It is the bull buffalo that has the shaggy- 
mane to protect his vital parts from the ripping 
horns of his antagonist. The buck deer is horned, 
the doe hornless. The cock has the spurs, the bull 
elephant the tusks. This equipment for fighting is 
accompanied in the male with a pugnacious disposi- 
tion. The boy's proclivity to fight is a natural in- 
heritance. Observe, however, that among the ani- 
mals these organs that serve for the fight are used 
largely in the defense of the unprotected females 



NATURE STUDY 523 

and young. The fighting qualities of the boy need, 
not suppression, but direction along the natural 
lines. We need fighters as long as the weak are 
oppressed, the immature are exploited, 

PLANT LIFE 

Blossoms, *i82, *28i, 372, *543, 565, *57o, *7i6, 
877, 879, *956, *982. 

Details of the flower, *168, 533, 534. 

Cherry blossoms *961, clover 544, daisies 84, orange *281, 

roses *279, 511, *549. 
Fruit forming from the flower, *168. 

Seeds. 

Cacao, 418, *457. 
Cofifee, *817. 
Cocoanuts, *167, *168. 
Cotton seed, 161, *177. 
Dandelion, *366. 

Details of leaf, 328, *4i9, *420, *43i, 552, *8i6, 

*858. 
Roots, *293, *897, *929, *964. 
Grasses, *io, 11, *i82, 239, *38o, 402, 544, *642, 

954, *956. 
Sedges, 152, *i82, ^553, 877. 
Rushes, 152, 163. 
Vines, 310, 515, 516, *526, 825, 998. 



524 THE WORLD VISUALlZEd 

Trees. 

Arbor vitas, *49, *108, 202. 

Balsam, *593. 

Bamboo, *934, *967. 

Banana, *331, *344, *417, *434. 

Breadfruit, *420. 

Box, 515, *526. 

Cacao, 418, *419. 

Canary, 998. 

Cedar, red, *107. 

white, see arbor vitse. 
Cedars of Lebanon, 872. 
Citron, 433. 
Cryptomeria, *964. 
Cypress, *761. 
Elm, American, *2, 26. 

English, *507, 
Lebbek, *789. 
Lemon, *744. 
Locust, 9. 
Magnolias, *282, 
Mango, 401. 
Maple, *49, *128, *524. 
Mulberry, *864, 867. 
Cork oak, *681. 
Osage orange, 217. 
Orange, *279, *280, *281. 
Palm, 163, 328, 429, *818, 841. 

Cocoanut palm, *167, *168, 324, *343. 

Date palm, *686. 
Pine, 8, *149, *166, *381, 382, *383, *384. 

Norway pine, *223. 

Pinon, 275. 

Scrub (Banksiana), 373. 

Southern, *149. 



NATURE STUDY 525 

Sugar, 298. 

White, 11. 
Poplar, large tooth, 202. 

Lombardy, 511, 664. 

Trembling, *282, *576. 
Eubber, *411. 

Sequoia, *293, *294, 295, *296, *297. 
Spruce, 8, 372, *381, 382, *383, *384. 
Yucca, *404. 
Willow, *365. 

Forestry. 

Dead stuff in forests, *149, 239, 374, *384. 

Denuded slopes unforested, *28. 

Fire in forests, 374. 

Forest floor clear under pines, *149. 

Forest products, 

Lumber, *225. 

Turpentine, *149. 

Wood pulp, *219. 
Lumbering operations, *166, *225, *294, 295, *296, *297, 298, 

*299, 300, 385, 907. 
Wasteful methods, *296, *297. 
Timber line, 382. 
Tree, hollow; still living, *293. 

Showing buttresses, *293. 

Showing form in the open, 26, *128, 372. 

Showing form in the forest, 382, *383, *384, *609. 

Showing lines of growth, 260, *294, 295, 298. 

Showing self-pruning, 239. 
Trees, stunted by drought, *270. 

Cut back because of insects, *2. 

Loaded with snow, *79. 

Bent by wind, 479. 

Stunted by wind, *274, 275. 



526 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

The spore-bearing plants. 

Ferns, *343, 536, 564, 

Mosses, 536, *582, 583, *593, 670. 

Lichens, *80, 202, 290, 373, *518, 536, *582, 583, 670, 825. 

Sea weeds, 541, *672. 

Under Bacteria, disseminators of disease, comparison can be 
made of sanitary living quarters, *330 ; and, in the same 
region, the unsanitary, *325, 448, *450. Note narrow 
streets, *730. 

Plant Associations. 

Plants of Dry Soil, *238, *270, *271, *403, *404, *768, *831. 
Cactus association, 405, 848. 
Desert types, 260, *273, 794. 

Oasis, 841, *842. 
Eesponse to hot sun, *855, 879. 
Eesponse to intense light, 65, 163. 

Rock clife association, 14, 65, *80, 290, 373, *562, 733, 759. 
Eavine types, 872, 877. 
Associations with abundant water supply. 

Typical water society, 373. 

Salt marsh, *668. 

Plentiful water and heat — the jungle type, *818, 825. 

SUGGESTED ITSE 

Study of these stereographs will help children see 
that the plants that are associated under certain 
conditions form a definite group. They will then 
be ready to go out to the plant societies of their own 
region to discover what plants live together. Go to 
the pond, for instance, and see what plants there are 
associated ; to the river margin to look for the ones 



NATURE STUDY 



527 



that always grow under such conditions. Let them 
list the plants of their own ravines, of the prairies, 
the pine woods, the beech forest, etc. Then they 
may discover in the life histories of these plants and 
the associated animals or in their structures, the 
things that eminently fit them to such localities and 
conditions. 



VEGETABLE PRODUCTS 

Bamboo, 353, *358. 

Barley, 630. 

Citron, 433. 

Coal, *110, *111, *112, 113. 

Corn, *193, *200. 

Cocoa, 418, *419, *457. 

Coffee, *407, *408, *417. 

Cotton, *160, *177, *468. 

Garlic, *743. 

Grapes, *661, *691. 

Hay, *527, *578, *609. 

Hemp, *355, *361, *363. 

Hops, 630, *992. 

Jute, 406. 

Linen, *557. 

Maguey fiber, *404, 415. 

Millet, *955. 

Oats, *601. 



MAN USES 

Potatoes, 59. 
Pulque, *404. 
Eice, *181, *182, 183, *357, 

*886, *908, *920, *924, 

933, *971, *972, *975. 
Eope, *355, 415. 
Eubber, *411, 455. 
Sugar-cane, 429, *430, *435, 

*469, *470. 
Tea, *973. 
Tobacco, *431. 
Thatch for roofs, *348, 

*356, *357, *358, *363, 

515, 565. 
Turpentine, *149, *151. 
Wheat, *309, *376, *377, 

674. 



SUGGESTED TJSE 

It would be an interesting and profitable exercise 
to make a list of all the vegetable products man uses 
that may be discovered in the home locality. As 



528 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

many of these as possible might be then brought to 
school by various pupils for first-hand study. Thus 
coffee could readily be recognized as a sort of bean. 
Tea could be seen to be a dried leaf. Soft coal 
would likely disclose, by the bark fragments or pos- 
sible leaf impressions in it, something of its nature. 
So other materials would show a part of their his- 
tory. The stereographs would serve to make them 
more complete. The interest in the stereographs 
will be much greater and their instructiveness in- 
creased by this approach from a study of the objects 
themselves. 

GARDENS, 141, 372, *428, *494, 515, *526, 643, *736, *858,*970. 
ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE 

Kinds of soil 

Alluvial soil, *193, 845, 933. 

Clay, *519, 879. 

Glacial drift, *200, *386, *593. 

Peat, *567. 

Prairie soil, *216. 

Sand, *10, 11, *273, 793. 

Volcanic ash as soil, *460, *469, *975. 

Soil formation 

Soilless land, *389. 

Early stages of rock disintegration, *476, 480, *699, 872. 

Crevice vegetation starting, 14, 65, *80, 290, 373, *562. 

Showing how slowly disintegration proceeds, 260, 675, *792. 

Later stages in soil formation, *283, *461. 

See also "Destructive Agencies." 



NATURE STUDY 529 

Fertilization, *66l. 

Plowing, modern, *216; primitive, with oxen, 845; with 
water buffalo, *357; with elephants, *924; with camels, 
845. 

Cultivation, *626, *975. 

Irrigation, *i82, *303, ^469, *797, *798, ^875, 933, 
*97i. 

Harvesting, 59, *i6o, *i8i, *i82, 183, *200, *28o, 
*309, 310, 324, *468, *47o» *527> *578. *6oi, 
*6o9, 630, 674, *686, *69i, ^724, *8i7, ^920, 

*973- 
Threshing, 183, ^376, *377; primitive, 671, *798. 

Marketing, ^331, *442, *642, 643, *679, *743, 

*76o. 
Various crops, see under Vegetable Products Man 

Uses. 
Roads, *i66, 275, ^282, 326, *365, *46i, ^576, 

*584, *642, 643, *66i, *734, *758, 77^, *789, 

*876, *92i, *938, ^964, *967, *982. 

PHYSICAL PHENOMENA 
ROCKS OF VARIOUS SORTS 

Basalt, *562, 563, 564. Limestone, 276, 536. 

Clay, *519. Marble, *734, 735. 

Coal, *110, *111, *112, 113. Salt, *620, *668, 690. 

Granitic rocks, 14, 202, Shale, 65. 
*291. 

Rock strata horizontal, 65, *iio, 113, 382. 
Rock strata inclined, *io8, *570, 636, *699, 996. 



SoO THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

DESTRUCTIVE AGENCIES 

Earthquakes, *284, 285, 353, 748, *749. 
Waves, 62, 353, 367, *476, *5i3, *5i8, 541, *57o, 
*828. 

Eesistant headland, 202. 
Caves by wave action, 670. 
Water-worn pebbles, *287, 367, *672. 
Water-formed sand, *513, 541, 850. 

Rivers. 

Canyon, *274, 290, 536. 

Gorge, 65, *76, *77, *223, 242, *252, *576, 708, 772, *821, 

913. 
Natural bridge, 146. 
Eapids, *855. 

Falls, *69, *72, 73, *576, 697, *821. 
Stream cutting on outside of bend, *76. 
Valley and tributary valleys, *483, *524, 551. 
Valley that is old, *548, *792. 
Valley that is young, *274, 772. 
Water-worn pebbles of river, 385, 552, *590, *821. 

Underground streams and the caves they form, 147, 

*i48. 
The ice river or glacier, ^313, *384, 583, *59i, 

*7io, 712, 722, 759. 

The snowfields which are its source, *705, 714, 718, *719,- 

996. 
Track of an avalanche, *724. 
Pebbles from the glacier, *590. 
Typical glacial valley, 575. 



NATURE STUDY 531 

Boulder transported by the glacier, *49. 

Grooves and scratches made by the glacier in the underlying 

rock, *49, 50. 
Icebergs, formed as the glacier moves into the sea, *318, 

*389, *391, *396. 

Rain. 

Eising vapor, 184, 958, 976. 

Clouds, 251, 289, 341, *366, 402, *586, *587, *595, *758, 

*771, 793, *795, *831, *891, *956, 958. 
Efeects of rain, 247, 248. 
Gullies, *273, 382. 

Frost, *8o, *7io. 

Weathering, *292, 675. See also soil formation. 

Wind erosion, 248, *796. 

CONSTRUCTIVE AGENCIES 

The Volcano, active, *346, *347, *436, *438, ^730, 
746, *956, 957, 976, *977; old, *30i. 

Molten lava, *346. 

Lava beds, *271, *272, 345, *346, *438, 439, *731. 

Wave construction, *i64. 
Wave and wind, *io, 11, 793. 
River action. 

Alluvial deposits, *331. 

Alluvial plains, *792, *876, *921, 933. 

Delta, *80, 175, *792. 

Eiver building on inside of curve, *108, 877. 

Springs and their deposits, *237, *855, *994'. 



532 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Geysers, 240, *24i, *994, 995. 
Glacial deposits. 

Lateral and medial moraines, *710, 714, *721. 

Terminal, *590. 

Pebbles and boulders, *49, *590, *593. 

SUGGESTED USE 

Physical phenomena are so commonplace they 
furnish admirable material for direct study. The 
rocks, the soil, the destructive and constructive 
agencies are everywhere represented, and the study 
of them property begins with the local materials that 
are available. But in many localities no outcropping 
bed-rock exists, the soil shows no diversity of char- 
acter, the active agencies are limited, many impor- 
tant ones are not represented. The pupil may begin 
with local phenomena, but to get a moderately com- 
plete idea of the history of surface topography and 
the forces that affect it, he must travel widely either 
in reality or in imagination with the aid of such 
stereographs as are here available. A group of 
grade pupils is taken across country, for instance, 
to the local stone quarry. Here, level strata of lime- 
stone are in evidence with fossils, glacial grooves 
and scratches. Perhaps there are water-worn caves 
on a small scale with stalactites. Here may be seen 
weathering, rock disintegration. The local pond 
may give phases of erosion, deposition. And these 



NATURE STUDY 533 

all need to be observed at first-hand. It may be the 
overlying soil, cut through to reach the rock layers at 
the quarry, shows glacial pebbles of granite or dior- 
ite. Now, where have these come from, and what 
agencies caused the scoring and scratching of the 
limestone's surface? How do these pebbles come 
to be here, and in what sort of strata do they occur? 
To answer these and similar questions, the teacher 
needs to create correct images of the great glacial 
movement, the crumbled and metamorphosed rocks 
of the northern lands. To accomplish this, and to 
make the story the local materials tell fit into the 
more comprehensive history they form a fragment 
of, is a task that will be simplified greatly by these 
stereographs. And the commonplace things right 
around us lose their insignificance and assume im- 
portance when such wide meaning comes to attach 
to them. The glacial age may be made very vivid 
with the aid of such stereographs as 49, 718, 759, 
etc. 

For a much fuller and more detailed treatment of 
physical features see the cross-reference classifica- 
tion on Physical Geography. 



SCHOOLEOOIVC DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs, suitable for wall decoration, of any 
subject in the above list in sizes i6 x 20 — 20 x 24. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 

EDITED BY 

WALLACE W. ATWOOD, Ph.D., 

PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOGRAPHY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 

439 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 900 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM 

The stereographs or slides here Hsted are ar- 
ranged and classified under the different topics of 
Physical Geography and may be used with any of 
the modern text books. No matter what the subject, 
the teacher, by use of this classification, will be able 
to find instantly just the types needed to illustrate 
the lesson. 

These splendid stereographs are not miniature 
pictures, but when viewed through the stereoscope 
become life-size representations in three dimensions 
of the real object or place. Therefore, to use these 
in the right way is practically to take the students 
into the field and study at first hand the wonderful 
developments of the earth and its attendant phe- 
nomena. In physical geography it is of great im- 
portance that each student has a correct visual 
image of the land forms studied. These views 
should be used at the opening of a lesson or series 

535 



536 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

of lessons. Whenever it is possible the student 
should be allowed freedom for the study and re- 
view of his lessons with the help of the views. The 
constant use of these views will add greatly to the 
educational effectiveness of the teacher's work. 

It is suggested that the teacher place some simple 
rules of observation such as those which follow, on 
the blackboard, at the beginning of a lesson in Phys- 
ical Geography in which any of the following illus- 
trative material is used. Such an outline has been 
found helpful in directing the pupil's attention at 
once to the most important things to look for in 
his study of each stereograph. 

OBSERVATION OUTLINE 

1. What should this scene be studied for? 

2. Where is it? 

3. What land forms are shown here? 

4. How could I best describe these forms briefly? 

5. Have I seen similar forms or pictures of similar forms? 

6. What may be the cause of these features? 

7. How has the physical conditions in this region affected 

man in the building of his home or in his occupations? 

8. What questions shall I ask the teacher so that I may 

understand better what I see here? 

CNoTE. — For further material on Physical Geography, the 
teacher is referred to the much more extensive material in our 
general catalogue. 

The numbers below are the serial numbers found in the upper 
right-hand corners of the stereographs and on the slides. The 
starred numbers are the ones included in the 600 series, — The 

PUBLISHEKS.) 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 537 

WEATHERING AND EROSION 

SEA EHOSION 

14 Eeef of Norman's Woe, Cape Ann. 

*366 Perce Bay, Quebec. 

367 Perce Eocks, Perce, Quebec. 

*423 Morro Castle, Santiago, Cuba. 

*476 Eoek-ribbed South American Coast, Peru. 

*513 Chalk Cliffs at Dover, Eng. 

*518 Land's End, England. 

541 Tantallon Castle, Scotland. 

*562 Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 

563 The "Honeycombs," Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 

564 The Organ, Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 

565 Splendid cliff at Menawn, Ireland. 
*570 Cliffs at Loop Head, Ireland. 

673 Ducal palace overlooking the sea, Monaco. 

*692 Gibraltar, Spain. 

733 Amalfi, Italy. 

*828 Cape of Good Hope. 

954 East over Mississippi Bay, Japan. 

RIVER EROSION 

65 Watkins Glen, N. Y. 

73 Under the Luna Palls, Niagara. 

*76 Whirlpool Eapids, Niagara. 

*223 Dalles of Wisconsin. 

*269 Canyon Diablo, Arizona. 

*274 The sinuous Colorado, Grand Canyon. 

275 On the Grand View Trail, Grand Canyon. 

277 Indian Gardens, Grand Canyon. 

*278 Grand Canyon from Eowe's Point. 

374 Muskoka Eapids, Canada. 

*472 Oroya Eiver, Peru. 

536 The eroded rocks in the Fairy Glen at Bettws-y-coed, 
Wales. 



538 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

*576 Beside the Ejukanfos, Norway. 

581 The Skiaeggedals Falls, Norway. 

603 Falls at TroUhatten, Sweden. 

*633 Upper Danube, Germany. 

697 Falls of the Ehine, Switzerland. 

708 Aare Gorge, Switzerland. 

*821 Victoria Falls and Gorge, East Africa. 

ACTION or THE WIND, FROST AND RAIN 

*80 The Palisades, Hudson Eiver. 

184 Lookout Mountain, Tenn. 

289 El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. 

290 From Glacier Point to Yosemite Falls. 
*291 From Glacier Point over Half Dome. 
*301 Crater Lake, Oregon. 

302 Mt. Hood, Oregon. 

367 Perce Eocks, Perce, Quebec. 

*368 Gannet Ledges in St. Lawrence. 

*461 Traveling in the Andes, Ecuador. 

480 Down from El Misti, Peru. 

*513 Chalk Cliffs at Dover, Eng. 

636 Lorelei Eocks on the Ehine. 

675 Old Aqueduct in Spain. 

*699 Eocky slopes of Pilatus, Switzerland. 

708 Aare Gorge, Switzerland. 

717 Aiguille Eouge to Mt. Blanc, Switzerland 

733 Amalfi, Italy. 

757 Drei Zinnen, Austria. 

791 Up the Great Pyramid, Egypt. 

840 Mount of Moses, Sinai. 

841 Sinai Wilderness. 

849 Wilderness of Scapegoat, Palestine. 

*876 The "waters assuaged" — great plains left after floods 

in Mesopotamia. 

*944 China's old Wall. 

9S6 Mt. Elliot, New Zealand. 



PHYSICAL GEOGKAPHT 539 

CONSPICUOUS ACTION OF TEOST 

290 On Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, California. 

*291 Half Dome, Yosemite. 

379 The Three Sisters, Alberta, Canada. 

*713 The Matterhorn, Switzerland. 

757 Drei Zinnen, Austria. 

996 Mt. Elliot, New Zealand. 

ACTION OF GROUND WATER 

146 Natural Bridge, Va. 

147 Luray Caverns, Va. 
*148 Luray Caverns, Va. 

276 Limestone Cave in Grand Canyon, Arizona. 

GLACIAL EROSION 

*49 Glacial scratched native rock in Bronx Park, N. Y. City. 

50 Eock grooved and seamed by the glaciers, Bronx Park, 
N. Y. City. 

*381 Lake Louise and Mt. Victoria, Alberta, Canada. 

*384 In the track of a glacier, the Selkirks, British Columbia. 

575 Snowy heights of Mt. Gausta, Norway. 

*587 Maelkevold Glacier, Norway. 

*589 The Brigsdal Glacier, Norway. 

*590 Kjendal Glacier, Norway. 

*592 Down the Vidde Valley, Norway. 

*700 From Summit of Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland. 

*701 The Ur-Eothstoek, Switzerland. 

*705 The Jungfrau, Switzerland. 

*710 Huge river of ice, Fiescher Glacier, Switzerland. 

711 The Great Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland. 

718 Mont Blanc, Switzerland. 

720 On Aig du Tacul, Switzerland. 

*721 The Mer de Glace, Switzerland. 

759 The Ortler from Trafoi, Tyrol, Austria. 



540 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

PECULIAH FOEMS CAUSED BY EROSION 

*246 The Gateway of the Garden of the Gods, Colorado. 

247 Eroded forms in Garden of the Gods, Colorado. 

248 Weird forms of eroded rocks in the Garden of the Gods, 

Colorado. 

367 Perce Eocks, Perce, Quebec, 
*570 Cliffs at Loop Head, Ireland. 

636 Lorelei Eocks on the Ehine, Germany. 
*692 Gibraltar, Spain. 
*713 The Matterhorn, Switzerland. 

717 Aiguille Eouge, Switzerland. 

TALUS 

244 Gray's and Torrey's Peaks, Colorado, 
*253 Stage road in Eocky Mountains, Colorado. 
*380 Beautiful valley of the Bow, Alberta, Canada, 
*381 Lake Louise and Mt. Victoria, Alberta, Canada. 

382 At base of Mt. Stephen, B. C, Canada. 

471 In the Eimac Eiver Gorge, Peru. 

491 In the Andes Mountains, Argentine. 

711 The Great Aletsch Glacier, from the Eggishorn, Swit- 
zerland. 

996 Mt. Elliot, Australia. 

EHOSIOIT 
See also numbers *490, 588, *631, *667, *724. 

SANB BUWES 

*10 Sand dunes on Cape Cod, Mass. 

11 Pine forest being buried beneath the drifting sands, 
Cape Cod, Mass. 

793 T^^rom summit of Great Pyramid. 

*795 The Sphinx and Pyramid. 

*796 Watching a sand whirlwind, Egypt. 

804 Across front of Abu Simbel, Egypt. 



fHTSICAL GEOGRAPHY 541 

RIVERS 

YOUNG RIVERS 

65 In Watkins Glen, N. Y. 

*69 Niagara from Prospect Point. 

70 On river below falls, Niagara. 

*71 Niagara Eiver, above falls. 

*72 Down the river from Goat Island, Niagara. 

74 Niagara Eiver, above falls. 

*76 Down the river below the falls. 

*77 Looking up Niagara Eiver from below the falls. 

*223 Wisconsin Eiver. 

242 Yellowstone Eiver. 

*243 Yellowstone Eiver. 

*274 Colorado Eiver, Grand Canyon. 

*304 On the Columbia Eiver, Oregon. 

374 The Muskoka Eiver, Canada. 

*380 Looking up the Bow Eiver, Alberta, Canada. 

471 The Eimae Eiver, Peru. 

*472 The Eimac Eiver at Chaupichaca, Peru. 

536 In the Fairy Glen at Bettws-y-coed, Wales. 

581 Where the Skiaeggedals Falls leap 525 feet, Norway. 

588 Eustoen Falls cutting a channel in the rocky slopes of 
Eustoef jelds, Norway. 

603 Toppo Eiver, Sweden. 

888 Eiver Sutlej, North India. 

OLDER OR MORE-MATURE RIVERS 

*48 The Hudson below the Palisades. 

*54 Up the Hudson from West Point. 

*57 The Hudson near Newburgh, N. Y. 

*331 On the Chagres Eiver, Panama. 

*509 The Thames at Windsor Castle. 

510 The Thames at Henley, England. 

*524 The river Teme and country around Ludlow, England. 



542 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

552 "Brig O'Turk" over the stream at Glenfinlas, Scot- 
land. 

*633 The Danube Eiver, not far from the Black Forest of 

Baden, Germany. 

*634 Neckar Eiver, from above Heidelberg, Germany. 

*635 The Ehine Eiver, near Bingen, Germany. 

637 The Ehine at Coblenz, Germany. 

*638 The Ehine at Cologne, Germany. 

666 The Eiver Meuse, France. 

*736 The Arno at Florence, Italy. 

*798 The Nile Eiver, Egypt. 

802 The Nile Eiver at Philse, Egypt. 

*876 The Euphrates as first seen from the Mediterranean. 

OLD RIVERS 

*548 The winding Forth Eiver from Stirling Castle, Scotland. 

619 Dnieper Eiver at Kief, Eussia. 

750 Salzburg and the winding Salzach Eiver, Austria. 

*874 Traditional Garden of Eden. 

*875 Irrigation on the Euphrates Eiver. 

878 East over the Tigris to Mound of Nineveh. 

*880 Building peculiar boats near Bagdad on the Tigris. 

*881 Pontoon bridge, Bagdad. 

*885 The winding Jhelum in the Vale of Cashmere, India. 

*987 One of the most fertile valleys in Australia. 

RIVER SOURCES 

244 Toung rivers forming in the Eockies. 

*814 The beginnings of the historic Nile, Egypt. 

*855 The main source of the Jordan Eiver, Palestine. 

DELTAS AND TORRENTIAL FANS 

175 Dike along delta of Mississippi. 

*579 Sunny fields of Odde, Norway. 

580 Building of a flood plain, Norway. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 543 

*586 Fan delta on Lake Olden, Norway. 

*716 Village of Glion built on a torrent on Lake Geneva, 

Switzerland. 
*724 A mountain hamlet built on a torrent fan at the foot of 

La Brevent, Switzerland. 
*792 The delta of the Nile Eiver, Egypt, 

RIVER MOUTHS 

*29 Mouth of the Hudson. 

*30 Mouth of the Hudson. 

*33 Just above the mouth of the Hudson. 

385 Mouth of the "Thron Duick" Eiver, Alaska. 

RIVERS 

See also numbers *215, 300, *306, *487, *496, 497, 636, *651, 
*657, 678, *726, 804, 823, 916. 

RAPIDS 

74 The Eapids above the falls, Niagara. 
*76 Whirlpool rapids, Niagara Eiver. 

374 Eapids in the Muskoka Eiver. 

603 The Toppo Falls, Trollhattan, Sweden. 

697 The falls of the Ehine, Switzerland. 

*855 The Jordan at its source, Palestine. 

PALIS 

*25 Falls at Lawrence, Mass. 

65 Fairy Cascade, Watkins Glen. 

*69 Niagara Falls, from Prospect Point. 

70 Niagara Falls, from "Maid of the Mist." 

*71 Canadian Falls, Niagara. 

*72 American and Luna Falls, from Goat Island. 

73 Under the Luna Falls, Niagara. 

75 Mountain of frozen spray, American Falls, Niagara. 



544 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*226 Falls of St. Anthony, Minn. 

242 Lower falls of the Yellowstone. 

290 Yosemite Palls, Cal. 

*576 Spray-enshrouded Ejukanfos Falls — 800 feet, Norway. 

*577 The Vrang waterfall, Norway. 

581 Where the Skiaeggedals Falls leap 525 feet, Norway. 

*586 The water from a glacier feeding Lake Olden, Norway. 

588 Eustoen Falls as they seem to come out of the sky, 
Norway. 

*814 Lake Victoria Nyanza pouring its waters over the rim 

to form the Nile Eiver, East Africa. 

*821 Famous Victoria Falls, East Africa. 



VALLEYS 

Under the headings Gorges, Canyons and Val- 
leys may be found excellent examples of many kinds 
of valleys in various stages of development from 
the narrow gorge, cut in solid rock, to valleys so 
old that they have developed broad flood plains. 
The teacher will find here excellent examples of the 
V-shaped and U-shaped valleys that have hereto- 
fore been lacking. 

YOUNG VALLEYS (GORGES) 

65 Watkins Glen, N. Y. 

*72 From Goat Island down the gorge, Niagara. 

*76 Through the Niagara Gorge. 

*250 In the Eoyal Gorge, Colo. 

*252 Bos Canyon, Ouray, Colo. 

*472 The gorge of the Eimac Eiver, Peru. 

536 Fairy Glen, Bettws-y-coed, Wales. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 545 

*576 Gorge of the Ejukanfos, Norway. 
708 The wonderful gorge of the River Aare, Switzerland. 
913 Gokteik Gorge, North Burma. 

YOUNG VALLEYS (CANYONS) 

242 Yellowstone Canyon, below the lower falls. 

*243 Down the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. 

*253 Stage road between Ouray and Red Mts., Colo. 

255 Canyon in Mesa Verde Park, Colo. 

*269 Canyon Diablo, Arizona. 

*274 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado, from Point Bissel. 

275 On the Grand View Trail, Grand Canyon. 

277 Indian Gardens, Grand Canyon. 

*278 Grand Canyon from Eowe's Point. 

*288 Yosemite Valley, from New Inspiration Point, Cal. 

471 Eimae River Gorge, Peru. 

772 Langada Gorge, Greece. 

OTHER YOUNG VALLEYS 

*380 Bow River Valley, Alberta, Canada. 

*383 Roger's Pass, B. C, Canada. 

*667 Road to Gavarnie, France, looking toward Pyrenees. 

VALLEYS SHOWING EARLY MATURITY 

*108 Delaware Water Gap. 

118 In the Conemaugh Valley. 
*236 Valley of the Yellowstone. 

382 At base of St. Stephen, B, 0. 
*483 Sunny valley in Andes, near Cuzco, Peru. 
*912 Dredging a river bed and searching for rubies, Mogok, 
Burma. 

MORE-MATURE VALLEYS 

*27 The valley of the Ammonoosuc River, N. H. 
184 The valley of the Tennessee River. 



546 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*187 On the Mississippi. 

350 On the Passig Eiver, Philippine Islands. 
*460 Toward Mt. Chimborazo, Ecuador. 
*524 Valley of the Teme, England. 

*548 Valley of the Forth, from Stirling Castle, Scotland. 
*549 Valley of the Forth, Scotland, north from Stirling 
Castle. 

550 West up the beautiful Forth Valley, from Stirling Cas- 
tle, Scotland. 

575 The U-shaped Maan Valley, Norway. 
*592 The U-shaped Vidde Valley, Norway. 
*633 Upper Valley of the Danube, Bavarian Mountains, 

Germany. 
*634 Neckar Eiver from above Heidelberg, Germany. 
*635 The Ehine Valley, near Bingen, Germany. 

664 Valley of the river Mouse, Sedan, France. 

750 Valley of the Salzach, from the Castle Salzburg, Aus- 
tria. 
*758 An Austrian hamlet, Val Ampezzo. 
*792 The delta of the Nile Eiver, Egypt. 
*798 Along the valley of the Nile, Egypt. 

802 The Nile valley at Philse, Egypt. 
*885 The Vale of Cashmere, India. 

898 Eiver Ganges at Benares, India. 

914 The Irrawaddy Eiver, Burma. 
*921 Charming valleys of Interior Ceylon. 
*928 Chukiang Eiver, Canton, China. 

933 Paddy fields in the interior of China. 
*972 Eice farms in interior of Japan. 

*982 Overlooking Melbourne and its environments, Aus- 
tralia. 
*992 On a hop farm in Tasmania. 

DROWNED VALLEYS 
*48 Hudson Eiver below Palisades. 
*54 Hudson Eiver north from West Point, N. T. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 547 

*57 Up the Hudson, near Pouglikeepsie, N. T. 
*128 Down the Potomac Valley from Washington, D. C, 

VALLEYS 
See also numbers *77, 289, 290, *291, *306, *578, *632, 671, 
674, 703, *713, 715, *756, 757, 759. 



PLAINS 

COASTAL PLAINS 

59 A truck farm on Long Island, N. Y. 

82 Along the boardwalk at Atlantic City, N. J. 

*129 Washington, D. C, from monument. 

*130 East from monument over Washington, D. C. 

144 Fort Myer, Va. 

*149 In great pine forests, North Carolina. 

*150 Soil of an uplift plain, N. C 

152 East along Government dike, Georgetown, S. 0. 

*160 Cotton plantation in Georgia. 

*164 Beach at Ormond, Florida. 

*166 Pine-grown sand levels at Daytona, Florida. 

*170 Plowing at Tuskegee, Ala. 

*468 Irrigated land at foot of the Andes, Peru. 

*469 On a farm at Santa Clara. 

*470 On plains between Lima and Andes Mountains, Peru. 

617 Sand wastes, Nijni Novgorod, Eussia. 

619 Alexandrofski slope and winding Dnieper, Eussia. 

*646 Miles on miles of peaceful pasture in Holland. 

652 "Field of the Cloth of Gold" north of France. 

*768 Marathon battlefield, Greece. 

RIVEE FLOOD PLAINS 

*548 Overlooking the valley of the winding Forth from Stir- 
ling Castle, Scotland. 

*549 North from Stirling Castle over the valley of the Forth, 
Scotland. 



548 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

550 From Stirling Castle west up the Forth Valley, Scot- 

land. 
*824: Near head of Congo steamer navigation, Congo Free 

State. 
*874 The traditional ''Garden of Eden," looking east over 

the Euphrates Valley, 250 miles JST. W. of Babylon. 
*875 Irrigation on the Euphrates, where men have toiled 

since Adam left Eden. 
*876 The Euphrates Eiver after the floods. 
*885 Vale of Cashmere, India. 

LAKE PLAINS 
256 Salt Lake City, built on site of an extinct lake. 

551 Ben Venue across Loch Achray, Scotland. 
*600 The country around Eattvik, Sweden. 

854 Plain of Gennesaret, Palestine. 

GLACIAL PLAINS 

*201 Sheep pasture in Michigan. 

*216 On a farm in Illinois. 

*371 Overlooking Montreal. 

*375 Winnipeg and surroundings. 

*543 Pasture near Thurso, Scotland. 

544 Cattle in pasture near Thurso, Scotland. 

ALLTIVIAL PLAINS 

*403 West from Pueblo, Mexico. 

*414 Farming in Mexico. 

528 Plowing in England. 

845 Plowing in Plains of Sharon, Palestine. 

PRAIRIES 

*193 Corn fields of Osage, Kansas. 

*216 Ploughing on a prairie farm in Illinois. 

*831 Sheep grazing on the veldt, S. Africa. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 549 

■UNDULATING PLAINS 

429 A sugar plantation in Caracas, Cuba. 

*460 Toward ice-crested Chimborazo, Ecuador, 

*543 Undulating plains near Thurso, Scotland. 

544 Cattle on plains near Thurso, Scotland. 

*650 Sunny fields near Courtrai, Belgium. 

*987 Broad stretches of fertile valley in Australia. 

PLATEAUS 

*243 Dissected plateau in Yellowstone. 

255 Dissected plateau in Arizona. 

*257 Cattle on Arizona plateau. 

258 Herding cattle on the plateau, Arizona. 

*259 Eoping a yearling on the Arizona plateau. 

*262 Typical home of Navajo Indians, Arizona. 

*270 From Ked to San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. 

477 Plaioau land in Peru. 

PLAINS 

See also numbers 55, *127, *279, *280, *282, *303, 310, *352, 
402, *417, *451, *466, *601, *609, *634, 664, 690, 750, 
*761, *771, 774, 775, *776, 852, *910, 933, *992. 

DESERTS (SAND) 

*262 Great sand desert of Arizona. 

*273 Painted Desert, Arizona. 

788 The desert outside the East Wall of Cairo, Egypt. 

*789 On the road from Cairo to the Pyramids, Egypt. 

790 The Great Pyramid of Gizeh, Egypt. 

791 Looking up the Great Pyramid, Egypt. 

793 Southwest from summit of Great Pyramid, Egypt. 
*795 The Sphinx and Great Pyramid, Egypt. 
*796 The Great Desert from top of Hawara, Egypt. 



550 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

DESEETS (MOTJNTAINOTIS) 

345 In the crater of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. 
*347 Wilderness of lava around Mokuaweoweo Volcano, 

Hawaii. 
*731 Wilderness of lava at base of Vesuvius, Italy. 

840 Mount of Moses, Sinai. 

849 Wilderness of the Scapegoat, Palestine. 
*863 Bedouins in the mountainous wilderness of Syria. 

957 Lava encrusted crater of Mt. Fuji, Japan. 
*994 The Liao Hsi Mountains, China. 

OASES 

841 The oasis of Wadi Firan, Sinai Wilderness. 
*842 Oasis of Wadi Gharundel, Sinai Wilderness. 



HILLS AND MOUNTAINS 

HILLS 

*127 Oil wells in Pennsylvania. 

*369 The city of Quebec. 

*427 Hills south from Santiago, Cuba. 

*524 Green country around Ludlow, England. 

551 In the Trossachs, Scotland. 

*566 Uniform slopes on the Island of Achill, Ireland. 

*661 Sunny fields at Ay, France. 

664 Gentle slopes on the battlefield of Sedan, France. 

674 In northern Spain. 

780 Across the Bosphorus. 

*831 Sheep grazing on the veldt, B. S. Africa. 

*832 Looking over Signal Hill, S. Africa. 

854 The hills around Galilee, Palestine. 

*863 Highlands of Moab, Syria. 

*915 Pumping oil in the hills of Burma. 

*924 Native farming in Ceylon, 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 551 

933 Hills and mountains of interior of China. 

947 War balloon in Manchuria. 

*948 Over the hills into Port Arthur. 

949 Bombarding Port Arthur. 

950 Explosion of earth mine in hills around Port Arthur. 
*992 Prosperous farm at New Norfolk, Tasmania. 

See also numbers 1, *2, *400, 510, *548, *549, 550, *634, *635, 
706, *781, *798. 

BTJTTES AND MESAS 

260 Petrified Forest, Arizona. 

*261 Mesa village, Arizona. 

539 Butte near Holyrood, Scotland. 

*547 Stirling Castle, Scotland. 

*829 Cape Town and Table Mountain, South Africa. 

"831 On the veldts of British South Africa. 

832 Looking into Orange Free State, South Africa. 

MOUNTAINS {United States) 

*27 Mt. Pleasant and Mt. Stickney in the White Moun- 
tains, N. H. 
*54 North from West Point, N. Y. 

55 The mountains around West Point. 
184 In the Cumberland Mountains near Chattanooga, Tenn. 
235 Gallatin Mountains, Gardiner, Wyoming. 
*236 Mountains around Fort Yellowstone. 
*237 Mountains around Mammoth Springs Hotel, Yellow- 
stone Park. 
244 Gray's and Torrey's Peaks in Eocky Mountains, Colo. 
*253 Mt. Abram, Colorado. 
*265 Morenci Copper Mines, Arizona. 
*270 State and San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. 
*271 Eed Mountain, a volcanic formation, Arizona. 
*292 From Clouds' Eest, Yosemite Valley, over Sierra Ne- 
vada Mountains, Cal. 



552 THE WORLt) VISUALIZED 

MOUNTAINS (Alaska) 
317 Juneau, Alaska. 
*318 Mountains around Taku Inlet, Alaska. 
385 Mountains in the Klondike. 

MOUNTAINS (Panama) 
*332 Mountains rising from the sea, entrance to Panama 
Canal. 

MOUNTAINS (Pacific Islands) 
341 The mountains around Honolulu, H. I. 
*347 The building of a volcanic mountain, H. I. 

MOUNTAINS (Canada) 
379 The "Three Sisters" in Alberta, Canada. 

*380 Up the valley of the Bow, Alberta, Canada. 

*381 Mt. Victoria, Alberta, Canada. 
382 Mt. Stephen, Field, B. Columbia. 

*384 In the Selkirks, B. Columbia. 

MOUNTAINS (Mexico) 
402 Ixtaccihuatl, Mexico. 
413 Guanajuato, Mexico. 

MOUNTAINS (South America) 

*440 Mountains around Caracas, Venezuela. 

*447 Mountains in Colombia, S. A. 

*463 Center of the Andes, Ecuador. 

*464 Near summit of Pichineha. 

465 Pichineha 's Peak, Andes, Ecuador. 

*468 At foot of the Andes in Peru. 

*469 Santa Clara, Peru. ' 

*470 The Andes, near Lima, Peru. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 553 



*475 In the mining country, Peru. 

*478 Pichapicha Mts., Peru. 

479 El Misti, from Arequipa, Peru. 

480 Coming down from El Misti, Peru. 
*483 The Andes near Cuzco, Peru. 

484 Over Cuzco to the Andes, Peru. 

*486 In the straits of Magellan. 



MOUNTAINS (Europe) 

552 In the Trossachs, Scotland. 

555 Sugar Loaf Mountain, near Dublin, Ireland. 

571 Mountains around lakes of Killarney, Ireland. 

575 Mt. Gausta, Norway. 

578 Mountains at Eoldal, Norway. 

579 Mountain walled Sorf jord, Norway. 

580 Mountains from Odde, Norway. 

582 Snowy heights of Hardanger glacier, Norway. 

585 Mountain walled Naerofjord, Norway. 

586 Mountains across Lake Olden, Norway. 
592 Mt. Skaala, Norway. 

*631 Great Watzmann, Germany. 

*667 Pyrenees Mountains, France. 

*710 The Oberaarhorn, Switzerland. 

718 Mount Blanc, Monarch of European Mountains. 

720 Ascent of Aig du Tacul, Switzerland. 

*721 Aig du Geant, Charmoz and Montanvert — the Alps. 

*724 La Brevent, Switzerland. 

757 Drei Zinnen, Austria. 

*758 An Austrian hamlet — ^Val Ampezzo. 

759 The Ortler from Trafoi, Austria. 

*760 Marie Theresienstrasse, Austria. 

*765 Lykabettos, Pentelikon and Hymettos from the Par- 
thenon, Athens. 

*771 Taygetos Mountains, Greece. 

*776 Mt. Olympus, Greece. 



*c;7C 



«c: 



554 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

MOUNTAINS (Africa) 

*817 Snow-crowned mountain in Equatorial Africa. 

840 Wilderness of Sinai. 

841 Wadi Firan, Sinai. 

MOUNTAINS (Asia) 

849 Wilderness of the Scapegoat, Palestine. 

872 Mt. Lebanon, Palestine. 

*944 Liao Hsi Mountains, Manchuria. 

*972 Farming in Japan. 

*973 Picking tea in Japan. 

*974 Looking toward Shikoku, Japan. 

*975 Eice growing in Aso-San, Japan. 

996 Mt. Elliot, New Zealand. 

MOUNTAIN RANGES 

*245 Mummy Eange, Eocky Mountains, Colorado. 

*684 Snowy Sierras, Spain. 

*700 The Bernese Alps, from Mt. Pilatus. 

*701 Ur-Eothstock, Switzerland. 

703 The Alps from Berne, Switzerland. 

711 West from the Eggishorn, Switzerland. 

*891 Up to the everlasting snows of Mt. Kinchinjanga, 
India. 

NOTED PEAKS 

*246 Pike's Peak and Garden of the Gods, Colo. 

300 Mt. Shasta, California. 

302 Mt. Hood, Oregon. 

*311 Mt. Tacoma, Washington. 

*403 Popocatapetl, Mexico. 

*437 Mt. Pelee, Martinique. 

*460 Ice-crested Chimborazo, Ecuador, 

479 Threatening majesty of El Misti, Peru. 

*698 Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland. 

*705 The Jungfrau, Switzerland. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 555 

*713 The Matterhom, Switzerland. 

*730 Vesuvius, Italy. 

746 Mt. Etna, Sicily. 

*956 Mt. Fuji, Japan. 

DIVIDES AND PASSES 

*108 Delaware Water Gap. 

251 Marshall Pass, Continental Divide, Colo. 

*383 Eoger's Pass and Hermit Mountain, B. C, Canada. 

709 Maloja Pass in the Alps. 

715 St. Bernard Pass, Switzerland. 

772 Langada Gorge, Greece. 

MOUNTAINS 

See also numbers 258, 388, *423, 424, *438, *451, 453, *457, 
*482, *553, 581, *587, 666, *716, 717, *731, 737, 748, 
*756, 762, *768, 770, 773, 774, *912, *921, 927. 

SOME FAMOUS CLIFFS 

*80 The Palisades along the Hudson River. 

*288 Yosemite Valley from New Inspiration Point, Cal. 

289 El Capitan, Yosemite Valley. 

*291 Half Dome, from Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley. 

*368 Gannet ledges on the St. Lawrence Eiver. 

*513 Chalk Cliffs, Dover, England. 

*518 Cliff s at Land 's End, England. 

541 Tantallon Castle, Scotland. 

*547 Stirling Castle, Scotland. 

565 Cliffs of Menawn, Ireland. 

*570 Cliffs at Loop Head, Ireland. 

636 Lorelei Eocks, Germany. 

673 Monaco, Monaco. 

*692 Gibraltar, Spain. » 

*761 The Acropolis, Athens. 

762 Southwestern side of Acropolis, Athens. 

*828 Cape of Good Hope. 

954 Cliffs on Mississippi Bay, Japan. 



556 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

ROCKS AND BOULDERS 

14 Eeef of Norman's Woe, Cape Ann, Mass. 

*49 Boulder in Bronx Park, N. Y. City. 

65 Stratified shale in Watkins Glen, N. Y. 

*71 Where Table Eock broke off, Niagara Falls. 

73 The Cave of the Winds, Niagara. 

*76 In the Niagara Gorge. 

81 Bergen Hill, Hoboken, N. J. 

146 Natural Bridge, Va. 

202 Kocks on the shores of Lake Michigan. 

*223 In the Dalles of Wisconsin. 

*246 Entrance to Garden of the Gods, Colo. 

247 Curious forms in Garden of the Gods, Colo. 

248 Weird forms in Garden of the Gods, Colo. 
*250 In Eoyal Gorge, Colo. 

*252 In Box Canyon, Ouray, Colo. 

*254 Cliff Palace, prehistoric home. Mesa Verde, Colo. 

290 Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley. 

*301 Crater Lake, Oregon. 

367 Perce Eocks, Perce Bay, Quebec. 

373 Kock Islands in the St. Lawrence Eiver. 

374 Eocks in the Muskoka Eiver. 
*389 Cape Sabine and Baffin Bay. 

392 Eskimo homes in Ellesmere Land. 

*461 Boulders in the Andes. 

*476 Eock-ribbed South American coast. 

*562 The Basalt rock of the Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 

563 Close view of the Causeway, Ireland. 

564 The Organ, Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 
*576 By the Ejukanfos Falls, Norway. 

581 Cliffs by the Skiaeggedals Falls, Norway. 

388 Eustoef jeld's rugged heights. 

603 The Toppo Falls, Sweden. 

*631 On the Konig's See, Germany. 

*632 Neuschwanstein, Germany. 

*633 Upper valley of the Danube, Germany. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 557 

670 Eock-bound coast of Finisterre, France. 

697 Falls of the Ebine, Switzerland. 

*699 Eocky slopes of Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland. 

702 Tunnels of the Axenstrasse, Switzerland. 

708 Gorge of the Aare Eiver, Switzerland. 

*710 On the Eggishorn, Switzerland. 

717 On the Aiguille Eouge, Switzerland. 

*747 Southern Coast of Italy. 

825 Victoria Falls, East Africa. 
See also numbers *589, 733, 913, 976, *977. 

HOT SPRINGS AND GEYSERS 

*237 Pulpit Terrace, geyserite formation at the Mammoth 
Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park. 
240 The crater of Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone Park. 
*241 Old Faithful Geyser in action. 

*994 The Geyser basin at Eotorua Lake, Whakarewarewa, 
New Zealand. 
995 Boiling pool of Pohutu geyser. New Zealand. 

CAVES AND CAVERNS 

73 Cave of the Winds at Niagara. 
147 Nature 's fantastic decoration in the Luray Caverns, Va. 
*148 Mammoth stalagmites and stalactites forming solid 
pillars in Luray Caverns, Va. 
276 A limestone cave in Grand Canyon. 

VULCANISM 

VOLCANIC CONES 

*270 San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. 

300 Mt. Shasta, California. 

302 Mt. Hood, Oregon. 
*311 Mt. Tacoma, Washington. 

341 In volcanic Hawaii. 



558 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

402 Ixtaecihuatl, Mexico. 

*403 Popocatapetl, Mexico. 

*460 Ice-crested Chimborazo, Ecuador. 

479 Threatening majesty of El Misti, Peru. 

480 On the slopes of El Misti, Peru. 
*730 Naples and Vesuvius, Italy. 

746 Mt. Etna, smoking above its cloak of snow, Sicily. 
*817 Mt. Kilimanjaro (19,700 feet), East Africa. 
*956 Mt. Fuji, Japan, the most perfect volcanic cone in the 
world. 

958 From the summit of Mt. Fuji, Japan. 

VOLCANIC ERUPTION AND HESTJLTS 
*347 Eruption of Mokuaweoweo, H. I. 
*436 Eruption of Mt. Pelee, Martinique. 
*438 Eesults of eruption of Pelee, St. Pierre, Martinique. 

VOLCANIC CRATERS AND FISSURES 

*271 Eed Mountain, Arizona, the remains of an old crater. 
*272 A close view of the lava ash of Eed Mountain. 
*301 A lake in the crater of an extinct volcano, Crater Lake, 
Oregon. 
345 The crater of Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands. 
*346 Lake of fire, crater of Kilauea, H. I. 
957 Peering into the crater of Fujiyama, Japan. 
*975 Eice fields in the alluvial soil of an extinct crater of 
Aso-San, Japan. 
976 Fissure in the side of the present active volcanic cone 

of Aso-San, Japan. 
*977 Gazing through sulphurous vapors into the crater's 
frightful depths, Aso-San, Japan. 

VOLCANIC LAVA 
345 A gorge in old lava, Hawaiian Islands. 
*346 Molten lava in Kilauea, H. I. 
*347 Lava around Mokuaweoweo, H. I. 
*731 In the wilderness of lava at base of Vesuvius, Italy. 



PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHY 559 

VOLCANIC ASH 

*271 Eed Mountain, Arizona. 

*272 In the lava-ash formation of Eed Mountain, Arizona. 
439 Ash-covered ruins of St. Pierre, Martinique. 

LAVA FLOES 

310 The fertile soil of eroded lava floes, Washington. 

SILLS, DIKES AND BOSSES 

*80 The Palisades along the Hudson Eiver. 

81 Bergen Hill, N. J. 
289 El Capitan, Yosemite Valley. 
*562 Looking S. W. over famous Giant's Causeway, basalt 
rock in Ireland. 

563 The "Honeycombs," Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 

564 The "Organ," Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 



EARTHQUAKES 

*284 Eesults of earthquake in San Francisco, Cal. 

285 Huge rents in the streets of San Francisco, Cal. 

748 Messina, west between harbor and mountains, Sicily. 

*749 Messina after the earthquake, Sicily. 



COAST LINE AND SEASHORE 

COAST AND BEACHES 

14 Eeef of Norman's Woe, Cape Ann, Mass. 

*61 Life-savers on the Long Island Beach, N. Y. 

62 Boisterous Atlantic from beach on Long Island, N. 

82 Along the beach at Atlantic City, N. J. 

*83 Life on the Ocean Wave, Atlantic City, N. J. 

*164 The beach at Ormond, Florida. 

202 Along the shore of a great lake, Michigan. 



*c; 



*ft'7<: 



560 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*287 Shore of Santa Catalina Island, Cal. 

*394 West coast of Greenland. 

424 The Cuban coast from Santiago. 

*476 Eock-ribbed South American coast, Peru. 

*513 Cliffs at Dover, England. 

*514 Beach at Southsea, England. 

*518 Land's End, England. 

541 Tantallon Castle, Scotland. 

562 Looking S. W. over Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 

565 Cliffs at Menawn, Ireland. 

570 Cliffs at Loop Head, Ireland. 

665 Beach of Nice, France. 

670 Eock-bound coast of Finisterre, France. 

672 Splendid example of gravel beach at Dieppe, France, 

*692 The Spanish coast at Gibraltar. 

733 The coast at Amalfi, Italy. 

954 Japanese coast near Yokohama. 

BAYS ANB HARBOKS 

*29 New York Harbor. 

*30 On a steamer in New York Harbor. 

*43 Overlooking harbor from Park Eow Building, New 
York City. 

*45 Ellis Island in New York Harbor. 

*48 The North Eiver — a harbor for the battleship fleet. 

*286 San Francisco Bay. 

*315 Harbor at Seattle, Washington. 

317 Harbor at Juneau, Alaska. 

*320 Harbor at San Juan, Porto Eico. 

*325 Columbus' first landing place on the Isle of Porto Eico. 

*349 Manila Bay, Philii^pine Islands. 

*361 Harbor at Cebu, P. I. 

*366 Perce Bay, Quebec, Canada. 

388 Harbor at Vancouver, B. C. 

*391 Harbor in Baffin Bay, Arctic. 

*422 In Havana Harbor, Cuba. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 561 

*423 Santiago Harbor, Cuba. 

*451 Harbor of Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

*584 Bergen Harbor, Norway. 

*604 Busy Harbor at Copenhagen, Denmark. 

666 Harbor of Nice, France. 

689 Cadiz, Spain. 

*730 Port of Naples, Italy. 

*740 Venice, Italy. 

*761 Pirgeus, seaport of Athens, Greece. 

*768 The bay at Marathon, Greece. 

773 Overlooking Delphi, Greece. 

839 Smyrna and its harbor, Turkey. 

927 The harbor of Hong-Kong, China. 

*946 Port Arthur, Manchuria. 
See also numbers *492, *495, 545, *554, *572, *687, *692, 693, 
748, *749, *777, 778, *805, 954. 

FJORDS, INLETS AND ESTUARIES 

*318 Taku Inlet, Alaska. 

388 Harbor at Vancouver, B. C. 

*579 Up the narrow, mountain- walled Sorfjord, Norway. 

580 Overlooking Odde and the Sorfjord, Norway. 

*584 Bergen and Puddefjord, Norway. 

*585 The beautiful Naerofjord, Norway. 

STRAITS 

*486 In the Straits of Magellan. 

*747 Messina Strait, Italy. 

780 The Bosphorus, Turkey. 

*781 The Bosphorus from European side, Turkey. 

PROMONTORIES 

*451 Harbor of Eio de Janeiro, Brazil. 
*5i3 Dover Cliffs, England. 
*562 Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 



562 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

636 Lorelei Rocks, Germany. 

673 Monaco, Monaco. 

*692 Gibraltar, Spain. 

CAPES 

*391 Cape Sabine, Baffin Bay. 

*595 Over cliifs of Spitzbergen, Norway. 

*828 Cape of Good Hope. 

*946 Entrance to Port Arthur, Manchuria. 

ISLANDS 

*69 Goat Island, Niagara Eiver. 

74 The islands above the Falls^ Niagara. 

*165 Pelican Islands, Florida. 

*287 The Catalina Island, Cal. 

*301 Island in Crater Lake, Oregon. 

*332 Islands at Pacific entrance to Panama Canal. 

373 Thousand Islands, St. Lawrence River. 

*451 Overlooking Rio de Janeiro and Harbor. 

*553 Ellen's Isle in Lake Katrine, Scotland. 

*571 Islands in Lake of Killarney. 

802 Island of Philae, Egypt. 

*994 Island in Eoturua Lake, New Zealand. 

GLACIERS 

*312 Stephens Glacier, Washington. 

*314 Sun-scarred face of Nisqually Glacier, Wash. 

*384 Great Illicillewaet Glacier, B. C, Canada. 

*582 Hardanger Glacier, Norway. 

*589 The great Brigsdal Glacier, Norway. 

*667 Glacier-covered heights of the Pyrenees, France. 

*684 The snow-crowned Sierras, Spain. 

*705 The Jungfrau, Switzerland. 

711 Great Aletsch Glacier and Lake Marjelen, Switzerland. 

717 Mont Blanc from Aiguille Rouge, Switzerland. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 563 

759 The Ortler, Tyrol, Austria, 
996 Jarvois Glacier, New Zealand. 
See also *698, *700, *701, *713, 720, *724, *760, *891. 

ERRATICS 

*49 Eock that was left by a great glacier in N. Y. City. 
*721 Eocks on the Mer de Glace; where will they finally 

rest? 
723 Huge boulder borne on the bosom of the Mer de Glace, 

Switzerland. 

CREVASSES 

*313 Awful depths of crevasse in Stephens Glacier, Wash. 
*590 Crevasses in Kjendal Glacier, Norway. 
*591 Mountains and chasms of ice in Brigsdal Glacier, Nor- 
way. 

712 Edge of Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland. 
*719 Crevasses near top of Mt. Blanc, Switzerland. 

723 Crevasses in Mer de Glace, Switzerland. 

MORAINES 

302 Eliot Glacier, from lateral moraine, Oregon. 
*314 Sun-scarred Nisqually Glacier, Washington. 
*384 Lateral moraine of the Illicillewaet Glacier. 
*705 The Jungfrau, Switzerland. 

*710 Splendid example of a medial moraine in great Fiescher 
Glacier, Switzerland. 

714 Good example of lateral moraine. 

718 Good moraine formation on Mont Blanc, Switzerland. 
*721 Moraines of the Mer de Glace. 

722 Great ice fall at end of Mer de Glace, forming a termi- 
nal moraine. 

759 The Ortler, Tyrol, Austria. 

GLACIAL WASH 

*590 At the mouth of Kjendal Glacier. 
*667 In the Pyrenees, France. 



564 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

ICEBEEGS AND ICE FIELDS 

•*318 Icebergs in Taku Inlet, Alaska. 

*389 Field ice in Baffin Bay. 

*391 Icebergs in Baffin Bay. 

*394 Ice fields in Greenland. 

*396 Huge icebergs in Baffin Bay. 

GLACIAL CIRaUE 

244 Gray's and Torrey's Peaks, Colorado. 
*667 Glacial cirque in the Pyrenees, France. 

LAKES 

GLACIAL LAKES 

202 On the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. 
*206 Lake Superior in distance. 
*381 Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. 

551 Loch Achray in the Trossachs, Scotland. 
*571 Lakes of Killarney, Ireland. 

583 Stream of solid ice — Hardanger Glacier feeding di- 
rectly into lake. 
*586 Grytereids glacier in the mountains above the clouds, 

feeding Lake Olden by means of a mountain torrent. 
*587 Maelkevold, a glacier that has crept farther down the 

valley and feeds the lake more directly. 
*631 Konig's See, Bavaria, Germany. 

711 Lake Marjelen, Switzerland. 
*716 Lake Geneva, Switzerland. 

757 Lake Misurina, Austria. 

LAKES NOT GLACIAL 

*301 Crater Lake, Oregon. 
*444 Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. 
*475 Lake Paparcocha, Peru, 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 565 

481 On Lake Titicaca, Peru. 
*482 Lake Titicaca, Peru. 

619 Ox-bows of the Dnieper Eiver, Eussia. 
*814: Victoria Nyanza, E. Africa. 
*822 Stanley Pool, Congo Free State. 

850 The Dead Sea, Palestine. 

854 Sea of Galilee, Palestine. 
*885 Where the Jhelum will some day form an ox-bow, Vale 
of Cashmere, India. 

945 Yellow Sea near Manchuria. 
See also numbers 550, 712, 853, 923, *956, 958, *974. 



MISCELLANEOUS 

PEAT BEDS 

*567 Digging peat in Ireland. 

CLAY PITS 

*519 China clay pit at Bugle, England. 

aUARRIES 

*28 Granite quarry at Concord, N. H. 
*734, 735 Marble quarries at Carrara, Italy. 

SALT 
*620 Great salt fields in Eussia. 
*668 Great salt fields in France. 
690 Stacks of salt on the marshy levels in Spain, 

STORM AND SUNSHINE 

*79 After a snowstorm in Prospect Park, Niagara Falls. 

279 Orange groves at Smiley Heights, Cal. 

282 Magnolia Avenue, Eiverside, Cal. 

353 Typhoon on beach, Philippine Islands. 

381 On Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. 

578 Farming at Eoldal, Norway. 



*07 



566 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*586 Clouds hovering over Lake Olden, Norway. 

*595 The midnight sun in July, Arctic. 

*758 An Austrian hamlet. 

*796 Sandstorm on the desert, Egypt. 

*956 Fujiyama towering above the clouds. 

958 Looking down through the clouds from Fuji, Japan. 

*961 Under the cherry blossoms, Japan. 

*967 Under the bamboo trees, Japan. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beautiful 
photographs suitable for wall decoration of any sub- 
ject in the above list in sizes i6 X20 — 20 x 24. 



PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 

EDITED BY 
R. H. WHITBECK, 

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY, 

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, 

MADISON, WIS., 

EDITOR OF THE JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY. 

343 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 366 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM. 

In arranging this series on Products and Indus- 
tries, the following main groups have been made: 

I Food Products and Their Manufacture 

II Clothing Products and Factory Processes 

III Mining and Mineral Industries 

IV Quarrying 

V Lumbering and Forest Products 
VI Irrigation 
VII An unclassified group 

Each of these main groups is divided and sub- 
divided, as, for instance, the first group, "Foods," 
is divided into vegetable, animal and inorganic 
foods, each of these groups again being divided, as 
in the case of vegetable foods, into grains, fruits, 
nuts, etc. 

m 



568 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

This arrangement seems not only the most logi- 
cal, but the one that will enable the teacher most 
quickly to get the material desired. It will be found 
that all the great industries have been treated, and 
many of the most important are covered in a thor- 
ough way. 

The numbers here used are the serial numbers 
which will be found in the upper right-hand corner 
of the stereograph and also on the slides. The 
starred numbers are the ones included in the 600 
series. 

To help the pupils to utilize the study time for 
each stereograph to the fullest advantage, a few 
simple rules of observation given orally, or written 
on the board, and attention drawn to them at the be- 
ginning of the lesson, has often been found very 
effective. For lessons on Products and Industries 
with the stereographs, such an outline as the follow- 
ing, which may be used in whole or in part, or other- 
wise modified, is suggested : 



OBSERVATION OUTLINE 
FOR THE STUDY OF PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 

1. Where located? 

2. What product or industry is seenf 

3. Nature of product or purpose of industry? (as for food, 

clothing, heating, education, business, etc.) 

4. Source of product seen (or produced by the industry) — 

vegetable, animal or mineral? 



PRODUCTS AND INDUSTKIES 569 

5. Process of production of the product — farming, manu- 

facturing, mining, fishing? 

6. What step in production is seen here? 

7. What other steps are there? 

8. In what season of the year is this product produced or 

this industry carried on? 

9. How widely produced? 

10. How widely used? 

11. Is this product produced or industry carried on in your 

own state? — in the United States? If not, why? 

(Note. — For a more extensive range of material, illustrative 
of "Products and Industries," the teacher is referred to our 
General Catalogue. — The Publishers.) 



I. FOODS 

I. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR 
MANUFACTURE 

(A) GRAINS 

Wheat 
Modern Methods 

528 Using a motor plow to turn up the soil in England. 
*309 Modern harvester in great western wheat fields, Wash 

ington. 
*376 Threshing wheat in Manitoba. 
*377 Sacking wheat in Manitoba. 
*378 The great grain elevators in Manitoba. 
*215 Loading whaleback ships at Chicago grain elevators. 
(The whaleback, having proved unsatisfactory, is now 
practically out of use.) 

Primitive Methods 

845 Plowing in plains of Sharon, Palestine. 
674 Harvesting wheat with a sickle on a farm in Guipuz- 
coa, Spain. 



570 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

652 Sheaves of wheat bound by hand on a field in northern 
France. 

671 Peasants threshing on a farm in Brittany, France. 

*799 Treading out the grain on the banks of the NUe, Egypt. 

*851 Two women grinding at the mill in Palestine. 

*861 Bread making in Syria. 

*442 The bread mule on his rounds in Caracas, Venezuela. 

*412 Making bread in Mexico. 

Barley 
630 Harvesting barley in Bamberg, Germany. 
*974 Threshing barley with the flail, Japan. 

Oats 

*601 Cradling oats in Sweden. 

Corn 

*216 Preparing the soil — plowing in Illinois. 
*193 Great field of corn near Osage, Kansas. 
*200 20th Century harvesting machine, cutting and binding 
corn on a Michigan farm. 

Rice 

*357 Plowing a rice field in Luzon, P. I., with water buffalo. 

*971 Pulling young rice ready for transplanting, spring 

work on a Japanese farm. 

*972 Transplanting rice on a farm in Japan. 

933 Great rice fields in China. 

*975 Overlooking rice fields in old crater of Aso-San, Japan. 

*920 Harvesting rice in Ceylon (using the sickle). 

*181 Modern harvester cutting rice on a farm in Texas. 

*182 Hauling rice to the thresher, Texas. 

183 Threshing rice in Texas. 

*886 Primitive method of shelling rice in Cashmere, India. 

329 Pounding rice in interior Panama. 

*908 Handling tons of rice in Eangoon, Burma. 



PEODUCTS AND INDUSTKIES 571 

MiUet 
*955 Cutting millet in Japan. 

(B) POTATOES 

59 Digging potatoes by hand on a Long Island truck 
farm, New York. 

(C) SUGAR 
Cane Sugar 

429 A sugar plantation showing mills in background, 
Cuba. 

*469 Planting sugar-cane on an irrigated farm, Santa Clara, 
Peru. 

*470 Harvesting sugar-cane, Santa Clara, Peru. 

*430 Hauling carloads of sugar-cane to the mill, Cuba. 

*435 Crude method of grinding the sugar-cane, Jamaica. 

*173 Sweetest spot on earth — sugar levee beside the Missis- 
sippi Eiver, New Orleans. 

Beet Sugar 
*626 Women working in a field of sugar beets in Germany. 
*210 Diffusion batteries where the juice is extracted from 

the sugar beets, Michigan. 
*211 Evaporators where the purified juice of the sugar beet 

is boiled down to a syrup, Michigan. 
*89 Sugar after leaving vacuum pan, before entering mould. 
90 Moulds standing 48. hours to crystallize. 
*91 Moving drying ovens where each sugar plate travels 
for two days. 

(D) FRUITS 

Bananas 
*417 Overlooking one of the largest banana fields in the 

world, Costa Eica. 
*344 In the heart of a banana plantation, Hawaiian Islands. 



572 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*434 Gathering bananas in Jamaica. 

*331 Bringing bananas to the Chagres River for export, 

Panama. 

Oranges 
*279 Eedlands and its wealth of orange groves from Smiley 

Heights, Cal. 
*280 Picking oranges in one of the famous groves at Eiv- 

erside, Cal. 
*281 Flowers and fruit on an orange tree (close view). 

Lemons 

*744: Picking lemons in a grove near Palermo, Sicily. 

Citron 

433 Picking citron, Jamaica. 

Breadfruit 
*420 Picking breadfruit, Costa Eica. 

Pineapples 

*323 Delicious pineapples growing in the field, Mayaguez, 
Porto Eico. 

Strawberries 
*303 Irrigating a strawberry field, Hood Eiver Valley, 
Oregon. 

Raspberries 
310 Picking red raspberries in Puyallup, Washington. 

Dates 

*686 Picking dates at Elche, Spain. 

Grapes 
*635 Terraced vineyards on the Ehine, Germany. 
*661 Vineyards at Ay, in the champagne district, France. 
*691 Picking, sorting and packing the famous Malaga 
grapes, Malaga, Spain. 



PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 573 

Mangoes 
401 Gathering mangoes in Mexico. 

(E) NUTS 
Cocoanuts 

*343 Coeoanut palms in the Hawaiian Islands. 

*167 Heavily laden coeoanut palms in the white sands of 

Florida. 
*168 Fruits and blossoms of coeoanut palms (close view). 
324 Husking the coeoanut crop in Porto Eico. 

(F) BEVERAGES 

Coffee 

*922 Coolies picking the coffee berries on a plantation in 

Ceylon. 
*817 Picking coffee in Province of Moschi, East Africa. 
*408 Crude native method of husking coffee at Amatlan, 

Mexico. 
*407 Coffee on the diying floor, Cordoba, Mexico. 
406 Making bags from jute to hold the coffee, Orizaba, 

Mexico. 

Tea 
*973 Girls picking tea in Uji, Japan. 
*932 Coolies unloading tea at Hankow, China. 

Cacao 

*419 Gathering cacao pods, one of Costa Eica's valuable 

products. 
418 Opening the cacao pods and drying the beans on a 

plantation in Costa Eica. 
*457 Material for 224,000 lbs. of chocolate bonbons — cacao 

beans curing, Ecuador. 



574 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Hops 
*992 Acres of hops on a farm in New Norfolk, Tasmania. 
630 Field of hops growing in Germany. 

Pulque 

*404 Extracting pulque, Mexico. 
405 Gathering pulque, Mexico. 



2. ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE 

(A) DAIRYING 

Milk 
(Cows) 

*592 Cows in Norway. 

*585 Cows wading in a fjord in Norway. 

*646 Cows in a pasture in Holland. 

664 Dairy cows in France. 

757 Dairy cows in Austria. 
*679 Cow delivering "strictly fresh" milk in Valencia, 

Spain. 
*645 Milk maids of Goes, with their pails of milk, Holland. 
*642 Milk cart in Holland. 

890 Bhutanese milkmen at Darjeeling, India. 

*86 Milking time in a large sanitary dairy in New Jersey. 

*87 Scientific method of sterilizing the bottles, Fairfield, 
N. J. 

*88 Filling the milk bottles by machinery at Fairfield, N. J. 

*66 In a separating room where the milk is being passed 
over refrigerating pipes. 

Milk 
(Ooats) 

*587 Goats in Norway. 

*743 Goats being milked in the streets, Palermo, Sicily. 



PKODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 575 

Butter 
*862 A Bedouin woman churning, Syria. 
*67 Modern circular churn, where hundreds of pounds of 
butter are worked and churned at the same time. 
68 Butter being put up into pound packages, New York. 
606 Packing prize butter for the European market, Den- 
mark. 

(B) TAKING AND PREPARING OF SEA FOODS 

Codfish 

12 Cleaning the cod on wharf, Gloucester, Mass. 

13 Drying cod on the racks at Gloucester, Mass. 

Salmon 

*306 Seining Chenook salmon, Columbia Eiver, Oregon. 
308 Braining — taking salmon from the trap for the great 
canneries, Puget Sound. 
*3G7 Chenook salmon on the floor of a great cannery, Oregon. 

Herring 
*644 Herring boats at the wharf in Marken, Holland. 
545 Great quantities of Scotch herring on the wharf at 
Wick, Scotland. 

Fishing in Palestine 
853 Fishing boats landing at Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee. 

Whaling 
*396 Whalers Diana and Nova Zembla in Baffin Bay. 
*63 Getting at the blubber of the whale, Long Island 
Beach. 

(C) MUTTON 
*201 Prize winning sheep in Michigan. 
*547 Sheep in pasture near Stirling Castle, Scotland. 



576 THE WORLD VISUALIZEt) 

*543 Bargains in sheep at the fair, Thurso, Scotland. 

*831 Sheep on the veldt in South Africa. 

991 Drink for 5,000 thirsty sheep, Australia. 

*483 Sheep in pasture in Peru. 

(D) BEEF 

544 Highland cattle, Scotland. 

813 Cattle in kraal in East Africa. 
*257 Among the 30,000 cattle on Sierra Bonita Eanch, Ariz. 

258 Moving a herd on Sierra Bonita Eanch, Ariz. 
*259 Examining a yearling's brand, Arizona. 

217 Grass and sunshine turned into beef — steers grazing in 
green pasture, Illinois. 
*213 Cattle in great Union Stock Yards, Chicago. 

(E) PORK 

*218 Genuine corn-fed pork in pasture in Illinois. 
*214 A half mile of pork in Armour's great packing house, 
Chicago. 

3. INORGANIC PRODUCTS 

(A) SALT 
*668 Children collecting salt for stacking in vast fields, 

France. 
690 Great salt stacks on marshy levels near Cadiz, Spain. 
*620 Turning up the salt after evaporation in the great salt 
fields of Solinen, Russia. 

(B) WATER AND ICE INDUSTRY 

413 A water vender in Mexico. 
*450 Water sellers in Barranquilla, Colombia. 
*475 Squaws carrying water from Lake Paparcocha, Peru. 
*680 Water sellers in Valencia, Spain. 

893 Water sellers at Calcutta, India. 
*464 Ice dealers of Quito, collecting snow near summit of 
Pichincha, Ecuador. 



PKODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 577 

II. CLOTHING 

1. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND FACTORY 
PROCESSES 

(A) RUBBER 

*411 Extracting rubber gum from the trees in a rubber 
grove, Mexico. 
455 Packing rubber at Para, Brazil. 

(B) HEMP 
*361 Drying hemp on the Island of Cebu, P. I. 
*363 Load of manila hemp at Cebu, P. I. 

(C) PIWA 

*359 Weaving pina cloth in the Philippine Islands. 

(D) FLAX 

*650 Flax in stacks curing in the field, Courtrai, Belgium. 
*651 Flax taken from the stacks and soaked in the river, 

Courtrai, Belgium. 
*558 Hatcheling flax, first process in making the fine Irish 

linen, Belfast. 
*559 Plain weaving room in a linen mill in Belfast, Ireland. 
*557 Flax in bleaching field near Belfast, Ireland. 

(E) COTTON 

*468 Picking cotton in South America with Chinese help. 
*160 Picking cotton on a plantation in Georgia. 
*177 A cotton gin at work, Texas. 
*178 Baling the cotton, Texas. 

179 Shipping cotton to the manufacturing centers. 
*180 Part of the 4,000,000 bale crop, awaiting shipment, 
Texas. 

161 Hauling cottonseed to the factory, Georgia. 
*154 Carding room in the Olympian Mills, S. Carolina. 

155 Drawing frames in the Olympian Mills, S. Caro- 
lina. 
*156 Spinning room in the Olympian Mills, S. Carolina. 



578 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*157 Warping room in the Olympian Mills, S. Carolina. 

*158 Weaving room in the Olympian Mills, S. Carolina. 

467 Weaving home-grown cotton in South America. 

616 Cloth market in Eussia. 

2. ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORY PROCESSES 

(A) WOOL 

Sheep Raising 
*483 Sheep in a pasture in Peru. 
*831 Sheep on the veldt in South Africa. 
*543 Bargains in sheep at the fair, Thurso, Scotland. 
*547 Sheep in pasture near Stirling Castle, Scotland. 
*201 Prize winning sheep (Shropshires) in a pasture in 
Michigan. 
991 Drink for 5,000 sheep in Warrah, Australia. 

Handling of Wool 
*985 Where a sheep is shorn in five minutes by electricity, 
Australia. 
986 Dalgetty's salesrooms, where wool buyers come from all 

parts of the world, Australia. 
878 Loading bags of wool onto rafts on the Tigris River, 
ready for shipment, Mesopotamia. 
17 Sorting wool into grades in a great woolen mill in 
Massachusetts. 

Manufacturing Processes 

*18 Carding the wool, Massachusetts. 
*19 Spinning the wool in Massachusetts. 
*20 Twisters at work in a great woolen mill, Massachusetts. 
21 Foster winding machine in a great woolen mill in 
Massachusetts. 
*22 Warping machine in woolen mills, Massachusetts. 
23 Drawing-in and getting the ends ready for the looms, 
woolen mills, Massachusetts. 
*24 In the great weaving rooms of a woolen mill in Massa- 
chusetts. 



PEODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 579 

658 Weaving the wonderful Eoyal Gobelin tapestry in 
France. 
Primitive Processes 
*263 Home duties of the Hopi Indians, Arizona. 
*264 Blanket weaving by the Hopi Indians, Arizona. 
*669 Grandmother at her wheel in Breton home, 

France. 
*887 Shawl weavers at Cashmere, India. 

(B) SILK 

Silk Culture (Syria) 
*864 Feeding the silkworms their breakfast of mulberry 

leaves, Syria. 
*865 Cocoons of the silkworm in the mulberry bush, Syria. 
*866 Steaming cocoons to deaden the worms. 

867 Purchasing cocoons for export, Syria. 

868 Boiling cocoons to loosen the thread ends in a large 

reeling mill, Syria. 
*869 Close view of the boiling process and unraveling of the 

cocoons — reeling mill, Syria. 
*870 Examining and weighing the raw silk preparatory to 

shipping, Syria. 

Silk Manufacture 

Primitive Methods (Syria) 
*871 Primitive method of weaving the silk in Syria. 

Modern Methods (America) 

The Throwster Trade 

92 Winding the silk (first process in the throwster works). 
*93 Doubling the thread and spinning the thread. 
94 Eeeling and lacing (throwster works). 

The Skein-Dyeing Trade 

*96 Weighting the silk in the solution of tin to give it body. 
*95 Stripping the gum and dyeing the skeins. 
97 Finishing the skeins of silk after weighting and dyeing. 



580 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

The Weaving Mill 

*98 Great warping machines at work in the weaving mill. 
*99 In the mammoth weaving room, showing the looms at 

work. 
104 Weaving taffeta ribbon. 

Piece Dyeing and Finishing 

100 In the dyeing room, showing piece dyeing after the 
cloth is woven. 
*101 Color printing in the piece, machine that prints 10 

colors. 
*102 Breaking, folding and pressing the silk cloth. 
*103 "Making up" — rolls of silk ready for the market. 

(C) LEATHER 

813 Cattle in kraal, East Africa. 
*257 Cattle in Arizona. 
*259 Eoping a yearling in Arizona. 

258 Cattle on a great ranch in Arizona. 
*213 Cattle in great Union Stock Yards, Chicago. 
217 Steers grazing in Illinois. 
617 Siberian hides ready for the markets of the world, 

Nijni Novgorod, Eussia. 
445 Loading hides onto a steamer at Maracaibo, Vene- 
zuela. 
*15 Cutting the leather forms at a shoe factory, Massachu- 
setts. 
*16 A welting machine at work in a shoe factory in Massa- 
chusetts. 
*628 Girls sewing shoes in a factory in Germany. 
*629 Polishing the heels and finishing the shoes at a fac- 
tory in Germany. 

(D) FTJES AND FEATHERS 

Seals 

*287 Seals on beach of Santa Catalina Island, California. 



PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 581 



Ostricli 
*283 Ostrich farm in California. 



III. MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 
1. ORGANIC DEPOSITS 

(A) ANTHRACITE COAL 

*109 One of many coal breakers and culm dumps in Penn- 
sylvania. 

*110 Coal strata and miner drilling for a blast in anthra- 
cite mine, Pennsylvania. 

*111 Hauling out the cars of coal by electric motor, anthra- 
cite mine, Pennsylvania. 

*112 Coal on way to breakers to be broken into regular 
sizes, Pennsylvania. 

*115 Coal breaker and automatic slate pickers in action, 
Pennsylvania. 

*114 Boys picking slate in a great coal breaker, Pennsyl- 
vania. 
113 On the slope of the mine; empty cars returning to be 

filled, Pennsylvania. 
116 Miners and breaker boys ready for home after day's 

work, Pennsylvania. 
978 Japanese women coaling a steamer, 

(B) PEAT 
*567 Digging peat in a bog in Ireland. 
568 A fireplace for burning peat, Ireland. 

(C) PETROLEUM 

*915 Pumping oil in Yanangyet, Burma, with American ma- 
chinery. 
*127 Oil wells in western Pennsylvania — pumps at work. 
85 Oil tanks on fire at Bayonne, N. J. 



582 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 



2. METALS 



(A) IRON AND STEEI 

227 Open-pit iron mining with 5-ton shovel, Hibbing, Minn. 

*228 Digging iron ore with steam shovel and dumping on 
train, open-pit iron mine, Hibbing, Minn. 

*229 A 5-ton shovel and its crew in an open pit mine, Hib- 
bing, Minn, 
230 Miners far underground in Sellers' iron mines, Hib- 
bing, Minn. 

*232 Iron miners at work in an underground drift, Hibbing, 
Minn. 

*231 Dragging cars of iron ore through subterranean pas- 
sages to the shaft. 

*233 Docks with two miles frontage, holding 200,000 tons of 
iron ore, Minnesota. 
209 Gigantic crusher and spouts feeding it with ore. 

*195 Piles of iron ore at the receiving docks, Ohio. 

*203 Pockets of iron ore (160 tons each) on long dock ready 
for shipment, Escanaba, Mich. 

*234 Aboard a lake steamer, loading with iron ore by means 
of chutes from great docks, Duluth, Minn. 

*196 Unloading iron ore — old and new method. 

*198 Lowering a five-ton electric clam — unloading ore 
steamer, 

*199 Electric unloader lifting five tons of ore from vessel's 
hold to the docks at Cleveland, Ohio. 

*119 Great steel works at Homestead, Pa, 
120 Red-hot iron flowing from blast furnace, ready for 
making into pig-iron. 

*121 Steel beam, red-hot, being drawn out 90 feet long, 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
*43 "Where some of the steel is used — constructing a sky- 
scraper in New York. 

*860 Swordmaker of Damascus, making the famous Damas- 
cus blades, Syria. 



PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 583 

*560 Still another of the many uses of steel — building an 
ocean liner at Belfast, Ireland. 

(B) COPPER 

*265 Climbing the last loop on the mountain railway to the 
Morenei copper mines, Arizona. 

*266 Inclines to the copper mines, Metealf, Arizona. 

*267 Loading surface ore at the Metealf copper mines, Ari- 
zona. 
268 In the mountain's heart, running out copper ore, Wil- 
son Mine, Metealf, Ariz. 

*204 Shaft house and machine shop above richest copper 
mines on earth, Calumet, Michigan. 
205 Copper in bars and plates leaving the smelters, Cal- 
umet, Mich. 

(C) GOLD AND SILVER 

277 Prospecting for gold, Indian Gardens, Grand Canyon. 

*249 Nightingale Mine, Cripple Creek, Colo. 
474 Work to-day at silver mine that enriched the Spanish 
centuries ago, Peru. 

*319 Miners on the rim of the "Glory Hole" at Treadwell 
Mine, Alaska. 

*387 Mine where a pan of gravel yielded $400 gold, Klon- 
dike. 

*386 Gold miners at work in the Klondike country, Yukon, 
Canada. 

836 Ore crushing mill in Johannesburg, South Africa. 

837 Precipitating vats — extracting the gold from the ore 

at a mill in Johannesburg, S. Africa. 
918 Native goldsmiths at work in Ceylon. 

3. PRECIOUS STONES 
(A) DIAMONDS 

*833 A diamond mine at Kimberley, S. Africa. 
834 Sorting the diamonds at De Beers mine in Kimber- 
ley, South Africa. 



584 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*639 Amsterdam, Holland, where many of the world's finest 
diamonds are cut and sold. 

(B) RUBIES 

*912 Dredging for rubies in a dry river bottom at Mogok, 
Burma. 
917 Euby washing plant at Mogok, Burma. 

(C) MOONSTONES 

919 Grinding moonstones at Kandy, Ceylon. 

4. GLASS AND POTTERY 
(A) GLASS 

122 Modeling clay pots for molten glass, moving pot to 
dry room, Tarentum, Pa. 

*123 Drawing pot of white hot liquid glass from the glow- 
ing furnace, Tarentum, Pa. 

*124 Casting and rolling sheets of plate glass, Tarentum, Pa. 

*125 Grinding plate glass with revolving iron disks, Taren- 
tum, Pa. 

*126 Workmen finishing plate glass windows in a polishing 
room, Tarentum, Pa. 

(B) PORCELAIN 

*519 China clay pit at Bugle, England. 

*520 Grinding and mixing clay for making fine porcelain, 
Worcester, Eng. 

*521 Dipping plates in glaze preparatory to firing, Worces- 
ter, Eng. 

*522 Throwing plates on a potter's wheel, Eoyal Porcelain 
Works, Worcester, Eng. 
523 Turning and trimming a cup on the lathe, Royal Por- 
celain Works, Worcester, Eng. 
968 Potter at his wheel, fashioning a beautiful vase, Kyoto, 
Japan. 

*969 Expert workmen decorating the famous cloisonne ware, 
Kyoto, Japan. 



PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 585 

IV. QUARRYING 

(A) GRANITE 
*28 Granite quarries at Concord, N. H. 

(B) MARBLE 

*734 The world famed marble quarries at Carrara, Italy. 
735 Huge blocks of the finest marble in the world, Car- 
rara, Italy. 



V. LUMBERING AND FOREST PRODUCTS 

(A) LUMBERING 
IN AMEEICA 

*166 Hauling logs over the sands in Florida. 
*305 Logs shooting down a mountain side through a 350-foot 
flume to the water, Oregon. 
300 Poling logs in McCloud Eiver, California. 
385 Logs floating down the Klondike Eivei', Alaska. 
*304 Stupendous log raft on the Columbia Eiver, Oregon. 
*225 Enormous piles of lumber seasoning, previous to ship- 
ment, yard at Minneapolis, Minn. 
*294 A monster sequoia just felled in grove at Converse 
Basin, Cal. 
295 The stump where a forest giant stood and the saw 
that felled it. Converse Basin, Cal. 
*296 Blast rending a section of a big tree. Converse Basin, 

Cal. 
*297 Mules hauling enormous sections of the great tree on 
skids, Converse Basin, Cal. 
298 Flat car loaded with sugar pine logs, McCloud Eiver, 

Cal. 
*299 Sawmill in the big tree district, Cal. 



586 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

IN THE ORIENT 

914 Hauling timber in Burma. 
907 Elephants handling timber in Burma. 
362 A Filipino sawmill, Cebu, P. I. 
*934 Cultivated bamboo in China. 

IN SOUTH AMERICA 

446 A lumber yard in Venezuela. 

(B) TURPENTINE, TAR AND RESIN 

*149 Collecting turpentine in a pine forest, North Carolina. 

*150 Sweating out the tar from pine wood in the turf-cov- 
ered tar kiln, North Carolina. 

*151 Distilling turpentine in a pine forest of North Carolina. 

*159 The greatest resin market in the world, loading ocean 
vessels at Savannah, Ga. 

(C) CORK 

*681 The cork oak trees partly stripped, Almoraima, Spain. 
682 Boiling the bark before scraping and pressing, Almo- 
raima, Spain. 
*683 Scraping and pressing the bark, Almoraima, Spain. 

(D) MANUFACTURE OF PAPER 

224 Scouring logs and hauling them up into the sawmill. 
*219 Cutting logs ready for stripping and grinding into 

pulp, paper mill, Marinette, Wis. 
*220 In the beater room, pulp made of wood from northern 

forests, Marinette, Wis. 
*221 Wood pulp in big sheets ready for making into paper, 

Marinette, Wis. 
*222 Making wrapping paper out of wood pulp, 250 feet per 

minute, Marinette, Wis. 



PEODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 587 

VI. IRRIGATION 

*875 Irrigation on the Euphrates Elver, Mesopotamia. 

*797 Egyptian shaduf (well-sweep) used for lifting the 
waters of the Nile to the farms along its banks, 
Egypt. 

*798 Irrigation in the fields along the Nile, Egypt. 

*803 Great dam at Assuan, Egypt. 

*182 Irrigation in the rice fields of Texas. 

*303 Irrigating a strawberry field. Hood Kiver Valley, Ore- 
gon. 

*469 Irrigating a sugar-cane field in Peru. 

*279 Some fine results of irrigation in Eedlands, Cal. 

*280 What irrigation has done for the arid lands at Eiver- 
side, Gal. 

VII. UNCLASSIFIED 

(A) HAYING 

*600 Haying in Sweden. 

*609 Haying in Eussia. 

*527 Unloading and stacking hay in England. 

*566 Harvest time in the Island of Achill, Ireland. 

*578 Haying in Norway. 

*758 A farm in Austria. 

(B) WHALING 

*396 Whalers in the Arctic. 
*63 Monstrous whale on beach, Long Island. 
64 Head of whale, showing the much-prized whalebone, 
Long Island. 
397 Loading sections of a huge whale onto the boats in 
the Arctic. 

(C) IVORY 
923 Elephants, showing tusks worth large amounts, Ceylon. 
907 Elephants carrying timber, use of tusks, Burma. 



588 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 

925 In the jungle, the way the wild elephants are kraaled, 
Ceylon. 

809 Ivory from the jungle on its way to America, Mom- 
basa, East Africa. 

(D) TOBACCO 
*431 Cutting tobacco on a plantation in the province of Ha- 
vana, Cuba. 
*432 Making Havana cigars in a factory in Cuba. 

(E) MISCELLANEOUS 

*783 Making oriental rugs in Constantinople. 
784 Eenewing the colors in a faded oriental rug, Constanti- 
nople. 
*78 Dynamos, 5,000 horse power, at Niagara Falls Power 
Co. 
*560 Building an ocean liner at the Harland & Wolff ship- 
yards, Belfast, Ireland. 
574 An old Viking ship in Christiania, Norway, showing 

the way it was constructed. 
889 Eoad making in India. 
399 Floods of sombreros in Mexico. 
*355 Making manila rope in the Philippine Islands. 
415 Making rope from the maguey plant, Mexico. 
*416 Making matting from the maguey plant, Mexico. 
627 Dressing dolls for European and American trade, 

Sonneburg, Germany. 
879 Sun-dried brick factory near the Tigris Eiver, Mesopo- 
tamia. 
*880 Making kufas (round boats) of date palms and rope 

on Tigris Eiver, Mesopotamia. 
*338 Locks in Panama Canal. 

INDUSTRIES 

See also numbers *25, *77, *226, *334, *336, 337, 339, *340, 
*513, *569, *724. 



RACES OF MANKIND 

EDITED BY 

FREDERICK STARR, 

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 

351 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 251 
REFERENCES TO THEM. 

The stereographs and slides given below have 
been selected from the i,ooo list to show the most 
important types of mankind. These subjects have 
been carefully chosen not alone to show physical 
types, but also to illustrate and contrast the differ- 
ence in temperament, mentality, etc., as shown in 
their various characteristic occupations, and the 
stage of progress indicated by processes of labor. 

Humanity is so complex that the lines of distinc- 
tion between the numerous branches cannot be 
sharply drawn. Authorities disagree in regard to 
the kinship of certain of the branches. For exam- 
ple, the position of the Eskimo is in dispute. It is 
not practicable to draw distinctions absolutely, but 
the real characteristic features of most of the races 
are fairly persistent so that the teacher should find 
no difficulty in making use of the material as here 
classified. In this classification weight is given to 
Kean's Ethnology, to which the teacher is referred. 

589 



590 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

The following observation outline is suggested as 
useful in the study of the material under this classi- 
fication. A good way is to place such an outline on 
the board as a guide to the pupils in using to the best 
advantage the few moments allotted for each stere- 
ograph. 





OBSEEVATION OUTLINE 




FOR PUPILS' STUDY 


1. 


Location — country under observation. 


2. 


Eace type seen. 


3. 


Physical features observable. 


4. 


Evidences seen of adaptation. 




A. In dress. 




B. In occupation. 




C. In homes. 




D. In implements used. 




E. In industrial processes. 



Publishers' Note. 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 

For further illustrating of Eaces of ManMnd the teacher is 
referred to the wider range of material to be found in our 
general catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the dif- 
ferent countries, particulars of which will be sent on applica- 
tion. 



RACES OF MANKIND 591 



ETHIOPIAN {BLACK) RACE 

MELANESIAN 

*1000 A feast day in the Fiji Islands. 

NEGRO (AFRICAN) 

809 Carrying ivory in the streets of Mombasa, E. Africa. 

810 Hunting zebra in East Africa. 

*811 Kikuyu women beside village storehouses, E. Africa. 

812 The Masai, East Africa. 

813 Masai, East Africa. 

*816 A village on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, E. Africa. 

*817 Picking coffee in Moschi Province, E. Africa. 

*818 Safari, East Africa. 

823 A river settlement almost on the Equator, Congo Free 
State. 

*833 In the De Beers Diamond Mine, Kimberley, S. Africa. 

838 Zulus in their native land. 

826 Pigmies of the Congo. 

AFRICAN NEGROES IN AMERICA 

*149 Negroes collecting turpentine in North Carolina. 

*150 Sweating out turpentine in North Carolina. 

*160 In a great cotton field in Georgia. 

*170 Colored students at Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. 

*171 Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee, Alabama. 

172 Rapid transit in Mississippi. 

179 Shipping cotton — negro laborers in Texas. 

AUSTRALIANS 

*990 Sons of the old warriors and huntsmen of Australia. 



592 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

MONGOLIAN {YELLOW) RACE 

CHINESE 

*929 Mission children at Canton, China. 

*931 Kich native bazaars on Nanking Eoad, Shanghai, 

China. 
*934 In the cultivated bamboo, Nanking. 
935 Wheelbarrow transportation, Tientsin. 
*943 Bride and groom in Peking. 

BURMESE 

*908 Handling tons of rice at Eangoon. 

911 Buddhist funeral at Mandalay. 

916 Natives on the Irrawaddy Eiver. 

917 Euby washing plant at Mogok. 

JAPANESE 

951 Japanese soldiers at Port Arthur, Manchuria. 

954 Lady in jinriksha near Yokohama. 

*955 Japanese women gathering millet. 

957 Peering into the clouds below Fujiyama. 

*960 Street scene in Tokyo. 

*96i Under the cherry blossoms, Tokyo. 

963 A Japanese hostess. 

*964 On the cryptomeria avenue near Nikko. 

965 In a yama-kago. 

*967 Under the bamboo, Kyoto. 

968 A potter and his wheel, Kyoto. 

*969 Expert cloisonne workmen at Kyoto. 

*970 High-class Japanese family, Kyoto. 

*973- Girls picking tea at Uji, Japan. 

*977 Gazing into crater of Aso-San. 

978 Japanese women coaling a ship. 



RACES OF MANKIND 593 



KOREANS 



*980 Building a house in Korea, 
*981 Men and boys in school at Seoul. 

TURKS 

*782 Street in Constantinople. 

848 Caravan near Jaffa, Palestine. 

*783 Making oriental rugs, Constantinople 

784 Expert workmen on oriental rugs. 

MONGOLIC PEOPLES OF EASTERN RUSSIA 

616 Russian cloth market, Nijni Novgorod. 

617 Village of the Tartars, Nijni Novgorod. 

LAPPS 
*593 A Lapp family in the far North. 



(MALAYAN SUB-RACE) 

JAVANESE 

*997 Sudanese children at Garoet. 

998 In Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg. 

999 At Boro Boedeor, 

FILIPINOS 

354 School children in Manila. 

*356 A family of Ermita. 

*358 Citizens of Panay. 

*359 Weaving Pina cloth at Molo. 

360 A street scene in Cebu. 

362 A Filipino sawmill in Cebu. 



594 THE WOKLD VISUALIZED 



AMERICAN (BED) RACE 

ESKIMO 

390 Interior of Fort Magnesia at Cape Sabine. 
*393 Eskimo belles and their garb — Cape York, Greenland. 
*395 Eskimo in their summer tents, Greenland. 

INDIANS OF THE UNITED STATES 

*192 Sac and Fox Indians in Oklahoma. 

*194: Sioux Indians in Nebraska. 

*261 Wolpi, a mesa village of Hopi Indians, Arizona. 

*262 Typical desert home of the Navajo Indians, Arizona. 

*263 Home duties of the Hopi man, Oraibi, Arizona. 

*264 Hopi Indian weaving blanket, Wolpi, Arizona. 

*269 Primitive inhabitants of Canon Diablo, Arizona. 

ALASKAN INDIANS 

*316 Indian village of Kasaan. 

ISTHMIAN INDIANS 

*331 Indians on the Chagres Eiver. 
*412 Home occupations of Indians, Tehuantepec. 
415 Mexican Indians at Monterey. 

SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS 

*461 Traveling in the Andes. 

*464 Ice dealers of Quito, Ecuador. 

*473 Indian driver of a pack train of llamas, Cerro de 

Pasco, Peru. 
*475 Women water-carriers in the mining country near 
Lake Paparcocha. 



RACES OF MANKIND 595 



CAUCASIAN (WHITE) RACE 

PEOPLES OF ARYAN SPEECH 
TEUTONIC GROUP 
Germany and Austria 

*626 Women at work in a beet field in Germany. 

627 German women in Sonneburg. 
*628 German women at work in a shoe factory. 
*629 German men at work in a shoe factory. 

637 German children on the Ehine near Coblenz. 
*756 School children of Val Ampezzo. 
*758 An Austrian hamlet, Val Ampezzo. 

England and South Africa 

*505 Coronation scene in England. 

*506 Governors of an Empire — Hon. Joseph Chamberlain 

and Colonial ofiicials, London. 
*509 On the Thames near Windsor Castle. 

516 Hunting scene in England. 
*521 In the Eoyal Porcelain works at Worcester. 

523 Turning and trimming in Eoyal Porcelain works, 
Worcester. 
*524 Little English boys at Ludlow. 
*526 Little English girls of Shottery. 

834 Sorting diamonds at Kimberley. 

Holland 

*642 Holland peasant women on dike road near Dordrecht. 

643 Dutch matron of Enkhuysen. 
*644 Village girls of Marken. 
*645 Country women of Goes. 

Belgium 

*649 By the Eiver Scheldt at Antwerp. 



596 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Switzerland 

*704 A street in Berne. 

*705 On the summit of Mt. Scheldegg. 

706 Maidens on a country road in Switzerland. 

*707 Youth and maiden beauty in Switzerland. 

*710 A Swiss guide on Mt. Eggishorn. 

*724 In the beautiful Chamonix Valley. 

SCANDINAVIAN GROUP 
Norway 

*572 Waving good-byes to the emigrants starting for 
America, Christiania. 

*578 A farmer's family near Eoldal. 
580 A mother and her daughter at Odde. 

*584 Overlooking Bergen. 

*589 Mountain guides near the Brigsdal Glacier. 

*591 Among the mountains and chasms of ice in the Brigs- 
dal Glacier. 

*594 A bride and groom and their friends in Norway. 

Sweden 
*600 Dalecarlian maidens near Eattvik. 
*601 A farmer's family near Lerdal. 
*602 Happy crowds at the Spring Festival in Jonkoping. 

Denmark 

606 Packing prize butter at Hasley. 

CELTIC GROUP 
Ireland 

*555 Over beautiful Enniskerry to Sugar Loaf Mt. near 

Dublin. 
*557 In the linen-bleaching fields. 
*558 Hatcheling flax, Belfast. 
*567 Digging peat near Kiltoom. 



RACES OF MANKIND 597 

Scotland 
*542 The Highland kilt. 

Wales 

535 Children of Conway, Wales. 

Brittany 
*669 Interior of a Breton home at Crach. 

670 Where the Atlantic beats on the rock-bound coast of 

Finisterre. 

671 Autumn in Brittany. 
*672 On the beach at Dieppe. 



GE,a:CO-LATIN GROUP 
Greece 

*761 Athenian policeman on Mt. Lykabettos, Athens. 

762 On the Museum Hill in Athens. 

769 A typical modern Corinthian. 

*771 People of modern Sparta. 

774 On the battlefield of Thermopylae. 

Italy 

*731 Italian boy near Vesuvius, Italy. 

*734 Modern Italian youth in the Carrara marble quarries. 

*740 Gondoliers of Venice. 

*743 Boys and men of Palermo, Sicily. 

*744 Picking lemons in Sicily. 

745 Near modern Syracuse, Sicily. 

746 Overlooking Catania, Sicily. 
*747 Typical youth of Sicily. 

Spain 

674 Harvesting wheat in Northern Spain. 

677 In old Madrid. 



598 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*679 In Valencia. 

*680 Water seller of Valencia. 

*683 Scraping cork bark in Almoraima. 

*686 Picking dates at Elche. 

688 At a bull fight at Seville. 

*691 Picking grapes at Malaga. 

*692 At Gibraltar. 



SLAVONIC GROUP 

Bussia 
*609 Making hay in Eussia. 
611 In Peterhof Park, Eussia. 
*618 Country people in Eussia. 

AMERICAN PEOPLES OF MIXED BLOOD; ANGLO-AMERI- 
CAN 
United, States 

14 Down East Yankee on the Eeef of Norman's Woe, 
Cape Ann, Mass. 
*15 In a shoe factory at Lynn, Mass. 
17 Sorting wool in Massachusetts. 
21 Textile workers in Massachusetts. 
*22 Expert workmen in big woolen mill in Massachusetts. 
*56 Old soldier at Washington's Headquarters, Newburgh, 

N. Y. 
*77 Autumn on Niagara's precipitous banks. 
*86 Milking time at Fairfield, N. J. 
*88 Filling the bottles at the Fairfield Dairy, N. J. 
92 to 104 (of which 8 are starred) In the Paterson Silk 
Mills, New Jersey. 
*107 An old soldier at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 
133 Chief Justice Fuller administering the oath to Presi- 
dent McKinley. 
*138 Wilson and his cabinet. 



RACES OF MANKIND 599 

139 New Year's Reception in Washington — Officers of the 

Navy. 

140 Printing U. S. money, Washington, D. C. 
*171 Notable guests of Booker T, Washington. 

184 On Lookout Mountain, Tenn. 

227 Mining with steam shovels at Hibbing, Minn. 



AMERICAN PEOPLES OF MIXED BLOOD; LATIN- AMERI- 
CANS 
West Indies 

*321 School children of Porto Eico. 

*323 Amidst the charms of Porto Rico. 

*428 Typical Cuban home at Eemedios, Cuba. 

Mexico 

399 A hat store in the city of Mexico. 

401 Gathering mango fruit, Cuernavaca. 

402 Overlooking Amecameca. 

*404 Extracting pulque from the maguey plant, San Juan, 
Teotihaucan. 
406 Making jute bags near Orizaba. 
409 The public washery. 

Panama 

329 Native life in Panama. 

Colombia 

449 People of Barranquilla. 
*450 People of Barranquilla. 

Ecuador 
*456 A schoolroom full of boys at Guayaquil. 
*457 Curing the cocoa beans at La Clementina. 
*459 Up-country hospitality among the natives, Riobamba, 



600 THE WORLD VISUALIZKD 

Peru 

477 On the road to Arequipa. 

*478 Over Arequipa. 

PEOPIES OF SEMITIC SPEECH 

Palestine and Syria 

*844 Bazaar of Jaffa, Palestine. 

845 Plowing in Palestine. 

*851 Women grinding at the mill in Palestine. 

853 Life on the shore of Galilee. 

*858 The inner court of a Damascus home. 

*860 Swordmakers of Damascus. 

*861 Making bread in the court of a Syrian home. 

*862 Churning butter in a big tent, Syria. 

*863 Bedouins in Syria. 

*864 Feeding silk worms in Syria. 

*866 Deadening silk worms in Syria. 

867 Purchasing silk cocoons for export, Syria. 

868 In a great silk reeling plant, Syria. 
*869 Employees of a silk reeling plant, Syria. 
*870 Silk workers in a Syrian silk plant. 

*871 A skilled Arab silk weaver at his loom. 

Mesopotamia 

873 On the ruins of Babylon in Euphrates Valley. 

*874 In the traditional "Garden of Eden," Euphrates Val- 
ley. 

*875 Irrigation on the Euphrates Eiver. 

878 Loading sacks of wool on to keleks on the Tigris Eiver. 

879 Making bricks near Nineveh. 

*880 Building "kufas" (round boats) on Tigris Eiver. 

*881 People of Bagdad on the Tigris Eiver. 



EACES OF MANKIND 601 

PEOPLES OF (FUNDAMENTALLY) HAMITIC SPEECH 
Egypt 

787 A crowded street in Cairo. 

788 Ladies of modern Cairo. 

794 Inside the Great Pyramid of Gizeh. 
*799 On the banks of the Nile. 
*801 At the first cataract of the Nile. 

Algeria 

808 A typical market in Algiers. 

POLYNESIANS 
New Zealand 

993 Girls of the old Maori race. 

Samoa 
*348 A home in Samoa. 

Hawaii 

*343 'Neath the ferns and palms in Waikiki. 

OTHER CAUCASIC PEOPLES 
India 

*884 Schoolboys of Amritsar. 

*886 Home life in Cashmere. 

*887 Shawl weavers of Cashmere. 

888 Inflating bullock skins on Eiver Sutlej. 

889 20-woman team on Darjeeling highway. 

890 Bhutanese milkmen at Darjeeling. 

893 Water carriers at Calcutta. 

894 Watching a street showman at Calcutta. 

*897 Among the aerial roots of a banyan tree, Calcutta. 



602 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*904 In the great Durbar procession at Delhi. 
905 How beauty takes the air at Ulwar. 
*507 Indian soldiers at the Coronation of the King of Eng- 
land, in London. 

Ceylon 

918 Native goldsmiths at Kandy. 

919 Grinding moonstones at Kandy. 
*920 Harvesting rice in Ceylon. 
*921 In interior Ceylon. 

*922 Coolies picking coffee in Ceylon. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The publishers can supply on application beautiful 
photographs suitable for wall decoration of any sub- 
ject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



TOPICS FOR THE GRADES 

BY 
RICHAED ELWOOD DODGE, A.M. 

PBOFESSOE OF GEOGEAPHT, TEACHERS' COLLEGE, COLUMBIA TJNI- 

YEBSITY. AUTHOR OF "THE TEACHING OF GEOGRAPHY 

IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS," ETC. 

968 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 1,948 
REFERENCES TO THEM 

The list of suggested stereographs or slides, item- 
ized herewith, has been chosen with a view of help- 
ing teachers who are teaching geography from the 
usual text, and who wish quickly to come in touch 
with extra illustrative material that will give vivid- 
ness and efficiency to the classroom practice beyond 
that possible in any text-book or supplementary 
reader. 

Unless the selection of stereographs or slides is 
especially complete, they should not in general be 
used to give pupils their first information on a given 
topic. They find their best use as a means of test- 
ing and amplifying the knowledge already gained 
from the study of maps and text, or as extra illus- 
trations. 

603 



604 THE WORLD VISUAIIZED 

Under each country and subdivision the stereo- 
graphs or slides have been arranged by number un- 
der a group of headings found in most school 
geographies, making it possible, therefore, for 
teachers quickly to refer to the numbers they wish. 
The topics selected are not sufficiently inclusive to 
cover all courses of study or text, but they include 
those found common to the leading school geog- 
raphies. It is believed that the wise use of few 
illustrations is much more satisfactory in result, less 
time-consuming, and less distracting, than the use 
of many illustrations so quickly passed before the 
eyes as to leave no clear impression. 

Puilishers' Note. 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the lantern slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star {*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 

AFRICA 

Animals, 810, 819, 820, 827. 
Occupations, 813. 
People, 809, 810, *811, 812, *816. 
Scenery, *785, *814, *818, *821. 
Vegetation, *818, 825. 

ALGERIA 

Cities, *805, 806, *807. 
People, 808. 
Commerce, 806. 



topics FOR THE GftADES 605 

CONGO 

Cities, *822. 

People, 823, *824, 825, 826. 

Scenery, *822, *824, 825. 

EAST AFRICA 

People, 809, 810, *811, 812, 813, *815, *816, *817. 

Products, 809, *817. 

Scenery, 810, 813, *814, *817, *818, *821. 

EGYPT 

Cities, *786. 

Occupations, 798, *799. 

People, 787, *797, *801. 

Scenery, 788, *789, 792, 793, *796, 802. 

Scenes of Interest, 790, 791, 794, *795, 800, 802, *803, 804. 

SOUTH AFRICA 

Cities, *829, *830. 

Occupations, *831, *833, 834. 

People, *833, 838. 

Products, *833, 837. 

Scenery, *828, *829, *831, *832. 



AMERICA— NORTH 

THE ARCTIC 

Occupations, *396, 397. 
People, 390, 392, *393, *395. 
Scenery, *389, *394, *396. 

CANADA 

Cities, *369, 370, *371, 372, *375. 
Commerce, 388. 



606 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Occupations, *376, *377, *378, *386, *387. 

Products, *376, 385, *386. 

Scenery, *364, *366, 367, *368, 373, 374, 379, *380, *381, 

382, *383, *384. 
Scenes of Interest, *365. 

CENTRAL AMERICA 

CONSTRUCTION OF PANAMA CANAL 
327, 333 to *340 (4 are starred). 

COSTA RICA 

Occupations, 418, *419. 
Products, *417, 418, *419, *420. 
Scenery, *417, *420. 

PANAMA 

Cities, 328. 

People, 329, *331. 

Products, 329, *331. 

Scenery, *330, *331, *332, 333. 

MEXICO 

Cities, *398, 402, 413. 

Occupations, 399, 401, *404, 405, 406, *407, *408, 409, *414, 

415, *416. 
People, 399, *404, 405, *408, 409, *412, 415, *416. 
Products, 401, *404, 405, *407, *411. 
Scenery, 402, *403, 413. 
Scenes of Interest, *400, 410. 



TOPICS FOR THE GRADES 607 

THE UNITED STATES 

NEW ENGLAND STATES 
Cities, *3. 

Natural Resources, *28. 
Occupations, 12, 13, *15, *16, 17, *18, *19, *20, 21, *22, 23, 

*24, *28. 
Scenery, *10, 11, 14, *27. 
Soenes of Interest, 1, *2, *3, *4, *5, 6, *7, 8, 9, 26. 

MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 

Cities, *29 to *43 (9 are starred), and *128 to *132. 

Immigration, *45, 46, *47. 

Natural Resources, *109, *127. 

Occupations, *43, 59, *66, *67, 68, *78, 81, 85, *86 to 105 

(13 are starred), *109 to 116 (6 are starred), *119, 

120, *121. 
Scenery, *29, *48, *54, 55, *57, *61, 62, 65, *69 to *72 (3 

starred), 74 to *77 (2 are starred), *80, *83, *107, 

*108, *117, *128. 
Scenes of Interest, *30 to 52 (14 starred), 55, *56, 58, *79, 

106, *107, *128 to 139 (8 are starred), 140. 

SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES 
Natural Resources, *149. 
Occupations, *149, *150, *151, *154, 155, *156, *157, *158, 

*160, 161, *166. 
Products, *149, *150, *151, *159, *160, *167, *168. 
Scenery, 146, 147, *148, *149, 152, *153, 163, *164, *165, 

*166, *167. 
Scenes of Interest, *171, 172. 

GULF STATES 
Occupations, *170, *177, *178, 179, *181, *182, 183. 
Products, *173, *180, 183. 



608 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Scenery, *170, 175, 176, *182. 
Scenes of Interest, *171, 172. 



CENTRAL WESTERN AND GREAT LAKE STATES 

Cities, *189, *212. 

Natural Resources, *204, *219, 224, *226, 227, 230. 

Occupations, *196, 197, *198, *200, *210, *211, *214, *215, 

*216, *218, *219, *220, *221, *222, 224, 227, *228, *229, 

230, *231, *232, *234. 
Products, *193, *195, *200, *201, *203, 205, *210, *213, *214, 

217, *218, *219, *222, 224, *225, *228, *231, *234. 
Scenery, *193, *201, 202, *203, *206, *216, 217, *226. 
Scenes of Interest, 184, 185, *187, 190, *192, *194, *206, 207, 

*226, *233. 



ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATES 
Cities, 256. 

Occupations, *249, *257, 258, *259, *263, *264, *267, 268. 
Products, *249, *257, *259, *267. 
Scenery, 235 to *243 (5 are starred) Yellowstone Park, 244 

to 255 (7 are starred), *265, *266, *269 to *278 (7 

are starred ) . 
Scenes of Interest, *254, 255 (Mesa Verde), *261 to *264, 

*271, *272. 

PACIFIC COAST STATES 

Natural Resources, *294, *304, *306. 

Occupations, *280, *294, 295, *297, 298, *299, 300, *303, 

*304, *306, *307, 308, *309, 310. 
Products, *280, *281, *283, *294, 298, *304, *307, *309, 310. 
Scenery, *279, *282, *286, *288 to *292 (3 are starred) 

Yosemite, *301 Crater Lake, 302 Mt. Hood, *309, *311 

to *314 Mt. Tacoma, *315. 
Scenes of Interest, *284, 285. 



TOPICS FOR THE GRADES 609 

POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 

ALASKA 

Cities, 317. 
People, *316. 
Products, *319. 
Scenery, *318. 

HAWAII 
Cities, 341, *342. 
Occupations, *344. 
Products, *343, *344. 
Scenery, 341, 345, *347. 

PANAMA 

Cities, 328. 

Scenery, *330, *331, *332, 333. 

People, 329, *331. 

Products, 329, *331. 

The Canal, 327, 333 to *340 (4 are starred). 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 

Cities, *349, 350, *351. 

Scenery, 353, *357, 361. 

Occupations, *355, *357, *359, *361, 362. 

People, 354, *356, *358, *359, 360, 362, *363. 

Prodixcts, *357, *361, *363. 

Transportation, 350, *358, *363. 

Scenes of Interest, *352, 353. 

PORTO mco 

Cities, *320, 322, *325. 
Occupations, *323, 324. 
People, *321, 322, *323, 324. 
Products, *323, 324. 
Scenery, *323, 326. 



610 THE WOELD VISUALIZED 

SAMOA 
People, *348. 

WEST INDIES 

CUBA 

Cities, *421. 

Occupations, *430, *431, *432. 
People, *426, *428, *432. 
Products, *430, *431. 
Scenery, *423, 424, *427, 429. 

JAMAICA 

Occupations, *434, *435. 
Products, 433, *434, *435. 

MARTINiaUE 

Cities, *437. 

Scenes of Interest, *436, *438, 439, 



AMERICA— SOUTH 

ARGENTINE 

Cities, *488, *489. 
Scenery, *487, *490, 491. 

BRAZIL 

Cities, *451, *452, 453, *454, 455. 
Products, 455. 
Scenery, *451. 

CHILI 

Scenery, 485, *486. 
Scenes of Interest, *486. 



TOPICS FOE THE GRADES 611 

COLOMBIA 

Cities, *447, 448. 
People, 449, *450. 
Scenery, *447. 

ECUADOR 
Cities, *463. 

Occupations, *457, *460, *464. 
People, *4o6, *458, *459, *461, *464, 
Products, *457. 

Scenery, *460, *461, 463, *464, 465. 
Scenes of Interest, 462. 

PERU 

Cities, *466, *478, 484. 

Occupations, 467, *468, *469, *470, 474. 

People, 474, *475, 477, 481. 

Products, 467, *468, *470, 474, 483. 

Scenery, *466, *468, *469, *470, 471, *472, *476, 477, 479, 

480, 481, *483, 484. 
Scenes of Interest, *482. 

URUGUAY 

Cities, *492, *493, *494. 

VENEZUELA 

Cities, *440, *442. 
People, 441, *442, *443. 
Products, 445, 446. 
Scenery, *440, *444. 
Scenes of Interest, 441. 



612 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



EUROPE 

AUSTRIA 

Cities, 750, *751, *752, *760. 

People, *756, *758. 

Scenery, 750, *756, 757, *758, 759, *760. 

Scenes of Interest, 753, 754, *755. 

BELGIUM 

Cities, *647, *649. 
Occupations, *650, *651, 
Products, *650, *651. 

BRITISH ISLES 
ENGLAND 

Cathedrals, *504, *512, *529. 
Cities, *496, 500, *501, 508, *517, 532. 
Commerce, *495, *496. 
Government, *502, 503, *506. 
Harbors, *495. 

Homes, 515, *517, *525, *526, 530, 532. 
Occupations, *519, *520, *521, *522, 523, *527, 528. 
People, *505, *506, *509, 510, *514, 516, *524, *526. 
Products, *519. 

Sports and Recreations, 510, *514, 516. 
Scenery, 510, *513, *514, *518, *524. 

Scenes of Interest, 497, *498, *505, *507, *509, *512, *517, 
*525, *526, 530, 531. 

IRELAND 

Cities, *554, *556, *561. 

Harbors, *554, *560. 

Occupations, *557, *558, *559, *560, *566, *567. 

People, *555, *558, *566, *567, *569. 



TOPICS FOR THE GRADES 613 

Products, *557, *558, *567. 

Scenery, *554, *555, *562, 563, 564, 565, *566, *570, *571. 

Scenes of Interest, *560. 

SCOTLAND 

Cities, *537, *538. 

Occupations, *543, 544. 

Products, *543, 544, 545. 

Scenery, 539, 541, *543, *547, *548, *549, 550, 551, 552, *553. 

Scenes of Interest, *540, *542, *546, *547. 

WALES 

Scenery, 536. 

Scenes of Interest, 535. 

SENMAEE 

Cities, *604, *605. 
Occupations, 606. 
Products, 606. 

FRANCE 

Cathedrals, *656, *659, 662, *663. 

Cities, *654, *655, *656, *657, *665, 666. 

Harbors, 666. 

Occupations, 652, 658, *661, 664, *668, 671. 

People, 652, *668, *669, 670, 671. 

Products, 658, *661, *668. 

Scenery, 652, *661, 664, *665, 666, *667, 670, *672. 

Scenes of Interest, *653, *654, *656, *657, 660, *663, 664. 

GERMANY 

Castles, *621, *632, *635, 637. 

Cathedrals, *638. 

Cities, *621, 622, 623, *634, *638. 

Commerce, *624. 

Occupations, *626, 627, *628, *629, 630, 



614 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Products, *626, 627, *629. 

Scenery, *624, *631, *632, *633, *634, *635, 636, 637. 

Scenes of Interest, *625. 

6EEECE 

Cities, *761, *765, *766. 

People, *761, 769, *771, 774. 

Scenery, *761, *768, 770, *771, 772, 773, 774, 775, *776. 

Scenes of Interest, 762, 763, *764, *765, *766, *767, 770. 

HOLLAND 

Cities, *639, *640. 
Occupations, *642, *645, *646. 
People, *642, 643, *644, *645. 
Products, *642, *645, *646. 
Scenery, *642, *646. 
Scenes of Interest, 641. 

ITALY 

Cathedrals, *736, 737, *738, 739. 

Cities, 725, *726, *730, 733, *736, 737, *740, 741, 746, 748. 

Occupations, *734, 735, *743, *744. 

People, *734, *743, *744, 745. 

Products, *734, 735, *743, *744. 

Ruins, 725, *726, *728, *729, 732, 745, *749. 

Scenery, *730, *731, 733, *740, 745, 746, *747. 

Scenes of Interest, 727, *728, *729, 732. 

IJIADEIRA ISLANDS 
People, 696. 

MONACO 

City, 673. 

NORWAY 
Cities, *573, *584. 
Commerce, *572. 
Glaciers, 583, *586, *587, *589, *590, *591. 



TOPICS FOE THE GRADES 615 

Occupations, *578. 

People, *572, 575, *578, 580, *593, *594. 

Products, *578, *582. 

Scenery, 575, *576, *577, *579, 580, 581, *582, 583, *584, 

*585, *586, *587, 588, *589, *592, *595. 
Scenes of Interest, 574. 

PORTUGAL 
Cities, 693. 
Scenes of Interest, 694, 695. 

RUSSIA 

Cities, *607, *608, *613. 
Occupations, *609, 617, *620. 
People, *609, 611, 616, *618. 
Products, 617, *620. 
Scenery, *613, 617, 619, *620. 
Scenes of Interest, 614, 615. 

SPAIN 

Cities, 677, 678, *684, *687, 689. 

Harbors, *687. 

Occupations, 674, *679, *681, 682, *683, *686, 690, *691. 

People, 674, *680, *686, *691. 

Products, *681, 682, *683, *686, 690, *691. 

Scenery, 674, *684, *692. 

Scenes of Interest, 675, *685, *692. 

SWEDEN 

Cities, *596, 597, *598. 
Occupations, *601. 
People, *600, *601, *602. 
Scenery, *600, >603. 
Scenes of Interest, 599. 



616 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

SWITZERLAND 

Cities, *698, 703, *704. 

Glaciers, *700, *705, *710, 711, 712, 714, 717, 718, *719, 720, 

*721, 722, 723. 
Homes, 706, *724. 
People, 706, *707, *724. 
Scenery, 697, *700, *701, 702, 703, *705, 706, 708, 709, *710, 

711, *713, 714, 716, 717, 718, *719, 720, *724. 
Scenes of Interest, *699, 715. 

TURKEY— EUROPEAN 

(See also Turkey in Asia.) 

Cities, *777, 778. 
Commerce, *777. 
Occupations, *783, 784, 
People, *782, *783, 784. 
Products, 784. 
Scenery, 780, *781. 
Scenes of Interest, 779. 



ASIA 

ASIATIC TURKEY 

ASIA MINOR 

MESOPOTAMIA 



Cities, 839. 



Cities, *881, 882. 

Occupations, *875, 878, 879, *880. 

People, *880, *881. 

Products, *874, 878. 

Scenery, *874, *876, 877. 

Scenes of Interest, 873, 877, *881. 

Transportation, *881, 882. 

Vegetation, *874, 877. 



TOPICS FOE THE GRADES 617 

PALESTINE AND SYRIA 

Cities, *844, 846, 847, *857. 

Occupations, 845, *851, 853, *860, *861, *862, *864, *865, 

868 to *871 (3 are starred). 
People, *844, 845, 846, 848, 850, *851, 853, *858, *860, *861, 

*862, *866, 867, *869, *871. 
Products, *860, *864, *865, 867, *870, *871. 
Scenery, 845, 849, 850, 852, 854, *855, *863, 867, 872. 
Scenes of Interest, 856, *857, 872. 
Transportation, 848, *859, 867. 

SINAI PENINSULA 

Scenery, 840, 841, *842. 
Scenes of Interest, 840, *842. 

CEYLON 

Animals, 923 to *926 (2 are starred). 
Occupations, 918, 919, *920, *922, *924, 
People, 918, *921, *922. 
Products, 919, *920, *922. 
Scenery, *921, 923, *924, 925. 
Vegetation, *920, *921, *922. 

CHINA 

Cities, *928, 930, *931, 937, *938, 939, 940, 941. 

Harbors, 927, 930. 

Occupations, *932, 933, 935. 

People, *929, *931, 933, 935, *943. 

Products, *932, *934. 

Scenery, 927, 936, 940. 

Scenes of Interest, 937, 941, 942. 

Transportation, 933, 935, 936, *938. 



618 THE WORLD VISTTALIZED 

INDIA (including Burma) 

Animals, 894, *895, 896, 907, 914. 

Cities, *883, 892, *895, 898, *906. 

Occupations, *886, *887, 888, 889, 890, 893, 907, *912, 914, 

*915, 917. 
People, *884, *886, *887, 888, 889, 894, *897, *903, 905, 911, 

*912, 914, 916. 
Products, *886, *887, 907, *912, *915, 916. 
Eeligious Life, *884, *895, 898, *899, 902, *903, 909, 911. 
Scenery, *885, *891, *910, *912, 913, 914. 
Scenes of Interest, *883, 890, *899, 900, 901, *904. 
Transportation, *883, 888, 890, 902, *904, 905, 907, 914, 916. 
Vegetation, *885, *897, 913. 

JAPAN 

Cities, 959, *960, *961. 

Occupations, *955, 968, *969, *971, *972, *973, *974, *975, 

978. 
People, *955, *960, *961, 965, *967, *969, *970, *973, *977. 
Products, *955, *967, *972, *973, *974. 
Scenery, 954, *956, 958, *966, *967, *970, *975, 976, *977. 
Scenes of Interest, *966. 
Transportation, 954, *960, *964, 965, *967. 
Vegetation, *955, *961, *964, *967, *970, *975. 



KOREA 



Cities, 979. 
People, *980, *981. 



MANCHURIA 

Cities, 951. 

Harbors, *946, 951. 

People, *944. 

Scenery, *944, *946, 947, 949, 951. 

Scenes of Interest, *944, *946 to 953 (3 are starred). 

Transportation, 945. 



TOPICS FOR THE GRADES 619 



OCEANIA 



AUSTRALASIA 

Cities, *982, *983, 988, 989. 
Occupations, *985, *987, 988, 991, *992. 
People, *990, 993. 
Products, 986, 988, 991, *992. 
Scenery, *982, *987, *994, 995, 996. 
Animals, 984. 

EIJI ISLANDS 

People, * 1,000. 

JAVA 

People, *997, 998. 
Scenes of Interest, 999. 



OTHER TOPICS FOR THE GRADES 

Alluvial Fans, *586, *7i6. 

Beaches, *6i, ^164, ^514, 541, *665, *6y2. 

Canals, *2o6, 207, *2o8, *577, *624, ^640, 641, 741, 

*742, 769, *785. 
Canyons, 242, *243, 255, *26g, ^274, 275, *288, 

471, yy2. 
Capes, *39i, *5i8, *595, *828. 
Caves, 73, 147, *I48, 276. 
Cities, *30, *I29, *I30, *i3i, ^189, *2i2, *342, 

*42I. 

(See classification ''Cities and City Life") 



620 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

CHffs, *8o, 289, *368, *5i3, *5i8, 541, 5^5- *57o. 

*595. *?47. 954- 
Coasts, 14, 82, *394, 424, *476, *5i3. *5i8. *562, 

565. *570, 670, *692, 733, 954. 
Clouds, *238, *24i, *245, 251, ^586, *956, 958. 
Commerce, *29, *3i, ^33, *42, *6i, *i73, 

*i88, *233, *234, *3i5, 388, 445, *495. 

*554, *56o, *572, *624, *649, 666, ^785, 

978. 
Climate 

Altitude, *245, *246, 300 (see effects of altitude 
in classification on "Zone Life"). 
Deserts, *262, *273, 793, ^796, 849, *863. 
Divides, 251, *483, ^700. 
Dunes, *io, 11, 793. 
Earthquake, *284, 285, *749. 
Estuaries, *29, ^33, 35, *48. 
Falls, *25, 65, *69, 70, *7i, '^J2, y^,^ 75, *226, 242, 

*576, 581, 588, *8i4, *82i. 
Fjords, *579, 580, *585. 
Floods, 118, 176, 190, *876. 
Forests, 630, 825, *964. 
Geysers (see Hot Springs). 
Glaciers, *49, 302, ^312, *3i3, ^314, *384, ^582, 

*586, ^589, *590, *59i, ^667, *7oo, ^705, 

*7io, 711, 712, 714, 718, *7i9, 720, *72i, 722, 

723, 759, *89i, 996. 



TOPICS FOR THE GRADES 621 

Gorges, 65, *72, -^yd, ""yy, ^250, *252, 536, *576, 

708, 913. 
Harbors, ^29, *3i, ''2iZ' *3i5, *349, *364, *366, 

*45i, *492, *554, *56o, *572, *6o4, *644, 

*649, 666, *687, *730, ^777, 927, ^928, 930, 

*946. 
Heat Belts— cold cap, *389, *39i, *394, 397, *593, 

*595- 

Hot Belt, *343, *344, *348, *356, *411, *419, *420, *421, 
*430, 433, *434, 810, *816, *897, 923, 925. 

Temperate Zone, 142, *149, *166, *180, *182, *193, *280, 
*297, *299, *309, 310, *526, 552, *578, *646, *650, *681, 
*691, *961. 

Hills, *309, *366, *427, *524, *566, *66i, 664, 674, 

*83i, *832, 947, *948. 
Homes, 172, ^192, *262, *325, ^348, ^356, *395, 

*4i2, *458, *459. *526, *569- *592, *593. 

*594, *6i8, 706, *77i, *8i6, *858, 963, *98o. 
(See Classification "Homes and Life of the 
People") 
Hot Springs, =^237, 240, ^241, *994, 995. 
Icebergs, *3i8, ^389, ^391, ^394, *396. 
Irrigation, *i82, *303, *357, ^469, 675, 695, *797, 

*798, *8o3, *875, 933, *972. 
Islands, *69, 74, *i65, ^301, *332, 367, 373, *45i, 

*553' *57i. 802, *994. 



622 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Lakes, 202, *3oi, *38i, *475, 481, 551, *57i, 583, 
*586, *587, 619, ^631, *7i6, 757, 850, 854. 

Mountains, ^27, 184, 244, ^245, *246, 251, '^252, 
^270, ^292, 302, *3ii. 
(See Mountains in classification on "Physical 
Geography") 

Oases, 841, *842. 

Oceans, *6i, 62, *83, 145, *286, 353, 367, ^476, 
485, *5i4, *5iS, 541, *562, *828, 954. 

Occupations. 

Agriculture (see classification on "Agriculture"). 

Dairying (see classification on "Products and Industries," 
page 74). 

Fishing (see classification on "Products and Industries," 
page 75 ) . 

Grazing, *201, 217, *218, *257, 258, *483, *543, 544, *547, 
*582, *646, 664, 757, *831. 

Lumbering (see classification on "Products and Industries," 
page 85 ) . 

Manufacturing (see classification on "Products and Indus- 
tries") . 

Mining (see classification on "Products and Industries," 
pages 81 to 83). 

Quarrying, *28, *734, 735. 

Peaks, *246, 300, 302, *3ii, ^403, ^460, *698, 

*705> *7i3- 
People. 

Black, *170, 172, *801, *816, 823, 825, 838, *990, *1,000. 
Malay, *348, *356, 993, *997. 
Red, *192, *194, *263, *264, *39.3, *395, *464, 
Yellow, *593, *929, ■*943, *960, 968, *970. 



TOPICS FOE THE GRADES 623 

Plains, 59, *i28, ^170, ^193, ^257, 258, ^262. 

(See classification on "Physical Geography" pages 
47, 48, 49) 

Plateaus, 255, 277, *278. 

Promontories, *45i, ^513, ^562, 670, 6y^, *692, 
*828. 

Rapids, 74, *y6, 374, 603, 697, *855. 

Rivers and River Valleys. 

(See classification on "Physical Geography" page^ 
41 to 43) 

Roads, 26, *i66, 235, ^253, ^273, ^282, *576, *756, 
889. 

Rolling Country, *543. 

Shores, 424, ^513, 565, *572, 670, *7i6, 854, 954. 

Straits, ^486, ^747, 780, *78i. 

Transportation (see classification on "Transporta- 
tion"). 

Valleys (see classification on "Physical Geography" 
pages 44 to 47). 

Volcanoes, *27i, *2y2, *3oi, *3ii, 341, 345, *346, 

*347, *436, *437. 439» 479. 480, *730. *73i» 
746, *956, 958, 976, *977. 

Water Gaps, *io8. 

Waves, 62, 353, *476, *5i8, ^570, *828. 

Winter Resorts, *i64, ^i6g, *665, 666, 



624 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

SCHOOIHOOM BECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beauti- 
ful photographs suitable for wall decoration of any- 
subject in the above list in sizes 16x20 — 20x24. 



TRANSPORTATION 

EDITED BY 

W. M. GREGORY, 

PROFESSOR OP GEOGRAPHY, NORMAL TRAINING SCHOOL, CLEVE- 
LAND, OHIO. 

381 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 447 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM. 

The following stereographs or slides are arranged 
for the study of Transportation in all parts of the 
world. In this collection all methods of transporta- 
tion are clearly illustrated. The teacher can give 
definite lessons upon the kind of transportation em- 
ployed in any country, or using the journey method 
may visit the important rivers, great harbors, etc. 
The use of animal carriers includes all of the beasts 
of burden from the Arabian horse to the Indian 
elephant. Canals and locks, docks and bridges are 
some of the illustrations of the many aids to trans- 
portation. The evolution of transportation from 
the head bearers and animal carriers to the modern 
steam and electric trains is emphasized and the ma- 
terial is arranged under the appropriate topics so as 
to be most easily accessible for use. The teacher 
has a wide choice of material, as under many of 

625 



626 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

the groups there are from 4 to 12 views on one 
subject, i.e., Elephants — four excellent views of the 
elephant in action; Camels — thirteen typical views 
of the ship of the desert, and under burros — 14 
clear views of the faithful little donkey. 

It is obvious that the arrangement of the views 
is such as to afford the teachers an opportunity to 
give excellent and effective lessons in commerce and 
transportation with the least loss of time in arrang- 
ing concrete illustrations for the pupils' use. 

The following outline will aid the teacher in mak- 
ing the lesson definite and help each pupil to make 
the very best use of his time for the study of each 
stereograph in any lesson on transportation. A 
good way is to place the outline on the board before 
the class and draw attention to it at the beginning 
of the lesson, 

OUTLINE FOR DIRECTING THE PUPILS' STUDY 

1. Location. 

2. Kind. 

3. Purpose, what transported. 

4. How extensively used? 

5. Modern or primitive? 

6. Similar or not to what you are accustomed? 

7. If dissimilar, why used here? 

The numbers refer to the serial numbers in the 
upper right-hand corners of the stereographs and on 



TRANSPORTATION 627 

the slides. The numbers starred are included In the 
special 600 series. 

(Note. — For a wide variety of additional material on Trans- 
portation, see our general catalogue. — The Publishers. 



HUMAN CARRIERS 

BURDENS BORNE ON THE BACK AND SHOULDERS, ETC. 

*160 Carrying baskets of cotton on the back. 

*192 Indian papoose ready to be strapped on its mother's 

back. 

*351 Filipino burden carriers. 

405 Fuel vender, Mexico. 

413 Water vender in Mexico. 

*468 Cotton picking, Peru. 

*475 Squaws carrying water from Lake Paparcocha, Peru. 

*566 Women carrying grain on the Island of Achill, Ireland. 

*618 In the heart of Kussia. 

*645 Women with pails balanced on wooden yokes, Holland. 

*782 In Constantinople. 

809 Ivory on the way from the jungle. East Africa. 

810 Hunting zebra in East Africa. 

823 Eiver settlement near the equator, Congo. 

889 20-woman team in India. 

893 Water carriers in India. 

*908 Freight handlers and tons of rice, Eangoon, Burma. 

•^932 Coolies unloading tea at Hankow, China. 

957 By the crater of Mount Fuji, China. 

*960 Burden bearers of Japan — Tokyo. 

*973 Girls picking tea in Japan. 

978 Women coaling Pacific steamer, Nagasaki, Japan. 

BURDENS BORNE ON THE HEAD 

*681 In a cork oak grove in Spain. 

787 On a street in Cairo, Egypt. 



628 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*811 Kikuyu women with water vessels, East Africa. 

*817 Picking coffee in East Africa. 

*818 Forest trail in East Africa. 

825 A forest trail in the Congo. 

846 On Christian Street, Jerusalem. 

*920 Harvesting rice in Ceylon. 

LITTERS, CHAIRS AND RICKSHAWS 

82 Wheel chairs at Atlantic City, N. J. 

*169 Wheel chairs at Palm Beach, Fla. 

690 In the salt fields near Cadiz, Spain. 

*931 Principal Chinese street of Shanghai, China. 

954 Rickshaws near Yokohama, Japan. 

*964 Rickshaws in the cryptomeria avenue, near Nikko, 
Japan. 

965 A Japanese lady in a yama-kago, Japan. 

*967 Rickshaws under the bamboo trees, Japan. 

TRUCKS, CARTS AND WHEELBARROWS 

. 179 Shipping cotton, Texas. 

*758 An Austrian hamlet. 

935 Wheelbarrow transportation in Tientsin, China. 

*961 Baby carriage, Japan. 



USE OF ANIMALS 

USE OF HORSES 
{Farm and Draft Horses) 
*181 Cutting rice in Texas. 
*188 On a bustling levee at St. Louis. 
*200 20th Century harvester. 
*216 Ploughing on the prairie of Illinois. 
*225 In a great lumber yard. 
*306 Seining salmon in Columbia River. 
*527 Drawing hay in England (showing hayrack). 



TRANSPORTATION 629 

*557 Cart horse at linen mills. 

671 Horses used in threshing grain, France. 

*875 Eaising water from the Tigris Eiver, Mesopotamia. 

882 Drawing horse cars in Bagdad, Mesopotamia. 

(Saddle Horses) 

183 A saddle horse in Texas. 

*194 Indian braves in the saddle. 

*257 Cowboys on the prairie of Arizona. 

*259 Cowboys examining the brand of a yearling, 

*293 U. S. Cavalry horses. 

*676 Military horses in Madrid, Spain. 

677 Mounted soldiers at Madrid, Spain. 

772 Saddle horses in Langada Pass, Greece. 

*830 South African Light Horse — at Cape Town. 

*835 British Mounted Battery in South Africa. 

850 Arabian horses by the Dead Sea, Palestine. 

867 Arabian horses near Beyrout, Syria. 

941 Afllied armies entering the Sacred Gate at Peking, 
China. 

(Road Horses) 

26 Horse and carriage on country road in New Hampshire. 

*79 Horses hitched to cutter (sleigh), Prospect Park, Ni- 
agara Falls. 

84 Children and pony cart in a field of daisies. 

235 Six-horse tally-ho at Gardiner, Montana. 

*253 Stage-coach in Eocky Mountains, Colorado. 

*282 Driving horse, California. 

*365 Driving in Arcadia, 

*496 London "cabbies." 

500 Double-decked omnibus, London. 

*505 Coronation Procession in London. 

*538 Horse cars, Edinburgh. 

*546 Horse and carriage in Scotland. 

*555 Horse and Irish jaunting-cart near Dublin, Ireland. 

*576 Jaunting-cart, Norway. 



630 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

611 Eoyalty driving in Peterhof Park, Russia. 

615 Eussian carriages, Moscow. 

*657 Parisian double-deck liorse car. 

(Pack Horses) 

890 Bliutanese milkmen at Darjeeling, 

979 A pack train outside of Seoul, Korea. 

USE or MULES 

*170 Ploughing at Tuskegee. 

*273 Mule wagon in Painted Desert. 

*297 Mule team hauling logs in California. 

*442 The bread mule in Caracas, Venezuela. 

*469 Planting sugar cane on a farm at Santa Clara, Peru. 

USE OF BURROS 

275 Burros on the Grand View trail. 

277 A prospector's outfit on burro's back. 

*403 West from Pueblo, Mexico. 

*404 Extracting pulque, Mexico. 

449 Friendly little beasts of burden in Colombia. 

*450 Water sellers and their donkeys in streets of Barran- 

quilla, Colombia. 

*461 Traveling in the Andes, Ecuador. 

*464 Ice gatherers of Quito, Ecuador. 

474 Loading burros with silver ore, Peru. 

477 Pack train of donkeys in Peru. 

480 Coming down from El Misti, Peru. 

565 Irish farm donkey. 

*569 Donkeys in farmyard, County Kerry, Ireland. 

745 Near modern Syracuse, Sicily. 

USE OF DOGS 

392 Eskimo dog sleds. 

*642 Milk cart passing windmill, Holland. 

643 Dutch matron and her dog team, Holland. 



TRANSPORTATION 631 

*704 Dog and man team, Berne, Switzerland. 
*760 Woman and dog in Innsbruck, Tyrol. 

USE OF CATTLE 

*149 Collecting turpentine. 

162 In St. Augustine, Florida. 

*166 Eight-ox team hauling logs. 

172 Eapid transit in Mississippi. 

326 A double ox-team in Porto Eico. 

*430 Hauling ear-loads of sugar-cane to the mill, Cuba. 

*460 Ploughing in Ecuador. 

*470 Harvesting sugar-cane, Santa Clara, Peru. 

630 Harvesting in Germany. 

*679 Cow delivering milk in Valencia, Spain. 

696 Ox-sleigh in summer, Madeira Islands. 

*734 In the Carrara marble quarries, Italy. 

845 Plowing in the fertile plain of Sharon, Palestine. 

*883 A bullock cart at the railway station, Bombay. 

905 How beauty takes the air in an Indian ' ' reet. ' ' 

USE OF WATER BUFFALO AND CARABOA 

*357 Water buffalo at work in rice field, Luzon, P. I. 
*358 Filipino wagons drawn by caraboa. 
*363 A load of manila hemp at Cebu, P. I. 
914 Hauling timber with buffalo and bullock, Burma. 

USE OF LLAMAS 
*473 Pack train of llamas, with Indian driver, Peru. 
477 Pack train of llamas and donkeys in Peru. 

USE OF GOATS 

*743 Goats delivering milk in Palermo, Sicily. 

USE OF CAMELS 

788 A ship of the desert, Egypt. 
*789 The road to the Pyramids, Egypt. 



632 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

790 By the Great Pyramids, Gizeh. 

791 Up tlie corner of the Pyramid. 
*795 By the Sphinx and Pyramid. 
*842 In the oasis of Elim, Sinai. 
*844 Bazaar of Jaffa, Palestine. 

845 Plowing with a camel in Palestine. 

848 Caravan near Jaffa, Palestine. 

852 Joseph's well, Plain of Dothan, Palestine. 

*859 Caravan camp at Damascus. 

902 Curiously rigged camel wagon at Delhi, India, 

*938 Caravan on Legation Street, Peking, China. 

USE OF ELEPHANTS 

*904 The Great Durbar Pageant, Delhi, India. 

907 Elephants piling timber, Eangoon, Burma. 

*924 Plowing with elephants, Ceylon. 

925 Breaking down timber in stockade, Ceylon. 

USE OF REINDEER 

*582 Herd of reindeer in Norway. 

*593 Lapp home in northern Norway. 



USE OF DERRICKS, CRANES, ETC, 

*28 In the granite quarry at Concord. 

*43 Constructing a skyscraper. 

*195 At the Conneaut docks, Ohio. 

197 Unloading a lake steamer. 

*198 Lowering a five-ton electric clam. 

*214 Half mile of pork at Armour's, Chicago. 

224 Hauling logs up a slip. 

*228 Steam crane at work in mine. 

*229 Using a powerful crane. 

*334 One of the huge steam shovels used in digging the 
Panama Canal, 



TRANSPORTATION 633 

*336 The Miraflores locks, showing cranes, pulleys, etc. 
337 Huge traveling crane used at the Gatun Dam in 
Panama. 
*340 The machinery for towing boats through the Panama 

Canal. 
*495 Loading derricks on London docks. 

575 Well sweep, Norway. 
*915 Oil well in Burma. 
988 Gold mine in Victoria, Australia. 



LANB TRANSPORTATION 

USE or STEAM 
*250 Locomotive and train in Royal Gorge, Colorado. 
*265 Train on trestle at copper mines in Arizona. 
*269 Passenger train crossing high trestle in Canyon Diablo, 
Arizona. 
298 Log train in California. 
491 A train that climbs the Andes. 

COG ROADS 

*490 Cog road at Los Andes, Argentine. 
*699 Cog road up Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland. 

USE OF ELECTRICITY 

*3 Trolley cars in Boston. 
*40 Herald Square, north over Sixth Avenue Elevated EaU- 
way. 
53 Electric power on the New York, New Haven and Hart- 
ford E. E. 
*76 Electric line along the Gorge, Niagara Falls. 
*78 Where great dynamos generate 5,000 horse-power. 
81 Great truck escalator, Bergen Hill, Hoboken. 
*111 Electric motor in a coal mine in Pennsylvania. 
*212 Trolleys in Chicago. 



634 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*342 Electric trolley in Honolulu. 

*556 Double-decked trolley in Dublin. 

*573 Trolleys in Christiania, Norway. 

597 Trolleys in Stockholm. 

619 Eussian trolley line, Kief. 

623 Elevated E. E. in Berlin. 

*983 Trolley cars in Melbourne, Australia. 

AUTOMOBILES 

41 Automobiles on Fifth Avenue, N. Y. City. 

*164 Automobiles on beach at Ormond. 

*493 Principal street of Montevideo, Uruguay. 

499 London's financial center. 
508 Eegent Street in London. 

622 Automobiles, Unter-den-Linden, Berlin. 

OTHER INTERESTING FORMS 

41 Upper Fifth Avenue, New York City. 

*305 Shooting logs down a mountain side. 

*351 Principal business street in Manila, P. L 

374 Portage at falls in Muskoka Eiver, Canada. 

888 Canadian Pacific E. E. at Vancouver, B. C. 

471 Steep grade of E. E. in the Andes Mountains, Peru. 

500 Cheapside, London. 
*502 On the Thames Eiver. 

*509 Eowboats along the Thames at Windsor, England. 

528 Gasoline motor propeller plow in England. 

*538 Princes Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. 

545 Thousands of kegs of herring at Wick, Scotland. 

*556 In Dublin, Ireland. 

*561 Eoyal Avenue, Belfast, Ireland. 

*607 Nevsky Prospect, St. Petersburg, Eussia. 

615 In front of Kitai Gorod, Moscow, Eussia. 

*657 By the Palace of Justice, Paris. 

*680 Water seller on daily rounds, Valencia, Spain. 

709 Winding road, Italian Alps, Switzerland. 



*'7i 



TRANSPORTATION 635 

755 Horse cars, Vienna, Austria. 

772 Winding mountain road, Greece. 

797 An Egyptian well-sweep. 

882 Double-decked horse car in Bagdad. 

911 Elevating coffin in car to shrine, funeral of Buddhist, 

Burma. 

930 Along the Whangpoo Eiver, Shanghai, China. 



NAVIGATION 

EARLIER TYPES OF BOATS 

*316 Indian canoes at Kasaan Village, Alaska. 

*331 Indian dugouts on the Chagres Eiver, Panama. 

*389 Eskimo kayak in the Arctic Eegions. 

*824 Dugouts on the Congo. 

888 Inflating bullock skins, Eiver Sutlej, India. 

916 Timber raft on the Irrawaddy Eiver, Burma. 

CURIOUS AND ANTiaUATED TYPES OF BOATS 

350 Native boats on the Pasig Eiver, Manila, P. I. 

*444 Native dugouts on Lake Maraeaibo, Venezuela. 

*482 Straw boats on Lake Titicaca. 

485 French brig rounding Cape Horn. 

574 Old Viking ship. 

*631 Sculling on the Konig's See, Germany. 

*640 Canal-boats in Amsterdam. 

641 Canal-boats for freight in Delftshaven, Holland. 

*644 Fishing boats at Marken, Holland. 

*740 Venice — a gondola. 

741 Gondolas, beneath the Bridge of Sighs, Venice. 

*742 On a canal in Venice. 

853 Life on the shore of Galilee, Palestine. 

*880 Making kufas or round boats, from date-palm 
branches and rope, on the Tigris Eiver, Mesopotamia. 



636 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*881 Curious round boats (kufas) on the Tigris Eiver near 
Bagdad. 

914 On the Irrawaddy Eiver, Burma. 

*928 Boat population of Canton, China. 

936 Junk flotilla on Pei-ho Eiver, China. 

945 Clumsy Chinese junk on Yellow Sea. 

MODERN TYPES OF BOATS 

*29 In New York Harbor. 

*30 On a pleasure steamer. 

*48 Warships and pleasure craft on the Hudson Eiver. 

*54 Pleasure craft on the Hudson Eiver near West Point. 

*61 Life-saving boats and crew. 

145 U. S. battleships. 

*174 On the wharf at New Orleans. 

176 Small steamer stranded. 

*187 Typical end-wheeler on the Mississippi. 

*304 Stupendous log raft in the Columbia Eiver. 

*315 In the harbor at Seattle — ocean steamer. 

*349 In Manila Bay, P. I. 

362 Ocean steamers at Cebu, P. I. 

*364 Ocean liner in Yarmouth Harbor. 

373 Amidst the islands of the St. Lawrence. 

*391 Peary's ship at Cape Sabine. 

*423 Ocean steamship at Santiago, Cuba. 

445 Docks on Lake Maracaibo. 

510 Eowboats at Henley, England. 

*518 End of England at Land's End. 

*559 Building an ocean liner, Belfast, Ireland. 

*584 Bergen Harbor, Norway. 

*585 Steamer in Naerofjord, Norway. 

*587 Eowboat on Norwegian lake. 

612 The Eoyal Yacht — Alexandria. 

637 Across the Ehine from Coblenz, Germany. 

*649 On the Scheldt Eiver, Antwerp. 

666 The port of Nice, France. 



TRANSPORTATION 637 

*687 The Guadalquiver River, Seville, Spain. 

*781 In the Bosphorus. 

*785 In the Suez Canal. 

*805 On a steamer at Algiers. 

839 Harbor at Smyrna. 

927 Hong-Kong Harbor, China. 

*946 In the harbor at Port Arthur. 

SAILBOATS 

*396 Whalers Diana and Nova Zembla cruising in the Arctic. 

397 Whaling in Baffin Bay. 

485 French sailing vessel rounding Cape Horn. 

545 Herring boats at Wick, Scotland. 
*64:4 Fishing boat at Zuider Zee, Holland. 

LAKE STEAMERS 

*206 West over locks and vessels in the ship canal. 

207 Whaleback freighters of ore. 
*208 Down lockage in Sault Ste. Marie. 
*215 Loading great whaleback steamers. 
*378 Grain vessels loading from grain elevators on Lake 
Superior. 

EERIIY-BOATS 
*31 East Eiver from bridge. New York City. 
*44 Pennsylvania Railroad ferry-boats. New York City. 

OCEAN DOCKS 

*487 Most costly docks in the Western Hemisphere, Buenos 

Ayres, S. A. 
*492 The docks at Montevideo, Uruguay. 
*495 Albert docks on the Thames below London. 
*572 Boat leaving docks at Christian ia, Norway. 
*604 Harbor at Copenhagen, Denmark. 

HARBORS AND BAYS 

*366 Perce Bay, Perce, Quebec. 
367 Famous rocks in Perce Bay. 



638 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*423 Santiago Harbor. 

*437 Harbor at Island of Martinique. 

445 Loading ocean steamer at Maracaibo, Venezuela. 

*492 Montevideo, from the harbor. 

*554 The harbor at Queenstown, Ireland. 

*584 Bergen, Norway. 

*604 Harbor at Copenhagen, Denmark. 

*649 Antwerp, Belgium. 

666 The port of Nice, France. 

*687 Seville, Spain. 

690 Cadiz, Spain. 

*730 Harbor of Naples. 

748 Messina Harbor. 

839 Smyrna, and its harbor. 

927 Across the bay from Hong-Kong, China. 

*946 The harbor at Port Arthur, Manchuria. 

LOCKS AND LOCKAGE 

*206 West over locks and vessels in the ship canal, Sault 
Ste. Marie, Mich. 
207 Whaleback freighters in the canal, Sault Ste. Marie. 
*208 Down lockage in the canal, letting the water through 

the gates to equalize the level, Sault Ste. Marie. 
*336 Overlooking the locks at Miraflores, showing large 
gates, etc. 
337 In one of the immense chambers of the Gatun Locks, 
Panama. 
*338 Close view of the great steel gates in the Miraflores 
locks. 
339 The Great Locks, after the water was let in, Panama. 
374 Portage, before the days of locks. 
*577 Locks in Bandak Nordsjo Canal, Norway. 

CANALS 
333 Digging the Culebra Cut in Panama Canal. 
335 Looking down a long stretch of the finished canal, Pan- 
ama. 



TRANSPORTATION 639 

339 The Canal and Gatun Locks after the water was let in, 
Panama. 
*624 The Kiel Canal. 
*639 Canals in Holland. 
*640 Tree-lined canal, Holland. 

769 Ship canal, Corinth, Greece. 

TRANSPORTATION OF ORE 

*195 Piles of iron ore at the docks. 

*196 Unloading ore from lake steamers — old and new method. 

197 One-ton buckets for lifting ore from ships. 

*198 Unloading ore steamer — lowering 5-ton electric clam. 

*199 Electric unloader lifting five tons of iron ore. 

*203 Pockets of ore, 160 tons each, on long dock, ready for 

shipment. 

*204 Shaft house and machine shop. 

227 Hauling ore in open pit. 

*228 Steam shovel dumping its load into train. 

*229 Five-ton steam shovel at work. 

230 Down in a mine. 

*231 Dragging cars of ore through subterranean passage. 

*233 Locks, with two miles' frontage, holding 200,000 tons 

of ore. 

*234 Loading a lake steamer with ore from the docks. 

*265 Climbing the last loop on a mountain railway, 

*266 Inclines to the mines. 

*267 Loading surface ore. 

268 Loading ore on car, deep in mine. 



TUNNELS 

*472 Chaupichaea tunnel, Peru. 
*513 E. E. tunnel at Dover, England. 
*701 The Axenstrasse, Switzerland. 



640 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



BRIDGES 



9 North Bridge at Concord (wooden girder type) . 
*31 On the Brooklyn Bridge (steel suspension with granite 

towers). 
*32 Across Brooklyn Bridge (steel suspension with granite 
towers). 
34 Queensboro Bridge, N. Y. (steel cantilever). 
*57 High Bridge at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (steel cantilever). 

65 Bridge in Watkins Glen, N. Y. (wooden girder). 
*72 Steel bridge at Niagara (steel arch bridge). 
*77 Steel arched bridge at Niagara (steel arch). 
146 Natural Bridge (stone arch). 
*188 Steel bridge at St. Louis (steel arch). 
*252 Bridge in Ouray, Box Canyon, Colo, (wood and steel 

gallery) . 
*269 Bridge across Canyon Diablo, Ariz, (steel girder, trestle 

type). 
*472 Chaupichaca Bridge, Peru (steel girder, trestle type). 
*496 London Bridge (stone arch). 
497 Tower Bridge, London (steel and stone suspension with 
center bascule span and upper cantilever foot bridge). 
511 Wooden bridge at Oxford, England. 
535 Odd type of suspension bridge at Conway, Wales. 
*542 Great Forth Bridge, Scotland (steel cantilever). 
*596 Elevator and bridges, Stockholm (girder or truss type). 
*598 Bridge, Stockholm (steel girder and butment). 
*605 Queen Louise Bridge, Copenhagen (stone arch), 
*613 Bridge over Moskwa Eiver at Moscow (steel girder, 

stone butments). 
*624 Bridge across the canal near Kiel, Germany (steel 

arch) . 
*634 Bridges at Heidelberg, Germany (stone arch). 
*638 Pontoon bridge at Cologne, Germany (wooden pon- 
toon). 
*639 Bridges at Amsterdam (simple arch). 



TRANSPORTATION 641 

*656 Bridges across the Seine Eiver, Paris (steel and stone 

arch). 
*657 Bridge to City Island, Paris (stone arch). 
675 The old aqueduct, Segovia, Spain (stone arch). 
678 Famous "Flying Bridge," Spain (steel transporter 

type — cable-propelled car) . 
703 Bridges at Berne, Switzerland (stone arch). 
708 Bridge in the gorge of the Aare Eiver, Switzerland 

(wood and iron gallery) . 
725 Bridges across the Tiber at Eome (steel girder with 
stone buttresses and stone arch). 
*736 Bridges at Florence (stone arch). 

741 Bridge of Sighs, Venice (stone arch). 
*777 Galata Bridge, Constantinople (pontoon). 
913 Bridge across the great Gokteik Gorge, N. Burma (steel 

trestle). 
933 A bridge in inland China (stone arch). 
*982 Bridge at Melbourne, Australia (stone arch). 

AERIAL TRANSPORTATION 

*60 Curtis in his bi-plane. 

144 Wright up in his bi-plane. 

*591 Across enormous crevasse, Brigsdal Glacier, Norway. 

636 Over the Lorelei Eocks, Germany. 

678 The Flying Ferry at Portugalete, Spain. 

*835 War balloon used by British in South African war. 

947 War balloon at Port Arthur. 

*948 500-lb. shell in its flight into Port Arthur. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

See numbers *4, *27, 36, *38, 39, 112, 116, 118, *119, 120, *121, 
*123, *127, *159, *160, 175, *180, *182, 183, 205, 298, 
300, *318, *368, *376, *378, 385, *3S7, *411, 445, *452, 
455, 481, 491, *498, *502, *514, *518, 551, *553, 575, 
*587, 614, *654, *863, *966, *974, 998. 



SCHOOIROOM DECORATIONS 

The publishers can supply on application beautiful 
photographs suitable for wall decoration of any sub- 
ject in the above list in sizes i6 x 20 — 20 x 24. 



ZONE LIFE 

BY 

EIISWORTH HUNTINGTON, Ph.D., 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OP GEOGRAPHY, YALE UNIVERSITY. 

AUTHOR OF "Explorations in Turkestan," "The Pulse of 

Asia," "Asia: A Geographic Header," "Palestine 

and Its Transformation," "The Climatic 

Factor. ' ' 

640 STEREOGRAPHS OR SLIDES WITH 2,250 REFER- 
ENCES TO THEM 

The stereographs and slides included in this classi- 
fication from the i,ooo list illustrate the influence 
of different types of climate upon vegetation, ani- 
mals, and man. They are grouped according to the 
divisions commonly recognized among climatolo- 
gists. The equatorial zone and the frigid zone have 
not been subdivided since each of them retains a 
nearly uniform character in all parts. The zone of 
prevailing westerlies has been treated similarly, for 
its more unusual parts, such as inner Asia, are not 
here illustrated. The trade-wind zone and the sub- 
tropical zone, however, have been divided according 
to the amount of rainfall, or according to the season 

643 



644 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

at which it falls. Under each zone a number o£ 
topics have been added, and parts of the world seen 
in the stereographs and slides have been suggested 
for use in illustrating them. The purpose of the 
topics is to call attention to some of the most im- 
portant ways in which one zone differs from an- 
other. 

For the blackboard. 

It is suggested that the teacher place the following 
observation outhne (in part or whole) on the board 
and direct attention to it at the beginning of the 
lesson on Zone Life as a guide in the best use of the 
time allotted for the study of each stereograph. 
The outline, of course, may be modified to suit the 
particular subject and conditions. Some teachers 
prefer to depend on oral direction rather than a 
blackboard outline. 

OUTLINE DIRECTING THE PUPILS' STUDY. 

1. Name and character of the zone being studied. 

2. Location, ( ) country under observation. 

3. Characteristics of the zone seen: 

A. In vegetation. 

B. In climate. 

C. In animal life. 

D. Clothing of the people. 



ZONE LIFE 645 

E. Homes of the people. 

F. In character of race types. 

G. In civihzation, commerce, transportation. 

4. Effects of ahitude. 

A. On clothing. 

B. On vegetation. 

C. On climate. 

5. How does this zone differ from the zone you 

live in? 

6. How does it differ from the zones on either 

side of it? 

Publisher's Note. 

The numbers used in the following list are the serial num- 
bers found on the upper right-hand corner of the stereographs 
and on the slides. 

Those numbers preceded by a star (*) are the ones included 
in the special "600" set. 

For further illustrations for Zone Life, the teacher is re- 
ferred to the wider range of material to be found in our gen- 
eral catalogue, and to our regular Travel Tours on the different 
countries, particulars of which will be sent on application. 

1. THE EQUATORIAL ZONE 

This is characterized by constant high tempera- 
ture and by abundant rainfall distributed unequally 
through the year. Most portions have two rainy 
seasons, separated by two dry seasons. The facts 
most prominently illustrated by the regions seen in 
the stereographs and slides are the luxuriance of 



646 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

vegetation, the backwardness of man, and the de- 
pendence of this zone upon the more northern zones 
so far as modern civiHzation, commerce, manufac- 
tures, and the Hke are concerned. 60 stereographs, 

Panama, 328, 329, *330, *331, *334, 335. 

Philippine Islands, *358, *359, 360, *361, 362, *363. 

Costa Rica, *417, 418, *419, *420. 

Venezuela, *440, *442, *443, *444, 445, 446. 

Colombia, *447, 448, 449, *450. 

Brazil, 455. 

Ecuador, *457, *458, *459, *461, *463, *464, 465. 

East Africa, 809, 810, *811, 812, 813, *816, *817, *818, 819. 

Congo Free State, *822, 823, *824, 825. 

Ceylon, 918, 919, *920, *921, *922, 923, *924, 925, *926. 

Java, *997, 998. 

Central Africa, S20, 827. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR USE. 

Vegetation and Scenery. 
Panama, *328, 330. Costa Rica, *417, *420. Venezuela, *440. 
Ecuador, *457. Bast Africa, 810, 812, 813, *816, *817, *818. 
Congo, *822, 823, *824, 825. Ceylon, *920, *921, *922, 923, *924, 
925. Java, 998. Colombia, *447. 

Effect of Altitude. 
Ecuador, *459, *461, *463, *464, 465. 

Uncultivated Vegetable Products and their Uses. 
Venezuela, 446. Brazil, 455. 

Animals, tbeir Uses and Products. 

Wild. East Africa, 809, 810, 819. Central Africa, 820, 827. 
Ceylon, 923, 925. 



ZONE LIFE 647 

Domestic. Philippines, *358, *363. Costa Rica, 418. Colombia, 
448, 449, *450. Venezuela, 445 (hides). Ecuador, *461. 
Bast Africa, 813. Ceylon, *921, *924, 925, *926. 

Agriculture and Agricultural Products. 

Primitive Methods. Ceylon, *920, *924. 

Fruits. Panama, *331. Coste /?/ca, *417, *420. Co/omA/a, *447. 

East Africa, *816. 

G^rmrw. Cej^/oa, *920, *924. 

Offter seeds. Costa Rica, 418, *419. Ecuador, *457. fiasf Af- 
rica, *817. 

Fibers. Philippines, *361. 

Leaves. Ceylon, *922. 

General Views of Cities and Villages. 

Panama, 328. Costa Rica, *417. Colombia, 448. Ecuador, *440, 
*463. Con^o, *822, 823. 

Homes of the People. 

Panama, 329. Philippines, *359, 360, *363. Costa Rica, *417, 
Venezuela, *442. Ecuador, *458, *459. Colombia, 448, 449, 
*450. fias<>4/rica, *811,813, *816. Cer/on, *920, *921, *926. 

Public Buildings. 

Panama, *330. Venezuela, *440. Colombia, *447. 



^ree^ Scenes. 

Panama, 328, 329. Philippines, *358, 360, *363 Colombia, 448, 

449, *450. Venezue/a, *442, *443. Braz//, 455. fias^ A/Wca, 

sno 



Dress. 
Panama, 328, 329, *331. Philippines, *35S, *359, 360, *361, 
362, *363. Costa Rica, 418, *420. Venezue/a, *442, *443, 
445, 446. Colombia, *450. Ecuador, *457, *458, *459 (note 
effect of altitude in this and succeeding pictures), *4.gj 

*4a3, *464. East Africa, 809, 810, *811, 812, 813, *816, 



648 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

*817. coago, 823, *824. Ceyloa, 918, 919, *920, *921, *922, 
*924. Java, *997, 998. 

Life of the People. 

Panama, 328, 329. Philippines, *359, 360. Venezuela, *442, 
*443, *444. Ecuador, *458, *459. East Africa, *811, *816. 

Position and Occupations of Women. 

Philippines, *359, 360. East Africa, *811, 812. Ceylon, *920. 

Industries. 

Philippines, *359, *361, 362. Ceylon, 918, 919. 

Transportation and Communication. 

\ By land. Philippines. *358, *363. Colombia, 449, *450. Vea- 
' ezue/a, *442. gas^ Africa, 809, *819, 825. Congo, 823. 

By water. Panama, *331. Philippines, 362. Venezuela, *444, 
445. Ecuador, *461, *464. Cous-o, *822, *824. 

Commerce and Exports. 

Philippines, *361. Costa Rica, *417, 418. Venezuela, 445, 446. 
Bra^//, 455. Ecuador, * 4:57 . East Africa, 809. Ceylon, *922. 

Health. 

Panama, *330. 

Presence of Northerners as Rulers and Leaders. 

Panama, 328, *330, *334, 335. Costa Rica, *417. Venezuela, 
445. Bast Africa, 810. Congo, *822. Ceylon, *922, 

£ase o/ Getting a Living. 

Panama, *331. Costa Rica, *420. 

2. r/fE TRADE-WIND AND MONSOON ZONES 

These are characterized by constant high temper- 
ature and by steady trade-winds from the northeast 



ZONE LIFE 649 

or southeast during a large part of the year, or else 
by monsoon winds which blow from the south or 
southwest and take the place of the trade- winds dur- 
ing the summer. When the sun is farthest north or 
farthest south, however, equatorial conditions pre- 
vail in one or the other of the trade-wind zones and 
heavy rains usually fall. In these zones the contrast 
between the seasons is not great, although more im- 
portant than in the equatorial zone. The climate is 
distinctly more healthful and invigorating than in 
the equatorial zone, however, and there is a cor- 
respondingly greater degree of energy among the 
people. Moreover, conditions are much more favor- 
able for the white man from the north, and accord- 
ingly places in this zone seen in the stereographs or 
slides show far more of his influence. 84 stereo- 
graphs. 

A.. WINDWARD WELL-WATERED REGIONS. 

This includes places which lie on the east side of 
the continents and hence are fully exposed to the 
trade-winds. During the winter of their hemisphere 
the trade-winds blow upon them and bring more or 
less moisture from the ocean. During the summer 
the equatorial belt shifts over them, and rain is 
abundant and vegetation luxuriant. Accordingly 
these regions have rain at most times of the year, 



650 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

and their dry season, corresponding to the late win- 
ter or early spring of their hemisphere, is short. It 
is often difficult to draw a distinct line between re- 
gions of this type and true equatorial regions. For 
instance, the southern islands of the Philippines are 
here classified under equatorial regions and the 
northern island of Luzon under the trade-wind type, 
but the distinction is not sharp. 30 stereographs. 

Porto Rico, 322, *323, 324, *325, 326. 
Hawaiian Islands, 341, *342, *343, *344. 
Samoa, *348. 

Philippine Islands, 353, *355, *356, *357. 
Mexico, 401, 406, *407, *408, *411, *412. 
Cuba, *421, *427, *428, 429, *431, *432. 
Jamaica, 433, *434, *435. 
Brazil, 453. 

B. LEEWARD DESERT REGIONS. 

This includes places which lie in the zone of the 
trade-winds, but cannot be reached by them until 
the winds have surmounted high mountains, or have 
crossed broad tracts of land and have therefore been 
obliged to give up most of their moisture. Hence 
such regions suffer a long dry season during the 
winter of their hemisphere, and only receive rain 
when the equatorial zone shifts over them in sum- 
mer. All such regions have a somewhat arid ap- 
pearance and some of them are genuine deserts. 29 
stereographs. 



ZONE LIFE 651' 

Mexico, *398, *400, 402, *403, *404, 405, 413, *414, 4X5, 

*416. 
Peru, *466, 467, *468, *469, *470, *473, 474, *475, 477, *478, 

479, 480, *482, *483, 484. 
South Africa *831, *832, *835, 838. 



C. MONSOON REGIONS. 

The regions falling under this head receive rain 
on their eastern sides during the time when the 
trade-winds prevail in the winter of their hemi- 
sphere. During the summer they are characterized 
by monsoon winds which blow from the south or 
southwest in the opposite direction to the trade- 
winds, and which give up abundant moisture. In 
the present classification all of India is included in 
this zone, although in the northern parts subtropical 
conditions prevail. 25 stereographs. 

India, *885, *886, *887, 888, 889, 890, *891, 892, 893, 894, 

*895, 896, *897, 898, *899, 902, 905. 
Burma, 907, *908, *910, *912, 913, 914, *915, 916. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR USE. 

(The letters A, B, and C refer to the three sub-divisions 
given above.) 



Vegetation and Scenery. 






(A) Porto Rico, *323, 324, 


Hawaii, 


*343, *344. 


*325. 


Cuba, 


*427. 


Mexico, *411. 


Brazil, 


453. 


Jamaica. 433, *435. 







652 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



(B) Mexico, 413, *414, 402, *403, *404, 405 (cacti). 

Peru, *468, *469, *475, 477, 479, 480, *482, *483, 

484. 
South Africa, *831, *832, 

(C) India, 889, 890, *S97. 



838. 
Burma, 



*912, 913. 



Effect of Altitude. 

(B) Mexico. 402, *403. 
Peru. 474, *475, 479, 

(C) India, *885, 890. 



480, *482, *483, 484, 477. 



Uncultivated Vegetable Products and their Uses. 

(A) Mexico, *411. 

(C) Burma, 907, 914, 916. 

Animals, tbeir Uses and Products. 

Wild. 

(B) Peru, *473 (The llamas here shown are domesticated, 

but are essentially the same as the wild 
guanaco). 

(C) India. 894, 896. Burma. 907. 



Domestic. 

(A) Porto Rico. 326. 

(B) Mexico, *403. 
Soutti Africa, *831. 

(C) India, 888, 893, *895, 

902, 905. 
Burma. 907, 914. 



Agriculture and Agricultural Products. 

Agricultural Methods. 



Pliilippines, *357. 

Peru, *470, *473, *483, 477. 

West Australia. 991. 



(A) Pliilippines, *357. 
Jamaica, 433, *434. 

(B) Mexico, *404, *414. 



Cuba, *431. 

Peru, *468 (irrigation), 
*469, *470. 



ZONE 


LIFE 






Agricultural Products. 








Fruits. 








(A) Porto Rico, *323, 324. 


Hawaii, 


*344. 




Mexico, 401. 


Jamaica, 


433, 


*434. 


Grains. 








(A) Philippines, *357. 








(C) India. *886. 


Burma, 


*908. 




Other Seeds. 








(A) Mexico, *407, *408. 








Fibers. 








(A) piiilippines, *355. 


Mexico, 


406. 




(B) y»fe;i:/co, 415, *416. 


Peru, 


467, 


*468. 


Leaves and Stalks. 








(A) Cuba, ■ *431 (tobacco), *432. 






^\ Sap. 








(A) Ca6a, 429. 








(B) Mexico, *404 (intoxicating liquor) 


L 




Peru, *469, *470. 








General Views of Cities and Villages. 






(A) Potto Rico, *325. 


Hawaii, 


341. 




Braz//, 453. 








(B) Mexico, 402, 413. 


Peru, *466, 


*478, 


484. 


(C) tod/a, 892, 898. 








Homes of the People. 








(A) Porto Rico, 322, *325. 


Samoa, 


*348. 




Ptiilippiaes, 353, *356, 


Mexico, 


*407, 


*412. 


*357. 








Cuba, *428, *431. 


Jamaica, 


*435, 




(B) Pen/, *473, 479, *483. 









653 



654 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



Cuba, *421. 



Public Buildings. 

(A) Hawaii, 341. 
Brazil, 453. 

(B) Mexico, *398, *400. 

(C) India, 892, *899, 902. 

Street Scenes 

(A) Hawaii,*M2. 

(C) India. 890, 893, 894, 
*895, 905. 
Dress. 

Native Types. 

(A) Samoa, *348. 
;MeA:/co, 401, *407, *408, 

*412. 

(B) Mexico, 402, 413, *414, 415, *416 (Note effect of alti- 
tude on dress here and in following pictures), *403, 405. 

South Africa, 838. Peru, *473,°*475, 484. 

(C) India, *886, *887, 888, 889, 890, 893, 894, *897, 



PhiUppines, *355, *356. 
Jamaica, *435. 



902. 








Burma, *908, *910, 


*912, 


914, 916 




Foreign Types. 








(A) Porto Rico, *323, 


324. 


Mexico, 


406. 


Cuba, *428. 




Jamaica, 


433, *434. 


(B) Peru, *470. 








Life of tlie People. 








(A) Porto Rico, 322, 


*325, 


Samoa, 


*348. 


326. 








Philippines, *355, 


*356, 


Mexico, 


*412. 


*357. 








Cuba, *428. 




Jamaica, 


*435. 


(B) Mexico, 402, *404, 


405, 






413, *414, 


415, 






*416. 








Peru, *473, 479. 









ZONE LIFE 655 

(G) India, *886, 889, 890, 
' 893, 894, *895. 

Burma, *910, 916. 

Position of Women, and Women's Occupations. 

(A) Mexico, 406, *412. 

(B) Pern. *469, *475. 

(C) Indli. *886, 889, 905. 

Industries and Manufactures. 

Home Industries. 

(A) Philippines, *355. 
Jamaica, *435. 

Mexico, *412 (women grinding flour). 

(B) Mexico, 413, 415, *416. 

(C) India, *886, *887. 
Manufactures. 

(A) Mexico. 406. Cfba, 429, *432. 

(B) Peru, 467. 

Transportation and Communication. 

By Land. 

(A) Porto Rico, 326. 

(B) Mexico, *403, *404, 405, 413. 

Peru, *470, *473, 474, *475, 480, 477. 

(C) India, 890, 893, 902, 905. 
Burma, 913, 914. 

By Water. 

(A) Peru, *482 

(C) India, 888. Burma, 916. 

Commerce. 

Exports of Raw Materials. 
(C) Burma, *908, *915. 

//ea/^Zi. 

(A) PltHippineB, 353 (Houses on piles for the sake of 
healthful breezes). 



656 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Presence of alien races, (chiefly as rulers and leaders 
from Europe and the United States, but sometimes as Chinese 
and Japanese laborers who are far more industrious than the 
natives). 

(A) Hawaii, 341, *342 (Japanese). 

Cuba, *421 (Spanish), *427 (Americana), 

(B) Mexico, *398, *400. 
Peru, 467, 474. 
Souili Africa, *832. 

(C) ladia, 892, 893 (Signs in English). 
Burma, 913, *915. 

Ease of getting a living, 

(A) Porto Rico, 324. Hawaii, *344. 

Mexico, 401. Jamaica, *434. 

Tropical Typhoons. 
(A) Pbilippiaes, 353. 



3. THE SUB-TROPICAL ZONE 

The chief characteristic of this zone is that it is 
normally a region of high barometric pressure and 
hence dry, but either the zone of prevailing wester- 
lies in winter or the zone of monsoons in summer 
shifts into it and produces a rainy season. Certain 
regions, such as the Gulf States, receive rain both 
from the westerlies and the monsoons, and hence 
have no dry season. This zone differs from the 
equatorial and trade-wind zones in having a pro- 
nounced difference in temperature between summer 
and winter, a fact which has much to do with the 



ZONE LIFE 657 

high degree of civilization and progress among its 
people. 174 stereographs. 

A. REGIONS WITH SUMMER RAIN OR RAIN AT 
ALL SEASONS. 

This includes the sub-tropical countries of the 
eastern parts of Asia and North America which re- 
ceive rain in summer from inblowing winds of the 
monsoon type, while in winter they are either rela- 
tively dry as in China, or receive rain from cyclonic 
storms as in the Gulf States of America. The 
whole of China is included in this division, partly 
because, while parts of the country may be consid- 
ered as falling in the zone of prevailing westerly- 
winds, no part Is visited by storms at all seasons, 
which is one chief characteristic of that zone, and 
partly because the effect of the climate on the people 
is almost the same in all parts. 40 stereographs. 

Gulf States. 



Georgia, 


*159, 


*160, 


161. 










Florida, 


162, 
*169. 


163, 


*164, 


*165, 


*166, 


*167, 


*168, 


Alabama, 


*170. 














Mississippi, 


172. 














Louisiana, 


*173, 


*174. 












Texas, 


176, 


*178, 


*180, 


*182. 








Argentine, 


*487, 


*488, 


*489. 










Uruguay, 


*492, 


*493, 


*494. 










China, 


927, 


*928, 


*929, 


930, 


*931, 


*932, 


933, 




*934, 


935, 


937, 


*938, 


939, 


940, 


942, 




*944. 















658 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



B. REGIONS WITH WINTER RAIN. 

These regions receive rain in winter from storms 
of cyclonic character, such as prevail in the next 
zone to the north, but have relatively little rain in 
summer. Some of the countries here included, for 
instance, northern Italy, might almost as well be in- 
cluded in the zone of prevailing westerlies. 103 
stereographs. 



Utah. 


256. 














Colorado, 


(southwestern portion) 


244, 


*245, 


*246, 




251, 


*254, 


255. 










California, 


*279, 


*280, 


*281, 


*282, 


*283, 


*286, 


*287, 




*291, 


*292, 


*293, 


*294, 


295, 


*296, 


*297, 




298, 


*299, 


300. 










Spala, 


674, 


678, 


*679, 


*680, 


*681, 


*684, 


*685, 




*686, 


*687, 


690, 


*691. 








Italy. 


725, 


*730, 


*731, 


733, 


*736, 


*743, 


*744, 




745, 


746, 


*747, 


748. 








Greece. 


*761 

775, 


*768, 
*776. 


769, 


*771, 


772, 


773, 


774, 


Turkey. 


*777 


778, 


780, 


*781, 


*782, 


839. 




Palestine, 


845, 
853, 


847, 
854, 


848, 

*855. 


849, 


850, 


*851, 


852, 


Syria, 


856 


*858, 


*859, 


*860, 


*861, 


*862, 


*863, 




*864, 


*865, 


867, 


872. 








Mesopotamia, 


873, 
»880, 


*874, 
*881, 


*875, 
882. 


*876, 


877, 


878, 


879, 


Algiers, 


*805 


, 806, 


*807, 


808. 








Cape Colony, 


*829 















Victoria {Australia), 



*982, 984, *985, *987, 988, *990. 



ZONE LIFE 659 

C. REGIONS WITH A DEFICIENCY OF RAIN AT ALL 
SEASONS. 

This includes some regions, such as Arizona and 
New Mexico, which have two rainy seasons, in sum- 
mer and winter respectively, but which receive only 
a small amount of rain at either season. It includes 
other regions, such as Egypt, which have rain only 
in winter. All of these regions are deserts except in 
favored localities. 31 stereographs. 

Arizona, *257, 258, *259, *261, *262, *263, *264, 

*265, 268, *269, *270, *271, *272, *273, 
277. 

Egypt. 787, 788, *789, *792, 793, *795, *796, 

*797, *798, *799, *801, 802, *803, 804. 

Arabia (.Sinai), 841, *842. 

SUGGESTIONS FOB, USE. 

(The letters A, B, and C refer to the three sub-divisions 
given above.) 

Vegetation and Scenery. 

(A) Quit States 163, *166. 

China, 927, 930, *943, *944. 

(B) California, *279, *280, *282, *291, *292, *299, 300. 
Spain, 674, *681, *684, *686. 

Colorado, 255. 

Victoria (Australia), *982, *987. 

Turkey, 839. 

Italy. *730, *731, 733, 745, 746, *747, 748. 

Syria, 872. 

Greece. *768, 769, *771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 

*776. 
Cape Colony, *829. 
Palestine, 845, 848, 849, 850, 854, *855. 



660 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

(C) Arizona, *257, 258, *261, *262, *265, *269, *270, 

*271, *272, *273, 277. 
Egypt. *789, *792, 794, *798, 802. 

Arabia. 841, *842. 



Effect of Altitude. 

(B) Colorado. 
Syria, 



244, *245, *246, 251. 
872. 



Uncultivated Vegetable Products and tbeir Uses. 

Liimbering. 

(A) Oulf States, *159. 

(B) CaUforala, *293, *294, 295, *296, *297, 298, *299, 

300. 



Animals, their Uses and Products. 



Wild. 












(A) Quit States, 


*180, 


183. 








(B) California, 


*283 


(ostrich) 


, *286, *287. 






Palestine, 


853 


(fish). 








Australia, 


984. 










Domestic. 












(A) Quit States, 


*166, 


172. 


(B) (Cont'd) 






China, 


*938. 




(Silkworms), 


*864, 


867. 


(B) California, 


*283. 




Mesopotamia, 


.*875, 


878, 


Spain, 


*679. 






882. 




Italy, 


*744, 


745. 


(C) Arizona, 


*257, 


258, 


Palestine, 


845, 


848, 




*259, 


270, 




850, 


852. 




277. 




Victoria (Australia), 


*985, 


Egypt, 


788, 


*789, 




*987. 






794, 


*799. 


Syria, 


*859, 
*865. 


*863, 


Arabia, 


*842, 





661 



Agriculture and Agricultural Products. 

Agricultural Methods. 



(A) Gulf states. 


*160, 
*182. 


*170, 


(B) California, 


*280. 




Spain, 


674, 
*691. 


*686, 


Palestine, 


845. 




(C) Bgypt, 


*799. 





Agricultural Products. 

Fruits. 

(A) Gulf states, *167, *168. 

(B) California, *279, *280, 

*281. 
Spain, *686, *691. 

Italy, *744. 

Mesopotamia, *874, 882. 

(C) AraWa. 841 (palms). 

Leaves, Bark and Stalks. 

(A) China, *932, 933, 

(B) Spain, *681(cork). 



Irrigation. 

(B) California, *279, *280, 

*282. 
iMesopoteni/a,*874, *875, 
*876. 

(C) Egypt, *792, *797, 

*798, 802. 



Grains. 

(A) Gulf States, 
China 

(B) Spa/ii, 

Fibers. 



•=182. 
933. 
674. 



(A) Gulf States, *160, 161, 
*178, *180. 

(A) Gulf states. *173. 



General Views of Cities and Villages. 

(A) 0«// states, *159, *173. (A) t/n/^ay. 



Argentine, 



(B) California, 
Utah, 
Spain, 



Italy, 



*487. 



*279. 

256. 

*678, *684, 
*687. 

725, *730, 



*492. 
China. 927, *928, 

930, 937, 
939, 940. 
(B) Italy (Cont'd) 733, *736, 
745, 746, 
748. 
Greece, *761, *771, 

775, 



662 


THE 


WORLD 


VISUALIZED 






(B) Turkey, 


*777, 


778, 


(B) Algiers, 


*805, 


806. 




780, 


*781, 


Cape Colony, 


*829. 






839. 




Mesopotamia, 


*881. 




[Palestlae, 


847. 




Victoria (Australia), 


*982, 


Syria, 


*859. 






*987, 


988. 


(Q) Arizona, 


*265. 




(C) Bgypt, 


*792. 




Homes of the People. 




Public Buildings. 






(A.) Gulf States, 


162, 


172. 


(A) Argentine, 


*488. 




China, 


939. 




Uruguay, 


*494. 




(B) Spain, 


674. 




China, 


940, 


942, 


Syria, 


*858, 


*863. 




*944. 




Victoria (Australia), 


*990. 


(B) Spain, 


*684, 


*685. 


(C) Arizona, 


*261, 


*262. 


Italy, 


725, 


*736. 


Egypt. 


*798. 




Turkey, 
Mesopotamia, 
(C) Bgypt, 


778. 

,*881. 

788. 




Street Scenes. 












(A) Argentine, 


*489. 




(B) (Cont'd) 






Uruguay, 


*493. 




Turkey, 


*782. 




China, 


*931, 


*932, 


Palestine, 


848. 






935, 


*938. 


Mesopotamia 


.*881, 


882. 


(B) Algiers, 


*807, 


808. 








Spain, 


*679, 


*680. 


(C) Bgypt, 


787, 


*789. 


Italy, 


*743. 











Dress. 

(A) Quit States, *160, 172. 

China, *929, *931, *932, 933, 935, *938, *944. 

(B) Spain, *679, *680, *686, *691. 
Italy, *744, 745. 

Greece, *761, *771, 774, *776. 

Turkey, *782. 

Palestine, 845, 847, 848, 849, 850, *851, 852, 
853, 854. 



ZONE LIFE 663 

Syria, *858, *860, *861, *862, *863, *864, 867. 

Algiers, 808. 

MesopotamlH, *874:, *875, 878, 879, *880, *881. 
(C) Arizona, *257, *259, *261, *262, *263, *264, *269. 

Arabia, 841, *842. 

Egypt, 787, 788, *792, 793, 794, *797, *798, 

*801, 802, 804. 



Life of the People. 












(A) Quit states, 172. 




(B) 


{Cont'd) 






China, *929, 


*931, 




Palestine, 


*851, 


852, 


933, 


935. 






853. 




(B) Spain, 674, 


*679, 




Syria, 


*858, 


*859, 


*680, 


*691. 






*860, 


*861, 


Victoria {Australia), 


*990. 






*862, 


*863. 


Italy, *743, 


*744, 




Algiers, 


808. 




745. 




(C) Arizona, 


*262, 


*263, 


Greece, *771. 








*264. 





Positions and Occupations of Women. 

(A) Quit states, *160. (B) {Cont'd) 

(B) Spain, 674, *679, Palestine, *851, 853. 

*691. Syria, *858, *861, 

Greece, *771. *862. 



Industries and Manufactures. 

(A) Gulf states, 161, *173, (B) {Cont'd) 

*178. Syria, *860, *862, 

(B) CaUfornia, *294, 295, *S64, *865, 

*296, *297, 867. 

298, *299, Victoria (Australia), *985, 

300. 988. 

Spain, 690. Mesopotamia, 879. 

Palestine, *851. (C) Arizona, *263, *264, *265. 



664 



tSe world visualized 



Transportation and Communication. 



By Land. 






By Water. 






(A) Oulf States, 


162, 


*164, 


(A) Gulf States, 


*159, 


*173, 




*166, 


*169, 




*174. 






172. 




Argentine, 


*487. 




China, 


927, 


*928, 


Uruguay, 


*492. 






935, 


*938. 


Mesopotamia 


, 878. 


*880, 


(B) California, 


*282, 


298. 




*881. 




Spain, 


*680. 




China, 


930. 




Italy, 


*743. 




(B) Spain, 


678, 


*687. 


Greece, 


769, 


772. 


Turkey, 


*781, 


839. 


Turkey, 


*777, 


*782. 


Palestine, 


853. 




Palestine, 


848, 


850, 


Algiers, 


*805. 






852. 




(C) Egypt, 


802, 


804. 


Syria, 


*859, 


867. 








Mesopotamia 


. 882. 










(C) Arizona, 


*265, 
*273, 


*269, 

277. 









Egypt, 



788, *789. 



Commerce. 

Exports of Raw Materials. 

(A) Gult States, *159, 161, 

*180. 

(B) Spain, *683. 
Mesopotamia, 878. 



Exports of Manufactured 
Products. 
(A) Gulf States, *173, *174. 



Healtli and Pleasure Resorts. 

(A) Gulf states, *164, *169. 



(B) California, *291, *292. 



Ruins. (Note that B and C of this zone are the regions 
where the world's chief ruins are located.) 

(B) Colorado, *254, 255. Greece, *761, *771, 

Italy, 725, 745. 773, 774. 







ZONE 


LIFE 




665 


(B) Turkey, 


*781. 




(C) Arizona, 


*261. 




Palestine, 


847. 




Egypt, 


*789, 


793, 


Syria, 


856. 






794, 


*801, 


Mesopotamia, 


873, 
877. 


*876, 




802, 


804. 


Tropical Hurricanes. 










(A) Qalf States, 


176. 











4. THE ZONE OF PREVAILING WESTERLIES 

This includes countries which receive most of 
their rain from cyclonic storms, and which have 
their rain distributed fairly evenly throughout the 
year. It might be subdivided into coastal and in- 
terior regions, but this is not here attempted. This 
zone, like the others, is by no means bounded by 
parallels of latitude. In the United States it goes 
south almost to Florida in latitude 30°, while in 
parts of Europe it is bordered on the south by the 
Alps in latitude 46°. The contrasts between sum- 
mer and winter here reach a maximum, and there 
are also much more frequent changes of weather 
from day to day and from week to week than in any 
other zone. Both of these conditions are favorable 
to activity and energy. This is one of the reasons 
why civilization reaches its highest development in 
this zone. Hence the places seen in the stereographs 
and slides show many evidences of skill in manufac- 
tures, architecture, government, and all the arts and 
sciences. 296 stereographs. 



666 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

NORTH AMERICA. 

Eastern United States, 51, 533, 534. 

New England States. 

Massachusetts. *2, 6, 8, 9, *10, 11, 12, 13, 14, *15. 
New Hampshire, *25, 26, *27. 

Middle Atlantic States. 

New York, *29, *30, *44, *45, *48, 53, *54, *56, *57, 59, 

*61, 62, *63, 64, 65, *66, *67, 68, *69, *72, 74, *77, 

*78, *79, *80. 
New Jersey, 81, 82, *83, *86, *87, *88. 
Peaasylvaala, *108, *109, 118, *119, *123, *127. 
District ot Columbia, *128, *129, *130, *131, *137. 

South Atlantic States. 

Virginia, 141, 142, *143, 146. 
North Carolina, *149, *150, *151. 
South Carolina, 152, *154, *156. 

Central Western States. 
Kentucky, 185, *186. 
Missouri, *187, *188, 190, 191. 
Kansas. *193. 

Great Lake States. 
Ohio, *195. 

Michigan, *200, *201, 202, *206, 207, *208, *210, *211. 
Illinois, *213, *214, *215, *216, 217, *218. 
Wisconsin, *219, *220, *223. 
Minnesota. 224, *225, *226, *229, *234. 

Rocky Mountain States. 

Wyoming, 235, *236, *237, *238, 240, *241, 242, *243. 

Pacific Coast States. 

Oregon. *303, *304, *305, *306, *307. 
Washington, 308, *309, 310, *315. 



ZONE LIFE 667 

Eastern Canada, *364, *365, *366, *368, *369, *371, 372, 

373, 374. 
Western Canada, *375, *376, *377, *378, *380, *381, *383, 

*384, 388. 
South America. 
Chili, 485, *486. 

EUROPE. 

England and Wales,* 45)5, *509, 510, 511, *513, *514, 516, 

*519, *524, *526, *527, 528, 530, 533, 

534, 535. 

Scotland. 539, 541, *542, *543, 544, 545, *546, 

*547, *548, *549, 550, 551, 552, *553. 

Ireland, *554, *555, *557, *558, *559, *560, *562, 



Norway, 



Holland, 
Belgium, 



565, *566, *567, 568, *569, *571. 

*572, 574, 575, *577, *578, *579, 580, 

581, *585, *586, *591, *592. 

Sweden, *596, 597, *598, *600, *601, *602, 603. 

Denmark, *604, *605, 606. 

Russia. *607, *609, *613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 

*618, 619, *620. 

Germany, *621, 623, *624, *625, *626, 627, *628, 

630, *631, *632, *633, *634, *635, 636, 

637. 



637. 

*640, *642, 643, *644, *645, *646. 
'649, *650, *651. 



Belgium, ^649, *650, *651. 

France, 652, *655, *661, 664, *665, 666, *667, 

*668, *669, 670, 671, *672. 

Switzerland, 697, *698, *699, *700, *701, 703, *705, 

706, *707, 709, *710, *713, 715, *716, 

718, *724. 

Austria, 750, *752, *756, 757, *758, 759, *760. 

ASIA. 

Japan, 954, *955, *956, 959, *960, *961, *962, 

963, *964, 965, *967, *968, *969, *970. 



668 



THE WORLD VISUALIZED 



Manchuria, 
Korea, 



*946, 947. 
979, *980, *981. 



AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 
Tasmania, *992. 

New Zealand, 993, *994, 996. 



SUGGESTIONS EOR USE.' 
Vegetation and Scenery. 

Eastern United States, 533, 
11, 14, 
*54, 65, 



534. New England, 9, 

*27. 



*10, 



Middle Atlantic, '54, (35, =^67, *69, *72, 74, *77, 

*79, *80, 84, *108, *109, *127. 
South Atlantic, 146, *149, 152. Central Western, *193. 
Great Lakes, *201, 202, 217, *223. 

Rocky Mountains, 235, *236, *237, *238, 239, 240, *241, 
242, *243. Pacific Coast, *303, *304, 
*305, *306, 310. Eastern Canada, *364, 
*365, *366, 373, 374, *380, *381, *383. 
England, 510, 511, *513, 516, *524, 533, 534. 

Scotland, 539, 541, *543, 544, *547, 
*548, *549, 550, 551, 552, *553. Ireland, 
*555, *557, *562, *566, *567, *571. 
Norway, 675, *577, *578, *579, 580, 681, *585, 

*586, *692. Sweden, *600, *601, 603. 
Russia, *609, 619. Oermany, 630, *631, *632, 

*633, *634. Holland, *642, *646. 
Belgium. *650. France, 652, 664, *665, 666, 

*667, 670, 671. 

Switzerland, 697, 709. Austria, *756, 757. Japan, 

954, *956, *961, *964, *967, *970, *972, 
*973, *974, *975. Tasmania. *992. New 
Zealand, *994, 996. 

CblU, 485, *486. 



ZONE LIFE 669 

Effect of Altitude. 

Western Canada, *380, *381, *383. Norway, *591, *592. Qer- 

maay. *631. France, *667. 
Switzerland, *698, *699, *700, *701, *705, 709, *710, *713, 715, 

*716, 718, *724. 
Austria, *756, 757, 759, *760. Japan, *956. New Zealand, 996. 

Uncultivated Vegetable Products and their Uses. 

Middle Atlantic, 84. South Atlantic, *149, *150, *151. Great 

Lakes, *219, 224, *225. 
Pacific Coast, *304, *305. 

Animals, their Uses and Products. 

Wild. 

Eastern United States, 51, 533, 534. Central Western, 191. 

Rocky Mountains, *238, 239. 
Eastern Canada, *368. England, 533, 534. 

Domestic. 

Middle Atlantic, *66, *67, 68, *86, *87, *88. Great Lakes, *201, 

*213, *214, 217, *218. Pacific Coast, *309. 
Scotland, 516, *527, *543, 544. Ireland. *569. Norway. *585, 

*586, *592. Denmark. 606. Russia. 617. Holland. *642, 

643, *646. 
France. 664. Switzerland. 715. Austria, 757, *760. 

Fisheries. 

New England, 12, 13. Middle Atlantic *63, 64. Pacific Coast, 

*306, *307, 308. 
Scotland. 545. 

Agriculture and Agricultural Products. 

Methods of Agriculture. 

Middle Atlantic. 59. Great Lakes, *200, *216. Pacific Coast, *309. 
Western Canada, *376, *377. England, *527, 528. /re/and, 
*566. Norway, *578. S»Ke<fefl, *601. 



670 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Germany, *626, 630. Holland, *642, *646 (pumping water with 

windmills) . 
France, *661, 671. 
Fruits. 

Pacific Coast, *303, 310. France, *661. Japan, *974. 
Grains. 
Central Western, *193. Great Lakes, *200, *216. Pacific Coast, 

*309. Western Canada, *376, *377. 
Ireland, *566. Sweden, *601. Germany, 630. Prance, 652, 671. 
Japan, *955, *971, *972, *974, *975. 
Fibers. 

Belgium, *650, *651. 
Leaves and Stalks. 
England, *527. Norway, *578 {hay) . Russia, *609. Japan, *973. 

Tasmania, *992. 
Roots. 1' 

;My</<f/e Atlantic, 59. Germany, *626. ' 

General Views of Cities and Villages. 

New England, 12, 13, *25. ;wwd/e /l^/antfc, *30, *48, 82, *129, 

*130, *131. 
Great Lakes, *213. Pacific Coast, *315, *366. Eastern Canada, 

*369, *371. 
Western Canada, *375. England, 511, 515. Scotland, 545. /re= 

tend, *554, *555, 565. 
Norway, *579, 580. Siveden, *596, *598, *600. Denmark, *605. 

;?«ss/a, *613, 617, 619. 
Germany, *621, *634, 637. Holland, *640, *644. France, *655^ 

*661, *665, 666, *668. 
Switzerland, *698, *701, 703, *713, *716, *724. AustHa, 750, *758. 

Japan, *955, 959, *973. 
Manchuria, *946. ATorea, 979. 

Homes of the People. 

New England, 8, 26. Middle Atlantic, *56, Sou^Zi Atlantic, 141, 
*143. 



ZONE LIFE 671 

Central Western, *186. Great Lakes, *201, 202. Pacific Coast, 

*303, *306. 
Eastern Canada, *365. England, 515, *524, *526, 530. Scotland, 

539, *546, *549, 550. 
Ireland, 565, 568, *569. Norway, 575, 581, *592. Sweden, *600. 

Russia, *618. 
Germany, *634. Holland, 643, *645. France, *669. Switzerland, 

706, *707, *724. 
Japau, *962, 963. 

Public Buildings. 

New England, *2, 6. AfWrf/e Atlantic, *29, *45, *48, *128, *130, 

*131, *137. 
South Atlantic, 142. Eastern Canada, 372. England, *509, 511. 

Scotland, 539, *543, *547. 
/reiand, *554. Sw-edea, *596, *598. /?uss/a, *613, 614, 615. 

Germany, *621, 623, *625, *632, *634, 637. Holland, *640. 

Switzerland, 697, *698, 715. 
Austria, 750, *752. 

Street Scenes. 

Central Western, *188. England, 515. Scotland, *546. Sweden, 

597, *602. Den/narA, *604. 
Russia, *607, 615. Germany, 623. Austria, *760. Japaa, *960, 

*961. ATorea, 979. 

Dress. 

New England, 12. yW/dd/e Atlantic, *63, 64. Sou^A Atlantic, *149. 

Scotland, *542. 
fifl^/and, 516. ATorwar, *578, 580, 581, *592. Swede/i, *600, 

*601, *602. 
J?uss/a, *609, 614, 616, 617, *618. Germany, *626, 630. Holland, 

*642, 643, *644, *645. 
France, *669, 670, 671. Switzerland, *705, 706, *707, *724. 

Austria, *756, *758. 



672 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

Japan, 954, *955, *956, *960, *961, 963, *964, 965, *967, 968, 

*970, *971, *972, *973, *974. 
Manchuria, *946. Korea, 979, *980, *981. New Zealand, 993. 

Life of the People. 

Middle Atlantic, 84. England, 516. Sweden, *602. Russia, 616, 
*618. Holland, *645. Austria, *758. Japan, *961, 963, 
*970. Korea, *981. New Zealand, 993. 

Position and Occupations of Women. 

Russia, *609, *618, *620. Germany, *626, 627, *628, 630. Hoi- 

land, *642, 643, *645. 
France, *669. Switzerland, *713. Austria, *758, *760. Japan, 

*955, *971, *973. 
Norway, *578. Stveden, *601. 

Industries. 

New England, *15, *25. Middle Atlantic, *66, *67, 68, *78, *86, 

*87, *88, *109, *119, *123, *127. South Atlantic, *149, *150, 

*151, *154, *156. 
Great Lakes, *210, *211, *219, *220, 224, *225, *226, *229. 

England, *519. 
Ireland, *557, *558, *559, *567. Denmark, 606. Russia, *620. 

Germany, 627, *628. 
Holland, *642. Belgium, *651. France, *668, *672. Jiapau, 968, 

*969. ATorea, *980. 

Transportation and Communication. 

By Land. 

Central Western, *188. Great Lake; *195, *225. Rocky Moun- 
tains, 235, *236. 

New England, 26. Middle Atlantic, 53, *57, *79, 81. Sou^A Mf- 
/an«c, *149. 

Eastern Canada, *365. Westera Canada, 388. England, *513. 
Scotland, *542, 551. 



ZONE LIFE 673 

Ireland, *555, *557, 565. Russia, 614, 615. Qermaay, 623. 

Holland, *642, 643. 
Switzerland, *699, 709. Austria, *758. Japan, 954, *960, *964, 

965, *967. Korea, 979. 

J5j/ Water. 

New England, 14. yWWd/e Atlantic, *29, *30, *44, *45, *48, *57, 

*61, 62. 
Central Western, *187. Great Lakes, *195, *206, 207, *208, *215, 

*234. Pacific Coast, *304, *305, *315. Eastern Canada 

*364, *366. Western Canada, 388. 
England, *495, *509, 510, *514. Scotland, 545. /remand, *554, 

*560. 
Norway, *572, 574, *577, *585. Sweden, *598. Denmark, *604. 

Germany, *624, 637. 
/fo/Zand, *640, *644. Belgium, *649. Fraace, 666, 670. 

Health and Pleasure Resorts. 

New England, *27. ^f/dd/e Atlantic, 65, *69, *72, 74, *77, *79, 

82, *83. Great Lakes, *223. 
South Atlantic, 146. /jocAy Mountains, 235, *236, *237, *238, 

239, 240, *241, 242, *243. 
Eastern Canada, 373, 374. Western Canada, *380, *381, *383, 

*384. England, 510, *514. 
Scotland, 551, 552, *553. Ireland, *562, *571. Sweden, 603. 

France, *665, 666, *667, *672. Norway, *579, 580, 581, 

*585, *586, *591, *592. 
Germany, *631, *632. Switzerland, 697, *698, *699, *700, *701, 

703, *705, 706, *707, 709, *710, *713, 715, *716, 718, *724. 

Austria, *756, 757, *758, 759, *760. 
Japan, *956, *961, *964, *967. New Zealand, *994, 996. 

Effect of Storms and Floods. 

Middle Atlantic, *79, 118. Central WeMtern, 185, 190 



674 THE WORLD VISUALIZED 

5. ARCTIC REGION 

This includes primarily all regions which lie so 
far to the north that they are too cold for vegeta- 
tion, but it is here made to include also certain re- 
gions which have some vegetation, but are so cold 
that people cannot get a living by cultivating the 
soil. Here again the boundaries are irregular, for 
while Labrador might fairly be called Arctic, Nor- 
way almost at the Arctic circle has the character of 
the zone of prevailing westerlies. In this zone the 
contrast between the seasons declines once more, 
just as it does in the subtropical and tradewind 
zones, and hence has only a moderate stimulating 
effect. This, together with the more important fact 
of an almost complete absence of resources, pre- 
vents the progress of civilization. 20 stereographs. 

Southern Alaska, *316, 317. 

Yukon region ot Alaska and Caaada, *318, *319, 385, *386, *387. 

Arctic Coast of North America, 50, *389, 390, *391, 392, *396, 397. 

Northern Norway, *582, 593, 595. 

Greenland, *393, *394, *395. 

Scenery (including vegetation). 

Southern Alaska. *316, 317. Yukon, *318, 385 *386, *387 

Arctic Coast, *389, *391, 392, *396. 
Greenland, *394, *395. Norway, *582, *593, *595. 

Animals, tlieir Uses and Products. 

Wild. 

Greenland, *394. Arctic Coast, 50, 397. 



ZONE LIFE 675 

Domestic. 

Arctic Coast, *389. Greenland, *395. Norway, *582, *593. 

General Views of Cities and Villages. 
Yukon, *387. 

Homes of the People. 

Southern Alaska, *316. Arctic Coast, 390, 392. Greenland, *395. 
Norway, *593. 

Dress. 

Southern Alaska, *316. Arctic Coast, 390, 392. Greenland, *393, 
*395. Norway, *593. 

Industries. 

Yukon, *319, *386, *387. Arctic Coast, *396, 397. 

Transportation and Communication. 

By Land. 
Arctic Coast, 392. 
By Water. 

Southern Alaska, *316, 317 Yukon, 385, *318. Arctic Coast, 

*389, *391, *396, 397. 



SCHOOLROOM DECORATIONS 

The Publishers can supply on application beautiful 
photographs suitable for wall decoration of any sub- 
ject in the above list in sizes i6 x20 — 20 x 24. 



INDEX 

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS OF CLASSIFICATIONS 

Geo. CI. == Geographical Classification or Directory of Places. 

Agri. CI. = Agriculture Classification. 

Animals CI. = Animals Classification. 

Archit. CI. = Architecture Classification. 

Biog. CI. = Biography Classification. 

Bot. CI. = Botany Classification. 

Child CI. = Child Life Classification. 

Cities CI. = Cities and City Life Classification. 

Civ. Bett. CI. = Civic Betterment Classification. 

Eng. Comp. CI. := English Composition Classification. 

Geol. CI. = Geology Classification. 

Gen. Hist. CI. = General History Classification. 

Amer. liist. CI. = American History Classification. 

Homes CI. = Homes and Life of the People Classification. 

Home Econ. CI. = Home Economics Classification. 

Liter. CI. z= Literature Classification. 

Man. Tr. CI. =: Manual Training Classification. 

Myth. CI. = Mythology Classification. 

Nature CI. = Nature Study Classification. 

Phys. Geo. CI. = Physical Geography Classification. 

Prod. & Indus. CI. = Products and Industries Classification. 

Races CI. = Races of Mankind Classification. 

Topics CI. = Topics for the Grades Classification. 

Trans. CI. = Transportation Classification. 

Zones CI. = Zone Life Classification. 

The numbers here used are the page numbers. 

Aaee River, Geo. CI. 44, 45; Abbey, INIelrose, Geo. CI. 34; 

Cities CI. 240. Archit. CI. Ill; Eng. 

Abbey, Furxess, Geo. CI. 34; Comp. CI. 308; Gen. Hist. 

Archit. CI. Ill; Eng. CI. 3.32, 336. 

Comp. CI. 298; Gen. Hist. Abbey, Westminster, Geo. CI. 

CI. 332. 33; Archit. CI. Ill; Eng. 
677 



678 



Comp. CI. 301; Gen. Eist. 

CI. 332. 
Abbott, Lyman, Biog. CI. 145; 

Liter. CI. 430. 
Abeaham, Biog. CI. 204. 
AcHiLL Island, Oeo. CI. 36. 
Acropolis of Athens, Geo. CI. 

47, 48; Archit. CI. 108. 
Adams, John, John Quincy, 

Samuel, Biog. CI. 132, 134. 
Addison, Joseph, Biog. CI. 167 ; 

Liter. CI. 457. 
Aekial Transport a- 

TiON, Trans. CI. 641. 
Aeroplanes, Geo. CI. 6, 11. 
Africa, Geo. CI. 49; Biog. CI. 

201; Child CI. 228; Gen. 

Eist. CI. 335; Eomes CI. 

390; Phys. Geo. CI. 554; 

Topics CI. 604. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
African people, Races CI. 591. 
Agamemnon, Biog. CI. 199; 

Myth. CI. 508. 
Agra, India, Geo. CI. 56; Cities 

CI. 235, 240, 246; Civ. Beit. 

CI. 279. 
Agriculture Classification, 63- 

80. 
Agriculture, Methods of, 

Prod. & Indus. CI. 569; 

Eome Econ. CI. 403; ele- 
mentary agriculture, iVa- 

ture CI. 528 ; agi"icultural 

industry, Gen. Eist. CI. 

339. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Alabama, Geo. CI. 12; Eomes 

CI. 379. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Alaska, Geo. CI. 21; P/it/s. 

Geo. CI. 552; Topics CL 

609. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 



Alberta, Canada, Geo. CI. 25; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 293. 
Alcibiades, Biog. CI. 200. 
Alcott, Louisa, Liter. CI. 430. 
Aldrich, Thos. B., Liter. CI. 

431. 
Alexander the Great, Biog. 

CI. 201. 
Alfred the Great, Biog. CI. 

160. 
Algeria, Geo. CI. 50; Eomes 

CI. 391; iJaces CI. 601; 

Topics C;. 604. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Algiers, Geo. CI. 50; Cities CI. 

235, 237, 243; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 264. 
Alhambra, The, Geo. CI. 43; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 295; Liter. 

CI. 439. 
Alligators, Animals CI. 82; 

Nature CI. 522. 
Alluvial deposits. Nature CI. 

531; fans, P/it/s. Geo. Gl. 

619; plains, Nature CI. 

531; P7ii/s. Geo. CT. 548; 

soil. Nature CI. 528. 
Almoraima, Spain, Geo. CI. 43. 
Alps, Austrian, Geo. CI. 47; 

Bavarian, Geo. CI. 40; 

Swiss, Geo. CI. 44, 45. 
Altitude, Topics CI. 620; ef- 
fect of, Zones CI. 643-676. 
Amalfi, Italy, Geo. CI. 46; 

Cities CI. 238, 244; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 256; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 299; Gen. Eist. CI. 332. 
America, see Central, North 

and South America. 
American Indians, Amer. Eist. 

CI. 343; Eomes CI. 380; 

Races CI. 594. 
Revolution, Amer. Eist. CI. 

358. 



679 



Amkitsar, India, Gen. CI. 55; 
Cities CI. 235, 240, 245; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 305. 

Amsterdam, Geo. CI. 40; Cities 
CI. 234, 241, 243, 247; Civ. 
Bett. CI. 253; Eng. Comp. 
CI. 289. 

Andesite rocks, Geol. CI. 319. 

Andes Mountains, Geo. CI. 30, 
31, 32; Phys. Geo. CI. 
552. 

Anglo-Americans, Races CI. 
598. 

Animal and plant relations, 
Bot. CI. 212. 

Animals Classification, 81-102. 

Animal Life, Eng. Comp. CI. 
308; Nature CI. 519; ani- 
mal products. Nature CI. 
522; Prod, d Indus. CI. 
574; use of. Trans. CI. 628; 
raising live stock, Agri. CI. 
73; production of food. 
Home Econ. CI. 410. See 
also Topics CI. 603-619; 
Zones CI. 643-676. 
Classic myths, Myth CI., Nep- 
tune and Triton, 501 ; 
Golden Fleece, 509; winged 
horse, 510; Psyche, 513. 
Also see under Romulus 
and Remus, Jupiter, Apol- 
lo, Pan, etc. 

Ancient History, Gen. Hist. 
CI. 328. 

Anthracite coal, Geo. CI. 9, 
36; Home Econ. CI. 424; 
Nature CI. 527, 529; Prod. 
& Indus. CI. 581; geologic 
origin of, Geol. CI. 318, 
321. 

Antioch, Syria, Geo. CI. 54. 

Antony, Marc, Biog. CI. 193. 

Antwerp, Geo. CI. 41; Cities 



CI. 234, 238; Civ. Bett. CI. 

276. 
Apes, Animals CI. 82; Nature 

CI. 520. 
Aphrodite, Myth. CI. 507. 
Apollo, Myth. CI. 502. 
Aqueous rocks, Geol. CI. 320. 
Arabia, Biog. CI. 205. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Architecture Classification, 103- 

120. 
Arctic Ocean, Geo. CI. 26, 38. 
Regions, Geo. CI. 25; Homes 

CI. 382: Topics CI. 605; 

Zones CI. 674, 675. 
Arequipa, Geo. CI. 31; Cities 

CI. 236, 239. 
Arethusa, Myth. CI. 513. 
Argentina, Geo. CI. 31; Homes 

CI. 384; Topis CI. 610. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Argonauts, Myth. CI. 509. 
Argos, Greece, Geo. CI. 48. 
Aristides, Myth. CI. 199. 
Aristotle, Biog. CI. 201. 
Arizona, Geo. CI. 18; Races CI. 

594. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Armor, Gen. Hist. CI. 333. 
Armour, Phillip D., Biog. CI. 

144. 
Armstrong, Gen., Biog. CI. 

149. 
Arno River, Geo. CI. 46; Cities 

CI. 240; Phys. Geo. CI. 

542. 
Arnold, Benedict, Biog, CI. 

132. 
Sir Edwin, Liter. CI. 457. 
Art axd architecture, Eng. 

Comp. CI. 300; Buildings, 

Civ. Bett. CI. 200; Regu- 
larity and irregularity, 

Civ. Bett. CI. 283. 



680 



Artemis, Myth. CI. 500. 

Arthub, King, Myth. CI. 514. 

AscHAM, Roger, Biog. CI. 163. 

Ash, Volcanic, Nature CI. 
528; Phys. Geo. CI. 559. 

Asia, Geo. CI. 53; Biog. CI. 
202; Child CI. 229; Gen. 
Hist. CI. 330, 335; Amer. 
Hist. CI. 370; Homes CI. 
392; Phys. Geo. CI. 554; 
Races CI. 592; Topics CI. 
616. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 

Asia Minor, Geo. (7L 53; 
Topics CI. 616. 

Aso San, Geo. CI. 61 ; Geol. CI. 
323; P/it/s. Geo. CI. 558. 

Ass, see under Burros. 

AssuAN Dam, Geo. CI. 50; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 303. 

Athena, Myth. CI. 499. 

Athens, Geo. CI. 47 ; Cities CI. 
234, 237, 243; Cw. Bett. 
CI. 257; -E»?5f. Comp. CI. 
289; Gen. ffis*. Gi. 329. 

Atmosphere, Geol. CI. 316. 

Atwood, Wallace W., Classifi- 
cation by, 535-566. 

Auckland, N. Z., Geo. CI. 62; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 305. 

Audubon, John James, Biog. 
CI. 135. 

Augustus, Biog. CI. 193. 

Auks, Animals CI. 83; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 309; Nature CI. 
521. 

Australia, Geo. CI. 61; G/itW 
GL 229; Eng. Comp. CI. 
298; Homes CI. 395; peo- 
ple of. Races CI. 591. See 
also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Australasia, Geo. CI. 61; Top- 
ics CI. 619. 

Austria, Geo. CI. 47 ; Biog. CI. 



177; G/iiM CI. 228; Gen. 

ilis*. GL 331; Homes Gl. 

389; i2aces CI. 595; Topics 

GL 612. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Authors, Liter. CI., American 

431; English 457; non- 
English-speaking countries, 

481. 
Automobiles, Trans. CI. 634. 
Ayr, Scotland, Geo. CI. 35; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 298. 
Aztec architecture, Archit. 

CI. 115. 
Baalbek, Geo. CI. 54; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 311. 
Babylon, Geo. CI. 55 ; Biog. CI. 

202; Gen. Hist. CI. 329. 
Babylonian architecture, Ar- 

chit. CI. 115; myths. Myth. 

CI. 515. 
Bacchus, Myth. CI. 506. 
Bacon, Sir Francis, Biog. CI. 

165. 
Bagdad, Geo. CI. 55; Child CI. 

228; Eng. Comp. CI. 289. 
Baker, Emilie Kip, Classifica- 
tion by, 495-516. 
Balboa, Biog. CI. 158, 190; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 349. 
Balloons, Trans. CI. 641. 
Bamberg, Geo. CI. 40. 
Bamboo, Geo. CI. 58, 60; Agri. 

CI. 77; Bot. CI. 216; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 306; Man. Tr. 

CI. 489; iVatwre GL 524, 

527; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

586. 
Bananas, Geo. CI. 22, 23, 27, 

28, 29; Agri. CI. 68, 72, 

73; Bot. CI. 217; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 306 ; Home Econ. 

CI. 413; Nature CI. 524; 

Prod, d Indus. CI. 571. 



681 



Bancroft, Geoege, Biog. CI. 

136. 
Banyan tree, Geo. CI. 56 ; Eng. 

Conip. CI. 306. 
Barbarossa, Frederick, Biog. 

CI. 178. 
Barley, Geo. CI. 40, 61; Bot. 

CI. 217; Eng. Comp. CI. 

308; Nature CI. 527; Prod. 

& Indus. CI. 570. 
Barr, Amelia, Liter. CI. 431. 
Barranquilla, Geo. CI. 29; 

Cities CI. 236, 237; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 288. 
Barren lands, Bot. CI. 212; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 549, 550; 

Zones CI. 649, 659. 
Basalt kocks, Nature CI. 529. 
Basketry, Man. Tr. CI. 487. 
Battlefields, Famous, see 

Gen. Hist. CI. 325-339; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 341-372. 
Battleships, Geo. CI. 5, 11; 

Trans. CI. 636. 
Bavaria, Geo. CI. 40; Homes 

CI. 387. 
Bays, Phys. Geo. CI. 560; 

Trans. CI. 637. 
Bazaars, Home Econ. CI. 407. 
Beaches, Sea, Phys. Geo. CI. 

559; Topics CI. 619. 
Bears, Animals CI. 83; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 

519. 
Beavers, Animals CI. 84; Na- 
ture CI. 519. 
Becket, Thomas a, Biog. CI. 

160. 
Bedouins, Geo. CI. 54; Homes 

CI. 392; /iaces (7/. 600. 
Beef, Agri. CI. 74; Home Econ. 

CI. 410; Prorf. (fi Indus. CI. 

576. 
Beethoven, Biogr. CI. 179. 



Beet sugar, Geo. CI. 7, 8, 15, 

40; Agri. CI. 67; Ifome 

i/con. CI. 4:14: ; Prod, d In- 
dus. CI. 571. 
Belfast, Geo. CI. 35, 36 ; Cities 

CI. 234, 237, 247; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 262; Eng. Comp. CI. 

288, 303. 
Belgian Congo, Geo. CI. 51; 

Homes CI. 391; Races CI. 

591; Topics Ci. 605. See 

also Zones 0?. 643-676. 
Belgium, Geo. Gl. 41 ; Biog. CI. 

181; C7iiZ(Z CL 227; Homes 

CI. 387; jKaces CI. 595; 

Topics CI. 612. See also 

Zones CL 643-676. 
Benares, Geo. CI. 56; Cities CI. 

235, 240, 246 ; Civ. Bett. CI. 

277; i^Ji^r. Comp. CI. 300. 
Bennett, Charles A., Classifi- 
cation by, 485-494. 
Bennett, E. H., Classification 

by, 249-284. 
Berlin, Geo. CI. 39; Cities CI. 

233, 239, 243, 248; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 254, 263, 270. 
Berne, Geo. CI. 44; Cities CI. 

237, 240, 243; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 279, 281; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 289. 
Bettws-y-Coed, Geo. CI. 34; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 294; Phys. 

Geo. CI. 537, 541, 544. 
Beverages, Prod. & Indus. CI. 

573. See also individual 

names. 
Bevier, Isabel, Classification 

by, 401-426. 
Big Tree District, Geo. CI. 20 ; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 306. 
Bilbao, Spain, Geo. CI. 43. 
Bingen, Geo. CI. 40; Cities CI. 

239; Liter. CI. 4:72. 



682 



Binocular Vision ix 

Biography Classification, 121- 

210. 
Birds, Eng. Comp. CI. 309; Na- 
ture CI. 521. See also Ani- 
mals CI. 81-102. 
Bismarck, Biog. CI. 180. 
Bison, Animals CI. 84; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308. 
Bjornson, Bjornstjerne, Biog. 

CI. 175. 
Blaine, James G., Biog. CI. 

143. 
Blanket weaving, Oeo. CI. 18; 

Home Econ. CI. 425 ; Man. 

Tr. CI. 487 ; Prod. & Indus. 

CI. 579 
Blossoms, Nature CI. 523. 
Boats, Man. Tr. CI. 490; Trans. 

CI. 635, 636, 637. 
Boccaccio, Biog. CI. 195. 
Boer War, Geo. CI. 52; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 335, 337. 
Bog, Peat, Phys. Geo. CI. 565 ; 

Prod, d Indus. CI. 581. 
Bolivar, Simon, Biog. CI. 

158; statue of. Civic Bett. 

CI. 279. 
Bombay, Geo. CI. 55 ; Cities 

CI. 235, 238; Civ. Bett. CI. 

272. 
Bondone, Giotto di, Biog. CI. 

196. 
BospHORUs, The, Geo. CI. 48, 

49; Phys. Geo. CI. 561. 
Bosses, Phys. Geo. CI. 559. 
Boston, Geo. CI. 3; Cities CI. 

233, 236, 242, 245; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 259, 267, 273, 

274, 278; Amer. Hist. CI. 

359. 
Botany Classification, 211-220. 
Boulders, Nature CI. 531, 532; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 556, 563. 



Bourne, Henry E.. Classifica- 
tion by, 325-339. 

Boxer uprising. Gen. Hist. CI. 
335; Avier. Hist. CI. 370. 

Brazil, Geo. CI. 29; Gen. Hist. 
CI. 335; Homes CI. 383; 
Toj)ics CI. 610. See also 
Zones CI. 643-676. 

Breadfruit, Geo. CI. 27 ; Agri. 
CI. 68, 72; Bot. CI. 218; 
Home Econ. CI. 413; Na- 
ture CI. 524; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 572. 

Bread-making, Geo. CI. 54; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 307 ; Home 
Econ. CI. 407; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 570. 

Brick-making, Geo. CI. 55; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 307; Prod. 
& Indus. CI. 588. 

Bridges, Civ. Bett. CI. 280; 
Man. Tr. CI. 493; Trans. 
CI. 640. 

Brigham, Albert P., Classifi- 
cation by, 313-324. 

Britain, see Great Britain. 

British America, Geo. CI. 24; 
Biog. CI. 157; Child CI. 
226; Homes CI. 382; Top- 
ics CI. 605. See also Zones 
CI. 643-676. 

British Columbia, Geo. CI. 
25. 

British Empire, Gen. Hist. CI. 
338. 

British Isles, Geo. CI. 32; 
Biog. CI. 159; Homes CI. 
384, 385; Races CI. 595, 
596, 597; Topics CI. 612. 
See also Zones CI. 643- 
676. 

British possessions, see under 
Colonies. 

Brittany, Geo. CI. 42; Eng. 



683 



Comp. CI. 304; Races CI. 

597. 
Brooks, Phillips, Biog. CI. 

145. 
Beowning, Elizabeth, Biog. 

CI. 170; Liter. CI. 458. 
RoBEKT, Biog. CI. 171; Liter. 

CI. 457. 
Bruce, Robert, Biog. CI. 161. 
Brussels, Geo. CI. 41; Cities 

CI. 234, 239, 243; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 270; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 301. 
Brutus, Biog. CI. 193. 
Bryan, William J., Biog. CI. 

155. 
Bryant, William Cullen, 

Biog. CI. 136; Liter. CI. 

431. 
Bryce, James, Biog. CI. 174. 
Buddha, Biog. CI. 207; Cities 

CI. 246; Myth. CI. 516; 

images of, Geo. CI. 57. 
Buenos Aires, Geo. CI. 31; 

Cities CL 233, 237, 243; 

Civ. Bett. CI. 268, 274. 
Buffaloes, Animals CI. 84; 

Nature CI. 519 ; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 308; use of, Nature CI. 

529; Trans. CI. 631. 
Buildings, Arc/it*. CI. 115; 

Cw. Be«. CL 266; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 328; farm, Agri. 

CI. 78 ; Government, Archit. 

CI. 118; wooden, Man. Tr. 

CI. 491; construction of, 

Man. Tr. CI. 489; public, 

see Zones CI. 643-676. 
Bull fight, Geo. CI. 43. 
Bullocks, Animals CI. 88; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 309; 2\'a- 

ture CI. 519; use of, Trans. 

CI. 631. 
Bulwee-Lytton, Liter. CI. 458. 



Bux\ker Hill, Geo. CI. 3; Civ. 
Bett. CI. 278; Eng. Comp. 
CI. 287; Amer. Hist. CI. 
359. 

Burden-bearers, Trans. CI., 
animal 630; human 627. 

Burke, Edmund, Biog. CI. 167; 
Liter. CI. 458. 

Burma, Geo. CI. 57; Child CI. 
229; Homes CI. 393; Top- 
ics CI. 618; architecture 
of, Archit. CI. 115; peo- 
ple of, Races CI. 592. See 
also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Burns, Robert, Biog. CI. 168; 
Liter. CI. 458; home of, 
Geo. CI. 35; Homes CI. 
396. 

Burros, Animals CI. 85; iJngr. 
Cowip. CI. 308; Nature CI. 
519; use of, Trans. Ci. 630. 

Burroughs, John, Classifica- 
tion by, 81-102. 

Butler, Benj. F,, Biog. CI. 
141. 

Butter, Geo. CI. 6, 38, 54; 
Agri. CI. 75 ; Home Econ. 
CI. 409 ; Prod. & Indus. CI. 
575. 

Buttes, Phys. Geo. CI. 551. 

Byron, Biog. CI. 169; Liter. CI. 
459. 

Byza>;tine architecture, Ar- 
chit. CI. 109, 110. 

Byzantium, see Constantinople, 
Geo. CI. 48; Gen. Hist. CI. 
329. 

Cabots, The, Amer. Hist. CI. 
347. 

Cacao, Geo. CI. 27, 29; Agri. 
CI. 71; Home Econ. CI. 
414; Nature CI. 523, 524; 
Prod. & Indus. CI. 573. 
See also Cocoa, Cliocolate. 



684 



INDEX 



Cadiz, Geo. CI. 43; Cities CI. 

236, 237; Civ. Belt. CI. 

253. 
C^SAR, Julius, Biog. CI. 160, 

193; Liter. CI. 479. 
Cairo, Ceo. CI. 49; Cities CI. 

235, 240, 243, 245, 246; 

Civ. Bett. CI. 265. 
Calcutta, Geo. CI. 56; Cities 

CI. 233, 238, 246; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 265. 
California, Geo. CI. 19; Child 

CI. 226; Homes CI. 380. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Calhoun, John C, Biog. CI. 

135. 
Calvin, John, Biog. CI. 183. 
Camels, Animals CI. 86; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 

519, 529; use of, Trans. CI. 

631. 
Canada, Geo. CI. 24; Biogf. CL 

157; Child CI. 226; Amer. 

Hist. CI. 359; fl'omes CL 

382; Phys. Geo. CI. 552; 

Topics CI. 605. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Canadian Eockies, Geo. CI. 

25. 
Canals, Topics CI. 619; Trdns. 

CI. 638; canal boats. Trans. 

CI. 635 ; canal cities, Cities 

CI. 241 ; canal locks, Trans. 

CI. 638. 
Cane sugar, Geo. CI. 12, 28, 

30; Agri. CI. 66, 67, 71; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 307; Ho7ne 

Econ. CI. 415; Nature CI. 

527; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

571. 
Canoes, Trans. CI. 635. 
Canterbury, England, Geo. CI. 

33; Archit. CI. Ill; Ciftes 

CZ. 239, 245. 



Canton, China, Geo. CI. 58 

Cities CI. 233, 238; Eng 

Comp. CI. 289, 305. 
Canyon, Grand, Geo. CI. 19 

Eng. Comp. CI. 288. 
Canyons, Nature CI. 530 

P%s. Geo. CI. 545; Top 

ics CL 619, 
Cape Town, Geo. CI. 52 

Cities CI. 236, 237, 242 

243, 247; Civ. Bett. CI 

265. 
Capes, Phys. Geo. CI. 562; 

Topics CI. 619. 
Caraboa, see under Buffalo. 
Caracas, Geo. CI. 28; Cities 

CI. 236, 240, 243; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 279; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 298. 
Caravans, Trans. CI. 632. 
Carlyle, Thomas, Biog. CI. 

170; Liter. CI. 466. 
Carnegie, Andrew, Biog. CI. 

146. 
Carrara, Ceo. CI. 46; quar- 
ries, Mow. Tr. CI. 491; 

Prod, (f- Indus. CI. 585. 
Carriages, Odd, Trans. CI. 

628. 
Carriers of burdens, Trans. 

CI., animal 630; human 

627. 
Cartier, Jacques, Biog. CI. 

127, 184; Amer. Hist. CI. 

351. 
Cashmere, Vale of, Geo. CI. 

55. 
Castles, Archit. CI. 116. See 

also Topics CI. 603-619. 
Castor and Pollux, Myth. CI. 

511. 
Catania, Geo. CI. 47; Cities 

CI. 234, 237. 
Cathedrals, Archit. CI. 117. 



685 



See also Topics CI. 603- 

619. 
Cato, Biog. CI. 193. 
Cats, Animals CI. 86; Nature 

CI. 519. 
Cattle, Agri. CI. 74; Animals 

CI. 87; Nature CI. 519; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 308; use 

of, Trans. CI. 631. 
Caucasian people, Races CI. 

595, 601. 
Causeway, Giant's, Oeo. CI. 

36; iJni?. Comp. CI. 298. 
Caves. A^afwre CZ. 530; Phys. 

Geo. CI. 557; Topics CI. 

619. 
Cedars of Lebanon, Geo. CI. 

54; Nature CI. 524. 
Celtic people. Races CI. 596; 

myths. Myth. CI. 513. 
Central America, Geo. CI. 27 ; 

Biog. CI. 156; Topics CI. 

606. 
Central Western States, 

Geo. CI. 13; Topics CI. 

608; life in. Homes CI. 

379. See also Zones CI. 

643^676. 
Ceres, Mt/*/!,. CL 505. 
Ceylon, Geo. CI. 57, 58; Child 

CI. 229; i7omes CI. 393; 

iiaces CL 602; Topics CI. 

617. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Chairs, Wheel, Trans. CI. 628. 
Chamberlain, Joseph, Biog. 

CI. 174. 
Chamonix Valley, Geo. CI. 

45; Eng. Comp. CI. 295. 
Champs Elysees, Geo. CI. 41 ; 

Civ. Bett. CI. 264. 
Champlain, Samuel, Biog. CI. 

127, 185; Amer. Hist. CI. 

352. 



Chandler, J. A. C, Classifica- 
tion by, 231-248. 

Channel, English, Geo. CI. 
33, 42. 

Charlemagne, Biog. CI. 183. 

Charles VIII., Biog. CI. 184; 
XII., Biog. CI. no. 

Charters, W. W., Classifica- 
tion by, 427-484. 

Charybdis", Geo. CI. 47; Myth. 
CI. 509. 

Chaucer, Biog. CI. 162; Liter. 
CI. 466. 

Chicago, Geo. CI. 15; Cities 
CI. 233, 237, 242, 246; Civ. 
Bett. CI. 260. 

Child Life Classification, 221- 
230. 

Chili, Geo. CI. 31; Topics CI. 
610. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 

Chimpanzees, Animals CI. 83. 

China, Geo. CI. 58; Biog. CI. 
207; Child CI. 229; Amer. 
Hist. CI. 370; 7/omes CI. 
394; Topics CI. 617; archi- 
tecture of, Archit. CI. 115; 
people of. Races CI. 592. 
See also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Chocolate, Home Econ. CI. 
413. See also Cacao, Co- 
coa. 

Christian IV., Biog. CI. 175. 

Christiania, Geo. CI. 36; Cit- 
ies CI. 234, 237, 243; Civ. 
Bett. CI. 262. 

Chukiang River, Geo. CI. 58; 
PMjs. Geo. CI. 546. 

Churches, Archit. CI. 117. 
Churning butter, Geo. CI. 6, 
54; Agri. CI. 75; Home 
Econ. CI. 409; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 575. 
Ciceko, Biog. CI. 192. 



686 



INDEX 



Cigar-making, Geo. CI. 28; 
Prod. & Indus. CI. 588. 

Cirque, Glacial, Phys. Geo. 
CI. 564. 

Cities and City Life Classifica- 
tion, 231-248. 

Cities of British Empire, 
Gen. Hist. CI. 338; city 
homes, Homes CI. 399; 
city planning. Civ. Bett. 
CI. 250 ; capital city. 
Homes CI. 378. See also 
Topics CI. 603-619; Zones 
CI. 643-676. 

Citron, Geo. CI. 28; Agri. CI. 
68, 72; Bot. CI. 218; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 306; Home 
Econ. CI. 413; Nature CI. 
524, 527; Prod, d Indus. 
Gl. 572. 

Civic Betterment Classification, 
249-284. For relative top- 
ics see Archit. CI. 103; 
Cities CI. 231; Eng. Comp. 
Gl. 285; Homes Gl. 373. 

Civil War (U. S.), Amer. 
Hist. Gl. 365. 

Clarendon, Lord, Amer. Hist. 
Gl. 357. 

Clarke Explorations, Amer. 
Hist. Gl. 361. 

Clay, Nature CI. 528, 529. 
See also clay pits, Phys. Geo. 
Gl. 565 ; porcelain. Prod, d 
Indus. Gl. 584; pottery, 
Man. Tr. Gl. 488. 

Clat, Henry, Biog. Gl. 134. 

Clemens, Samuel L. (Mark 
Twain), Liter. Gl. 432. 

Cleopatra, Biog. Gl. 202. 

Cleveland, Grover, Biog. Gl. 
146. 

Cliffs, Phys. Geo. CI. 555; 
Topics Gl. 620. 



Climate, Topics Gl. 621. See 
also Zones Gl. 643-676. 

Cloisonne ware, Geo. Gl. 60; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 308; Home 
Econ. Gl. 426; Prod. <& In- 
dus. Gl. 584. 

Cloth weaving, Geo. Gl. 24; 
Man. Tr. Gl. 487; Prod. & 
Indus. Gl. 577-580. 

Clothing, Materials for. 
Home Econ. Gl. 419; Prod. 
& Indus. Gl. 577-580. 

Clouds, Nature Gl. 531; Topics 
Gl. 620; view above, Phys. 
Geo. Gl. 566. 

Coal, Geo. Gl. 9, 36; Home 
Econ. Gl. 424; Nature Gl. 
527, 529 ; geologic origin 
of, Geol. Gl. 318, 321; Min- 
ing, Prod, d Indus. Gl. 581. 

Coasts and Coast Line, Phiis. 
Geo. Gl. 559; Topics CI. 
620; coast cities, Cities Gl. 
236, 238. 

Cocks, Animals Gl. 91. 

Cocoa, Geo. Gl. 27; Bot. CI. 
218; Eng. Comp. Gl. 306; 
Home Econ. Gl. 414; Na- 
ture Gl. 527. See also Ca- 
cao, Chocolate. 

CocOANUTS, Geo. Gl. 12, 22; 
Agri. CI. 68, 71; Eng. 
Comp. Gl. 306; Nature Gl. 
523; Prod, d Indus. Gl. 
573; cocoanut palms, Geo. 
Gl. 12, 23; Bot. Gl. 217; 
Nature Gl. 524. 

Cocoons (silk), see under Silk 
Worms. 

Codfish, Geo. Gl. 3; Home 
Econ. Gl. 412; Prod, d In- 
dus. Gl. 575. 

Coffee, Geo. Gl. 25, 51, 58; 
Agri. Gl. 71; Bot. Gl. 218; 



687 



Home Econ. CI. 414; Na- 
ture CI. 523, 527; Prod, d 
Indus. CI. 573. 

Cog railways, Trans. CI. 633. 

Coleridge, Samuel, Liter. CI. 
466. 

Coliseum, Rome, Geo. CI. 46; 
Archit. CI. 108; Civ. Bett. 
CI. 272; Eng. Comp. CI. 
302. 

Cologne, Geo. CI. 40; Cities CI. 
234, 239; Civ. Bett. CI. 
254, 268; Eng. Comp. CI. 
301. 

Colombia, Geo. CI. 29; Child 
CI. 226; Homes CI. 383; 
Races CI. 599; Topics CI. 
611. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 

Colonial architecture, Ar- 
chit. CI. 113; history. Gen. 
Hist. CI. 333; Amer. Hist. 
CI. 341-362. 

Colonies : American, see Alas- 
ka, Hawaiian Is., Panama, 
Pliilippine Is., Porto Rico, 
Samoa. 
British, see Australia, Brit- 
ish East Africa, British 
South Africa, Canada, 
Ceylon, Fiji Is., Gibral- 
tar, India, Jamaica, New 
Zealand, Tasmania, Rho- 
desia. 
Belgian, see Belgian Congo. 
French, see Algeria, Mar- 
tinique. 
German, see German East 

Africa. 
Portuguese, see Madeira Is. 
Turkish, see Eypt. 

Colorado, Geo. c'l. 17; Homes 
CI. 379. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 



Columbia, District of, Geo. 

CI. 10. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Columbia River, Geo. CI. 20; 

Phxjs. Geo. CI. 541. 
Columbus, Christopher, Biog. 

CI. 127, 196; Amer. Hist. 

CI. 346; Liter. CI. 439. 
Europe in time of, Amer. 

Hist. CI. 343. 
Commerce, Topics CI. 620. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676 and 

other references in Topics 

CI. 603-619. 
Composition, English, Classifi- 
cation, 285-312. 
Concord (Mass.), Geo. CI. 3; 

Civic Bett. CI. 278; Amer. 

Hist. CI. 359. 
Cones, Volcanic, Phys. Geo. 

CI. 557. 
Confucius, Biog. CI. 207. 
Congo, Belgian, Geo. CI. 51; 

Homes CI. 391; Races CI. 

591; Topics CI. 605. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Connor, Ralph (Rev. Chas. W. 

Gordon), Biog. CI. 157 

Liter. CI. 432. 
Constantine, Emperor, Biog 

CI. 194. 
Constantinople, Geo. CI. 48 

Child CI. 228; Cities CI 

233, 237, 243, 245; Gen 

Hist. CI. 329, 331, 332. 
Construction, Eng. Comp. CI 

302; bridge, Man. Tr. CI 

493; building, Man. Tr. CI 

489; pier, Archit. CI. 119 
Constructive agencies, Eng 

Comp. CI. 318; Nature CI 

531. 
Conway, Wales, Geo. CI. 34; 
Gen. Hist. CI. 332, 336. 



688 



Cooper, James Fenimore, Lit- 
er. CI. 433. 
Peter, Biog. CI. 136. 

Copenhagen, Geo. CI. 38; Cit- 
ies CI. 234, 237, 243; Civ. 
Bett. CI. 253, 276, 281; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 289. 

Copper, Geo. CI. 15, 18; Man. 
Tr. CI. 492 ; Prod. & Indus. 
CI. 583 ; geologic origin of, 
Geol. CI. 321. 

Corinth, Geo. CI. 48; Corinth- 
ian architecture, Archit. 
CI. 108. 

Cork, Geo. CI. 43 ; Agri. CI. 77 ; 
Nature CI. 524; Prod, d 
Indus. CI. 586 ; cork oak. 
Nature CI. 524. 

Corn, Geo. CI. 14; Agri. CI. 67, 
69; Bot. CI. 217; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 306; Nature CI. 
527; Prod, d Indus. CI 
570. 

CoRONADO, Amer. Hist. CI. 350. 

CoRTEz, Hernando, Biog. CI. 
157, 191; Ge7i. Hist. CI. 
333; Amer. Hist. CI. 350. 

Costa Eica, Geo. CI. 27; 
Homes CI. 383 ; Amer. 
Hist. CI. 347; Topics CI. 
606. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 

Costumes, Home Econ. CI. 422. 

Cottage architecture, Archit. 
CI. 116. 

Cotton, Gathering, Geo. CI. 
12, 30; Home Econ. CI. 
419; Prod. & Indus. CI. 
577 ; manufacture and 
transportation, Geo. CI. 11, 
13; Agri. CI. 78; Home 
Econ. CI. 419; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 577 ; cotton gin, 
Geo. CI. 13; cotton seed, 



Nature CI. 523. See also 
Agri. CI. 72; Nature CI. 
527. 

Country homes, Homes CI. 
398; roads, Agri. Gl. 79. 

CowPER, William, Liter. CI. 
466. 

Cows, Eng. Comp. CI. 308, 309; 
Prod. & Indus. CI. 574. 
See also Cattle, Animals 
CI. 87; Nature CI. 519; 
also Beef, Milk. 

Cranes ( mechanical ) , Trans. 
CI. 632. 

Craters, Geyser, Phys. Geo. 
CI. 557 ; volcano, Phys. 
Geo. CI. 558. 

Crawford, Francis Marion, 
Biog. CI. 153; Liter. CI. 
433. 

Crevasses, Phys. Geo. CI. 563. 

Crocodiles, Animals CI. 32. 

Cromwell, Oliver, Biog. CI. 
106. 

Crops, Agri. CI., planting and 
cultivation, 67 ; harvesting 
and preparing for market, 
69 ; farm crops, 67 ; mar- 
keting farm crops, 72. 

Crusades, Gen. Hist. Gl. 332. 

Cuba, Geo. CI. 27; Amer. Hist. 
CI. 346; Homes CI. 383; 
Races CI. 599; Topics CI. 
610. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 

Cuzco, Geo. CI. 31; Cities CI. 
236, 240, 247. 

Cyclops, Myth. CI. 507. 

Cyclopean architecture, Ar- 
chit. CI. 107. 

Dairying, Agri. CI. 74; Prod. 
<6 Indus. CI. 574. See also 
Milk and Butter. 

Dam, Assuan, Geo. CI. 50. 



INDEX 



Damascus, Geo. CI. 54; Cities 

CI. 235, 240; Civ. Bett. CI. 

257. 
Dante, Biog. CI. 195 ; Liter. CI. 

481. 
Danube River, Geo. CI. 40; 

Cities CI. 240; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 542. 
Daeius I., Biog. CI. 203. 
Daejeeling, Geo. CI. 56; Cities 

CI. 236, 240; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 307. 
Date palms, Geo. CI. 43 ; Agri. 

CI. 68, 71; Bot. CI. 217; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 306; Home 

Eeon. CI. 413; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 572. 
David, King (Biblical), Biog. 

CI. 205; (Scotcli), Biog. 

CI. 161. 
Davis, Richard Harding, Lit- 
er. CI. 433. 
Dead Sea, Geo. CI. 53; Phys. 

Geo. CI. 565. 
Deer, Animals CI. 88; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 

519. 
Delftshaven, Geo. CI. 40; 

O^ies CT. 238, 241; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 333; Amer. Hist. 

CI. 356. 
Delhi, Geo. CI. 56; Oi^tes CI. 

235, 240, 244; ^Jn^r. Comp. 

CI. 289. 
Delphi, Geo. CI. 48; Cities CL 

245. 
Deltas, Nature CI. 531; P7it/s. 

Geo. CI. 542. 
De Monts, Amer. Hist. CI. 

352. 
Demosthenes, Biog. CI. 201; 

Lifer. CL 482. 
Denmark, Geo. CI. 38; Homes 

CI. 385; i?aces Ci. 596; 



Topics CI. 613. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Dent du Midi, Geo. CI. 45; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 295. 
Deposits, Geol. CI. 318, 319, 

320; alluvial. Nature CI. 

531; glacial. Nature CI. 

532; ore, Geol. CI. 321; or- 
ganic, Prod, d Indus. CI. 

581; of springs. Nature CI. 

531. 
De Quincey, Thomas, Liter. 

CI. 467. 
Derricks, Trans. CI. 632. 
Description, Eng. Comp. CI. 

292. 
Desert regions, Zones CI. 650, 

659. 
Deserts, Topics CI. 620; moun- 
tainous, Phys. Geo. CI. 

550; sandy, Phys. Geo. CI. 

549. 
De Soto, Ferdinand, Biog. CI. 

127, 191; Amer. Hist. CI. 

350. 
Destructive agencies, Geol. 

CI. 316; Nature CI. 530. 
Dewey, Admiral, Geo. CI. 10; 

Biog. CI. 147; Homes CI. 

381. 
Diabase rocks, Geol. CI. 319. 
Diamonds, Geo. CI. 52 ; Prod. & 

Indus. CI. 5835 geologic 

origin of, Geol. CI. 321. 
Diana, Mytli. CI. 500. 
Diaz, Poreirio, Biog. CI. 

158. 
Dickens, Charles, Biog. CI. 

172; Liter. CI. 467. 
Dicotyledonous plants, Bot. 

CI. 217. 
Dieppe, Geo. CI. 42; C^ies Ci. 

237, 244; Eng. Comp. CI. 

289. 



690 



Dikes, Geo. CI. 11, 12, 41; ge- 
ologic, Phys. Geo. CI. 559. 

DioxYsrs (Bacchus), Myth. CI. 
506. 

Directory of Places Classifica- 
tion, 1-62. 

Disasters, Eng. Comp. CI. 
309. 

Discoverers and explorers, 
Biog. CI. 127; Gen. Hist 
CI. 333; Amer. Hist. CI 
345-355. 

Disraeli, Benjamin, Biog. CI 
170. 

District of Columbia, Geo. CI 
10. See also Zones CI 
643-676. 

Divides, Phys. Geo. CI. 555 
Topics CI. 620. 

Dnieper River, Geo. CI. 39; 
Phys. Geo. CI. 547. 

Docks, Trans. CI. 637. 

Dodge, Richard Elwood, Clas- 
sification by, 603-624. 

Dogs, Animals CI. 88; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 
519; use of, Trans. CI. 630. 

Doll-making, Geo. CI. 40; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 304; Prod. 
& Indus. CI. 588. 

Domestic economy, see Home 
Econ. CI. 401-426. 

DoNATELLO, Biog. CI. 196. 

Donkeys, Animals CI. 89; 
Agri. CI. 76; Nature CI. 
519. See also Burros. 

Dordrecht, Geo. CI. 41. 

Doric architecture, Archit. 
CI. 107. 

Dothan, Palestine, Geo. CI. 
53; Eng. Comp. CI. 291. 

Dover, Cliffs of, Geo. CI. 33; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 298. 

Downing, Elliot R., Classifi- 



cations by, 211-220; 517- 

534. 
Drainage of soil, Agri. CI. 

65. 
Drake, Sir Francis, Biog. CI. 

127, 164; Amer. Hist. CI. 

353. 
Dresden, Geo. CI. 40; Cities 

CI. 234, 239, 243; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 270. 
Dress, Eng. Comp. Gl. 303. vSee 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Dromedary, see Camels. 
Druids, Myth. Gl. 514. 
Deyden, John, Liter. CI. 467. 
Dublin, Geo. CI. 35; Cities Gl. 

234, 237; Civ. Bett. CI. 

262, 269; Eng. Comp. CI. 

288. 
Dunbar, Paul L., Liter. CI. 

433. 
Dunes, Sand, Geo. CI. 3 ; Agri. 

Gl. 65; Phys. Geo. CI. 540; 

Topics CI. 620; Sand Dune 

Society, Bot. CI. 219. 
Durbar in India, Geo. Gl. 56; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 289. 
Durham, Eng., Geo. CI. 34; 

Cities CI. 239; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 301. 
Dutch architecture, Archit. 

CI. 114; explorations and 

settlement, Amer. Hist. CI. 

355, 356. 
Dwellings, Man. Tr. CI. 489. 

See also Archit. CI. 116; 

Homes CI. 373-400; Home 

Econ. CI. 416-419; Topics 

CI. 603-624; Zones CI. 643- 

676. 
Dynamical geology, Geol. CI. 

314-319. 
Dynamos, Prod. & Indus. CI. 

588; Trans. CI. 633. 



691 



Earthquake, Geol. CI. 315; 

Nature CI. 530; Phrjs. Geo. 

CI. 559; Topics CI. 620. 
East Africa, British, Geo. CI. 

50; Homes CI. 391; Topics 

CI. 605. 
Germais^, Geo. CI. 51; Child 

CI. 228; Homes CI. 391; 

Topics CI. 605. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Ecological classification, 

Bot. CI. 219. 
Economics, Home, Classifica- 
tion, 401-426. 
Ecuador, Geo. CI. 29; Child CI. 

236; Gen. Hist. CI. 335; 

Homes CI. 383; Races CI. 

599; Topics CI. 611. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Eden, Region of, Geo. CI. 55; 

Eltjth. CI. 516. 
Edinburgh, Geo. CI. 34; Cities 

CI. 234, 245 ; Civ. Bett. CI 

252, 262, 269, 279; Eng 

Comp. CI. 288. 

Editorial Board Iviii 

Edward II., III., Biog. CI 

162; the Confessor, Biog 

CI. 160. 
Egypt, Geo. CI. 49; Biog. CI 

201; Child CI. 228; Gen 

Hist. CI. 329, 330; Homes 

CI. 390; Races CI. 601 

Topics CI. 605. See Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
Egyptian architecture, Ar- 

chit. CI. 107 ; myths, Elyth. 

CI. 515. 
Eiffel Tower, Geo. CI. 41 ; 

Archit. CI. 114, 119. 
Elche, Spain, Geo. CI. 43. 
Electric power ( dynamos ) , 

Prod. & Indus. CI. 588 ; use 

of, Tram. CI. 633, 



Elephants, Animals CI. 89; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 309; Na- 
ture CI. 519; use of. Trans. 
CI. 632. 

Elevated railways, Geo. CI. 5, 
39; Trans. CI. 633. 

Elevators, Grain, Agri. CI. 
72 ; Prod. & Indus. CI. 569. 

Elijah, Biog. CI. 204. 

Elim, Oasis of, Geo. CI. 53. 

Eliot, Chas. W., Biog. CI. 145. 
George, Liter. CI. 467. 
Sir John, Biog. CI. 166. 

Elizabeth, Queen, Biog. CI. 
163. 

Elizabethan architecture, 
Archit. CI. 113. 

Emerson, R. W., Biog. CI. 138; 
Liter. CI. 434. 

Endicott, John, Biog. CI. 129. 

Engadine, Geo. CI. 45. 

England, Geo. CI. 32; Biogr. CI. 
159; Gere. ffis*. OL 336; 
Homes CI. 384: i?aces CI. 
595; Topics C?. 612. See 
also Zones CI. 643-676. 

English authors, Liter. CI. 
4:bl ; explorations, Amer. 
Hist. CI. 353. 

English Colonies, see list un- 
der Colonies. 

English Composition Classifica- 
tion, 285-312. 

Enkhuysen, Geo. CI. 4. 

Equatorial zone, Zones CI. 
645. 

Erosion, Phys. Geo. CI. 537- 
540; lava, Agri. CI. 65; 
rock, Agri. CI. 64; wind, 
Nature CI. 531. 

Erratic boulders, Phys. Geo. 
CI. 563. 

Eruptions, Volcanic, Phys. 
Geo. CI. 558. 



692 



Esquimaux, Homes CI. 382; 

Races CI. 594. 
Estuaries, Phys. Geo. CI. 561; 

Topics CI. 620. 
Ethiopian race, Races CI. 591. 
Ethnology, see Races CI. 589- 

602. 
Etna, Mount, Geo. CI. 47; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 558. 
Euphrates River, Geo. CI. 55; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 542. 
EuROPA, Myth. CI. 511. 
Europe, Geo. CI. 32; Biog. CI. 

159; Child CI. 226, 228; 

Homes CI. 384; Phys Geo. 

CI. 553 ; Rnces CI. 595-598 ; 

Topics CI. 612. See Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
Europe in time of Columbus, 

Amer. Hist. CI. 343. 
Evangeline, Liter. CI. 444. 
EvAKS, Admiral, Biog. CI. 152. 
Exeter, Geo. CI. 33; Cities CI. 

230, 239. 
Explorers, see under Discover- 
ers and Explorers. 
Factories, Civ. Bett. CI. 282; 

factory processes, Prod, d 

Indus. CI. 611, 578. 
Falls, Nature CI. 530; Phys. 

Geo. CI. 543; Topics CI. 

620. 
Famous men, see Biog. CI. 121- 

210; Liter. CI. 427-485. 
Faneuil Hall, Geo. CI. 3; 

Archit. CI. 113; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 267; Liter. CI. 455. 
Faraday, Michael, Biog. CI. 

170. 
Farming, see Agri. CI. 63-79; 

Home Econ. CI. 403-406; 

Nature CI. 528, 529; Prod. 

d Indus. CI. 587 ; Zones CI. 

643-676. 



Farms and farm buildings, 

Agri. CI. 78. 
Farragut, Admiral, Biog. CI. 

139. 
Feathers, Prod, d Indus. CI. 

580. 
Ferdinand and Isabella, Biog. 

CI. 189. 
Ferns, Tropical, Geo. CI. 23. 
Ferry boats. Trans. CI. 637. 
Fertilization of soil, Naiure 

CI. 529. See also Irriga- 
tion. 
Field, Eugene, Liter. CI. 434. 
Field of the Cloth of Gold, 

Geo. CI. 41; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 244; Amer. Hist. CI. 

344; Gen. Hist. CI. 337. 
Fiji Islands, Geo. CI. 62 ; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 305 ; Homes CI. 

395; Topics CI. 619. 
Filipinos, Races CI. 593. 
FiNiSTERE, Geo. CI. 42. 
FiRAN, Oasis of, Geo. CI. 53; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 550. 
Fire, Fighting, Geo. CI. 7. 
Fireplace, Primitive, Prod, d 

Indus. CI. 581. 
Firewood, Agri. CI. 77. 
Fish, Geo. CI. 3, 20, 21, 35; 

Animals CI. 90; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 309; Home 

Econ. CI. 411; Nature CI. 

522; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

575. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Fishing boats, Geo. CI. 41; 

Prod, d Indus. CI. 575. 
Fissures. Volcanic, Phys. Geo. 

CI. 558. 
Fjords, Phys. Geo. CI. 561; 

Topics CI. 620. 
Flavius, Biog. CI. 205. 
Flax, Geo. CI. 41; Agri. CL 



693 



70; Bot. CI. 218; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 307 ; Home Econ. 

CI. 421; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

577. 
Floods, Geo. CI. 13, 14; Top- 
ics CI. 620. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Florence, Geo. CI. 46; Cities 

CI. 234, 240; Civ. Bett. CI. 

255, 272; Eng. Comp. CI. 

289, 302. 
Florida, Geo. CI. 12; Homes 

CI. 378. See also Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
Flowers, Details of, Bot. CI. 

214. 
Foods and foodstuffs, Agri. 

CI. 66-73; Home Econ. CI. 

407; Prod. cC- Indus. CI. 

569-576. 
Ford, Paul L., Liter. CI. 436. 
Fokdyce, Charles, Classifica- 
tion by, 341-372. 
Forest, Petrified, Geo. CI. 18; 

Eng. Comp. CT. 310; Geol. 

CI. 322; Plujs. Geo. CI. 

551. 
Forest products, Agri. CI. 76 ; 

Nature CI. 525; Prod. & 

Indus. CI. 585. 
Forests and forestry, Nature 

CI. 525; Topics CI. 620. 
Formation, Fruit, Bot. CI. 

215; Nature CI. 523; Soil, 

Agri. CI. 64; Nature CI. 

528. 
Fort Sumter, Geo. CI. 11; 

-E^n^r. Comp. CI. 297; Amer. 

5'is^. CI. 366. 
Forum, Roman, (J'eo. CI. 46; 

Oil;. Beii. CL 255; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 302; Myth. CI. 

513 
Fox Indians, Geo. CI. 14; 



Amen if is*. CI. 343; 
fl^omes CT. 380; Races CI. 
594. 

France, Geo. OL 41; Biog. CI. 
183; C7wi(Z CI. 227; Gen. 
ffis*. CZ. 330; Homes CI. 
387; Topics CI. 613. See 
also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Francis I., Biog. CI. 184. 

Francis Joseph, Emperor, 
Biog. CI. 180. 

Franklin, Benjamin, Biog. CI. 
130. 

Frederick the Great, Biog. 
CI. 178. 

Fremont, John C, Biog. CI. 
141. 

French Colonies, see Algeria, 
Martinique ; explorations, 
Amer. Hist. CI. 351; Revo- 
lution, Gen. Hist. CI. 334. 

Frobisher, Sir Martin, Biog. 
CI. 127; Amer. Hist. CI. 
353. 

Frost, Nature CI. 531; Phys. 
Geo. CI. 538, 539. 

Fruit formation, Bot. CI. 215; 
Nature CI. 523 ; growing, 
harvesting and transporta- 
tion, Agri. CI. 68, 71; 
Home Econ. CI. 412; Prod. 
& Indus. CI. 571. See also 
Zones CI. 643-676. 

Fuel, Agri. CI. 77; Home 
Econ. CI. 424; Prod, d In- 
dus. CI. 581. 

Fujiyama, Geo. CI. 61; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 289, 296; Geol. 
CI. 320, 323; Myth. CI. 
507; Phys. Geo. CI. 550, 
555, 558, 566. 

Fuller, Melville W., Biog. CI. 
144. 

Fulton, Robert, Biog. CI. 134. 



694 



FUNCHAL, Geo. CI. 44; Cities 

CI. 236, 237; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 289. 
FuBNESS Abbey, Geo. CI. 34; 

Archit. CI. Ill; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 298; Gen. Hist. 

CI. 332. 
FuES, Prod, d Indus. CI. 580. 
Galata, Geo. CI. 48. 
Galilee, Geo. CI. 54; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 305. 
Game cocks. Animals CI. 91. 
Ganges Rivek, Geo. CI. 56; 

Cities CI. 240; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 546. 
Gannets, Geo. CI. 24; Animals 

CI. 91; Eng. Comp. CI. 

309; Nature CI. 521. 
Garden of the Gods, Geo. 

CI. 17; Phys. Geo. CI. 

540. 
Gardens, Nature CI. 528. 
Garfield, Jas. A., Biog. CI. 

144. 
Garibaldi, Biog. CI. 197. 
Garrison, Wm. L., Biog. CI. 

139. 
Geese, Animals CI. 91; Nature 

CI. 521. 
Geneva, Lake, Geo. CZ. 45; 

Cities CI. 244; Cw. Bett. 

CI. 269; i^ngr. Comp. CI. 

295. 
General History Classification, 

325-340. 
Gennesaret Plain, Geo. CI. 

54. 
Geographical Classification, 1- 

62. 
Geography, Physical, Classifica- 
tion, 535-566. 
Geology Classification, 313-324. 
Georgia, Geo. CI. 11; Amer. 

Hist. CI. 357; Child CI. 



225; Homes CI. 378. See 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
German Colonies, see German 

East Africa. 
German East Africa, Geo. CI. 

51; Child CI. 228; Homes 

CI. 391; Topics CI. 605. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Germany, Geo. CI. 39; Biog. 

CI. 177; Child CI. 227; 

Gen. Hist. CI. 330; Homes 

CI. 386; Races CI. 595; 

Topics CI. 613. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Gettysburg, Geo. CI. 9; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 297 ; Amer. 

Hist. CI. 366; Liter. CI. 

450. 
Geysers, Geo. CI. 17, 62; Na- 
ture CI. 532; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 557; Topics CI. 620. 
Giant's Causeway, Geo. CI. 

36; ^n^f. Comp. CL 298; 

Geol. CI. 323; P7ii/s. Geo. 

CI. 537, 556, 559, 560, 561. 
Gibraltar, Geo. CI. 43; Child 

CI. 227. 
Giraffes, Animals CI. 91; ZVa- 

^M-e CI. 520. 
Glacial cirque, P7ii/s. Geo. CI. 

564; deposits, Nature CI. 

532; drift, A^aiiwe (7?. 

528 ; erosion, Phys. Geo. 

CI. 539; lakes, Phys. Geo. 

CI. 564; plains, Phys. Geo. 

CI. 548; valley. Nature CI. 

530; wash, Agri. CI. 65; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 563. 
Glaciers, Nature CI. 530; 

P7it/s. Geo. CI. 562; Top- 
ics CT. 614, 616, 620. 
Gladstone, Wm. E., Biog. CI. 

171. 
Glass-making, Geo. CI. 9, 10; 



695 



Home Econ. CI. 425 ; Prod. 
<€ Indus. CI. 584. 

Gkeiss, Geol. CI. 321. 

Goats, Animals CI. 92; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 
520; Prod, d Indus. CI. 
574; use of, Trans. CI. 
631. 

Goes, Geo. CI. 41; Eng. Comp. 
CI. 304. 

Goethe, Biog. CI. 179; Liter. 
CI. 482. 

Goldfinches, Animals CI. 92; 
E'njr. Co?7ip. Ci. 309; A^a- 
ttire CI. 521, 

Gold industry, Geo. CI. 19, 21, 
25, 52, 57, 62; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 583; geologic ori- 
gin of, Geol. CI. 321. 

Golden Fleece, Myth. CI. 
509. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, Biog. CI. 
167; Liter. CI. 468. 

Goldsmiths (workmen), Man. 
Tr. CI. 489. 

Gondolas, Trans. CI. 635. 

Gordon, Rev. Chas. W., Biog. 
CI. 157; Liter. CI. 432. 
Chas. Geo., Biog. CI. 173. 

Gorges, Nature CI. 530; Phys. 
Geo. CI. 544; Topics CI. 
621. 

Gothic architecture, Archit. 
CI. 110. 

Government buildings, Ar- 
chit. CI. 118. 

Grady, William E., Classifica- 
tion by, 1-62. 

Gr^co-Latin people, Races CI. 
597. 

Grain elevators, Geo. CI. 15, 
25; Agri. CI. 72; Home 
Econ. CI. 405; Prod, d In- 
dus. CI. 569. 



Grains, Agri. CI. 67, 69, 70, 
72; Bot. CI. 216; Home 
Econ. CI. 407 ; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 569. See also 
Zones CI. 643-676. 

Granada, Geo. CI. 43; Cities 
CI. 236, 240; Eng. Comp. 
CI. 295, 301. 

Grand Canyon, Geo. CI. 19; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 288; Phys. 
Geo. CI. 237. 

Grand Pre, Geo. CI. 24; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 297; Liter. CI. 
444. 

Granite quarries, Geo. CI. 4; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 311; Man. 
Tr. CI. 491; Phys. Geo. CI. 
565; Prod, d Indus. CI. 
585; granitic rocks, Na- 
ture CI. 529. 

Grant, Ulysses S., Biog. CI. 
142. 

Grapes, Geo. CI. 43; Agri. CI. 
68, 72; Bot. CI. 218; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 306; Home Econ. 
CI. 413; IVaiwe CL 527; 
Prod. & Indus. CI. 572. 

Grasmere, Geo. CI. 34; jBio^r. 
CI. 169; E^nr/. Comp. CL 
298; Liter. CI. 480. 

Grasses, Man. Tr. CI. 489 ; Na- 
ture CI. 523. 

Gray, Thomas, Liter. CI. 468. 

Great Britain, Geo. CI. 32; 
Btoc^. CI. 159; O/itJtZ CT. 
226; Gen. Hist. CI. 330, 
336; Homes CI. 384, 385; 
Lifer. CI. 457; 7?accs CL 
595, 596; Topics CI. 612, 
613. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 

Great Lakes States. Geo. CI. 
14; Topics CI. 608. See 
also Zones CI. 643-676. 



696 



Great men, see Biog. CI. 121- 
210; Liter. CI. 420-484. 

Geecian aechitectuke, Archit. 
CI. 107; myths, Myth. CI. 
497. 

Greece, Geo. CI. 47; Biog. CI. 
199; Child CI. 228; Gen. 
Eist. CI. 328, 329; Homes 
CI. 390; Races CI. 597; 
Topics CI. 614. See also 
Zones CI. 643-676. 

Greeley, Horace, Biog. CI. 
140. 

Greenland, Geo. CI. 25, 26; 
Homes CI. 382. See also 
Zones CI. 643-676. 

Gregory, W. M., Classification 
by, 625-642. 

Guadalquivir River, Geo. CI. 
43; Cities CI. 239. 

Guayaquil, Geo. CI. 29. 

Gulf States, Geo. CI. 12 ; Top- 
ics CI. 607. See also 
Zones CI. 643-676. 

Gulls, Sea, Animals CI. 93; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 309; Na- 
ture CI. 521. 

Gustavus Adolphus, Biog. CI. 
175. 

Gutenberg, Johann, Biog. CI. 
178. 

GWALIOR, Geo. CI. 56; Homes 
CI. 393, 397, 398. 

Hadrian, Emperor, Biog. CI. 
194. 

Hamilton, Alexander, Biog. 
CI. 134. 

Hamitic people. Races CI. 601. 

Hankow, Geo. CI. 58; Cities 
CI. 235, 240. 

Harbors, Phys. Geo. CI. 560; 
Topics CI. 621; Trans. CI. 
637. See also other refer- 
ences in Topics CI. 603-619, 



Harris, Ada Van Stone, Clas- 
sification by, 373-400. 

Harte, Bret, Biog. CI. 149; 
Liter. CI. 436. 

Harvesting, Agri. CI. 69-72; 
Nature CI. 529. See also 
Prod. & Indus. CI. 567-588. 

Hastings, Warren, Biog. CI. 
167. 

Havana, Geo. CI. 27, 28; Cit- 
ies CI. 234, 237, 243, 247; 
Homes CI. 383. 

Hawaiian Islands, Geo. CI. 
23; Phys. Geo. CI. 552; 
Races CI. 601; Topics CI. 
609. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, Biog. 
CI. 138; Liter. CI. 436. 

Hay, John, Biog. CI. 148. 

Haymaking, Geo. CI. 34, 37, 
39; Agri. CI. 70; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 307 ; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 587. See also Na- 
ture CI. 527. 

Heat belts, Topics CI. 621. See 
also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Hebraic mythology. Myth. CI. 
515. 

Heidelberg, Geo. CI. 40; Cities 
CI. 236, 239, 246 ; Civ. Bett. 
CI. 254, 281; Eng. Comp. 
CI. 295. 

Heine, Heinrich, Liter. CI. 
482. 

Hemans, Felicia, Liter. CI. 
468. 

Hemp, Geo. CI. 23, 24; Agri. 
CI. 71, 73; Bot. CI. 217; 
Home Econ. CI. 421; Na- 
ture CI. 527; Prod. & In- 
dus CI 577. 

Henry III., Bio^' CI. 161; IV., 
VI., VII., 162; VIII., 163. 



INDEX 



697 



Hera, Mijth. CI. 498. 

Hercules, Myth. CI. 504. 

Hermes, Myth. CI. 499. 

Herring fisheries, Geo. CI. 
35; Home Econ. CI. 412; 
Prod, d Indus. CI. 575. 

Hiawatha, Liter. CI. 442. 

Hides, Agri. CI. 75; Prod. & 
Indus. CI. 580. See also 
Zones CI. 647. 

HiGGiNsoN, Thos. W., Biog. CI. 
143. 

Hills, Phys. Geo. CI. 550 ; Top- 
ics CI. 621. 

Himalaya Mountaixs, Geo. 
CI. 56. 

Hindu architecture, Archit. 
CI. 115; myths, Myth. CI. 
515. 

Hippopotamus, Animals CI. 
94; Natiire CI. 520. 

History, Ancient, Gen. Hist. 
CI. 328. 

History, General, Classification, 
325-339. 

History of America Classifica- 
tion (Political, Social and 
Economic), 341-372. 

HoBSON, Richmond P., Biog. 
CI. 156. 

Hogs, Agri. CI. 75 ; Animals 
CI. 94; Nature CI. 520. 

Holland, Geo. CI. 40; Biog. CI. 
181; Child CI. 227; Gen. 
Hist. CI. 330; Homes CI. 
387; Races CI. 595; Top- 
ics CI. 614. See also Zones 
CI. 643-676. 

Holmes, 0. W., Biog. CI. 140; 
Liter. CI. 436. 

Holyrood Palace, Geo. CI. 34; 
Homes CI. 539. 

Homes, Home Econ. CI. 416; 
Topics CI. 621; Zones CI. 



643-676. See also other 

references in Topics CI. 

603-619. 
Homes and Life of the People 

Classification, 373-400. 
Home Economics Classification, 

401-426. 
Homer, Biog. CI. 199; Liter. CI. 

482. 
Hong-Kong, Geo. CI. 58; Cities 

CI. 235, 238; Gen. Hist. CI. 

335. 
Honolulu, Geo. 01. 23; Cities 

CI. 235, 237, 243; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 260. 
Hood, Thos., Liter. CI. 468. 
Hop culture, Geo. CI. 40, 62; 

Agri. CZ. 69; Bot. CI. 217; 

Nature CI. 527; Prod. <& 

Indus. CI. 574. 
HoPi Indians, Geo. CI. 18; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 343; 

Homes CI. 380; Races CI. 

594. 
Horses, Agri. CI. 76; Animals 

CI. 95; Eng. Comp. CI. 

308; Nature CI. 520; use 

©f, Trans. CI. 628, 629. 
Hosic, James Fleming, Classi- 
fication by, 285-312. 
Hot springs, Phys. Geo. CI. 

557; Topics CI. 621. 
Household arts. Home Econ. 

CI. 416; science. Home 

Econ. CI. 403. 
Houses, Home Econ. CI. 416. 

See also Cottages, and 

Homes CI. 373-400. 
Howells, Wm. D., Biog. CI. 

146; Liter. CI. 437. 
Hudson, Henry, Biog. CI. 127, 

165. 
Hudson River, Geo. CI. 5; 

Cities CI. 239; Eng. Comp. 



698 



INDEX 



CI. 287; Amer. Hist. CI. 

358; Valley, Geo. CI. 6. 
Hugo, Victor, Biog. CI. 188; 

Liter. CI. 483. 
Hunting, Geo. CI. 33. 
Huntington. Ellsworth, Clas- 
sification by, 643-676. 
Huxley, Thos. H., Biog. CI. 

173. 
Ibsen, Henrik, Biog. CI. 175; 

Liter. CI. 483. 
Icebergs and ice fields, 'Na- 
ture CI. 531; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 564; Topics CI. 621; 

ice deposits, Geol. CI. 319; 

ice river, Nature CI. 531. 
Ice industry, Geo. CI. 30; 

Prod, d Indus. CI. 576. 
Idols in Burma, Geo. CI. 57; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 311. 
Igneous rocks, Geol. CI. 319. 
Illinois, Geo. CI. 15 ; Homes 

CI. 379. See also Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
Immigrants to U. S., Geo. CI. 

5 ; station. Civ. Bett. CI. 

266. 
Independence Hall, Geo. CI. 

9; Archit. CI. 113; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 267; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 297; Gen. Hist. CI. 

334; Amer. Hist. CI. 360. 
India, Geo. CI. 55; Biog. CI. 

207; Child CI. 229; Homes 

CI. 393; Races CI. 601; 

Topics CI. 618. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Indians, American, Amer. 

Hist. CI. 343; Homes CI. 

380; Races CI. 594. 
Industries, Eng. Comp. CI. 

311; Gen. Hist. CI. 329; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 371; Home 

Econ. CI. 424; Prod, d In- 



dus. CI. 567-588. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Industries and Products Classi- 
fication, 567-5SS. 
Inlets, Phys. Geo. CI. 561. 
Innsbruck, Geo. CI. 47; Cities 

CI. 236, 240, 244; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 264, 278; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 299; Gen. Hist. 

CI. 333. 
Insects, Nature CI. 522. 
Ionic architecture, Archit. 

CI. 108. 
Ireland, Geo. CI. 35; Biog. CI. 

159; Child CI. 227; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 330; Homes CI. 

385; Races CI. 596; Top- 
ics CI. 612. See also Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
Iron industry, Geo. CI. 9, 14, 

15, 16; Man. Tr. CI. 492; 

Prod, d Indus. CI. 582. 
Irrawaddy River, Geo. CI. 57; 

Cities CI. 238. 
Irrigation, Geo. CI. 30, 50, 55 ; 

Agri. CI. 66; Nature CI. 

529; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

587; Topics CI. 621. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Irving, Washington, Biog. CI. 

135; Liter. CI. 438. 
Isabella, Queen, Biog. CI. 

189. 
Islands, Phys Geo. CI. 562; 

Topics CI. 621. 
Italy, Geo. CI. 45; Biog. CI. 

192; Child. CI. 228; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 328, 330; Homes 

CI. 389; Ea.ces CI. 597; 

Topics CI. 614. See also 

Zojies CL 643-676. 
Ivan the Great, Bioq. CI. 

176. 
Ivory, Geo. CI. 50; Nature CI. 



699 



522; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

587. 
IXTACCIIIUATL, MEXICO, Oeo. 

CI. 26; Eng. Comp. CI. 

294; Phtjs. Geo. CI. 552. 
Jackson, Helen Hunt, Liter. 

CI. 446. 
Jaffa, Geo. CI. 53; Cities CI. 

236, 237; Eng. Comp. CI. 

305. 
Jalapa, Geo. CI. 26; Cities CI. 

240; Eng. Comp. CI. 298. 
Jamaica, Geo. CI. 28; Child. 

CI. 226; Homes CI. 383; 

Topics Gl. 610. 
James I., Biog. CI. 165. 
Japan, Geo. CI. 59; Biog. CI. 

207; CTi/d CI. 229; G'ew. 

Fis*. CT. 335; Homes CI. 

394; Topics CI. 618. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Japanese architecture, Ar- 

chit. CI. 115; people. Races 

CI. 592. 
Jason, Myth. CI. 509. 
Java, Geo. CI. 62; Child CI 

229; iTomes CL 395; Top- 
ics CI. 619; people of, 

Races CI. 593. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Jefferson, Thomas, Biog. Gl. 

133. 
Jerusalem, Geo. CI. 53; Cities 

Gl. 236, 240, 245; Civ. 

Bett. Gl. 265; Eng. Comp. 

Gl. 289, 305 ; Gen. Hist. Gl. 

332. 
Jesuits, The, Amer. Hist. Gl. 

353. 
Jewels, Prod. & Indus. Gl. 

583. 
Jinrikisiias, Trans. Gl. 628. 
Joan of Arc, Biog. Gl. 184. 
Johannesburg, Geo. Gl. 52. 



Johnson, Dr. Samuel, Liter. 

Gl. 468. 
Jonah, Tomb of, Geo. Gl. 55. 
JONSON, Ben, Biog. Gl. 166; 

Liter. Gl. 469. 
Jordan River, Geo. Gl. 54; 

Phys. Geo. Gl. 542, 543, 
Joseph, Biog. Gl. 204. 
Joshua, Biog. Gl. 204. 
Judea, Geo. Gl. 53. 
Juarez, Benito Pablo, Biog. 

Gl. 157. 
Judas Maccabeus, Biog. CI. 

205. 
Juggernaut, Myth. Gl. 516. 
Jungfrau, Geo. Gl. 44; Eng. 

Comp. Gl. 295 ; Phys. -Geo. 

CI. 539, 554, 562, 563. 
Juno (Hera), Myth. Gl. 498. 
Jupiter, Elyth. Gl. 497. 
Kandy, Geo. Gl. 57; Cities CI. 

240 ; i;«sr. Comp. Gl. 305. 
Kangaroos, Animals Gl. 96; 

^^njf. Comp. CL 309; Na- 
ture Gl. 520. 
Kansas, Geo. Gl. 14. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Kellogg, Elijah, Liter. CI. 

469. 
Kentucky, Geo. CI. 13. See 

also Zones Gl. 643-676. 
Kerosene, see Petroleum. 
KiDD, Capt. Wm., Biog. CI. 

130, 166. 
Kief, Geo. Gl. 39. 
KiKUYU people, Geo. Gl. 50; 

E7ig. Comp. Gl. 304; Races 

CI. 591. 
Kilauea Volcano, Geo. Gl. 23 ; 

Gcol. Gl. 320; Phys. Geo. 

Gl. 550, 558. 
Killarney, Lakes of, Geo. Gl. 

36; Eng. Comp. Gl. 294; 

Phys. Geo. Gl. 564. 



700 



KiMBEELET MiNES, Geo. CI. 52 ; 
Prod, d Indus. CI. 583. 

KiNCHiNJANGA, Geo. CI. 56; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 295; Phys. 
Geo. CI. 554. 

Kipling, Rudyakd, Liter. CI. 
469. 

KiKKPATKiCK, E. A., Classifica- 
tion by, 221-230. 

Kitchener, Lord, Biog. CI. 
174. 

Klondike, Geo. CI. 25. 

Knowles, Sheridan, Liter. CI. 
470. 

Knox, John, Biog. CI. 163. 

Korea, Geo. CI. 61; Child CI. 
229; Homes CI. 395; Top- 
ics CI. 618; people of, iSaces 
CI. 593. See also Zones 
CI. 643-676. 

Kremlin, The, Geo. CI. 39; 
Cities CI. 245. 

KuFA-MAKiNG, Geo. CI. 55; 
Prod. & Indus. CI. 588. 

Kyoto, Japan, Geo. CI. 60; 
Cities CI. 235, 238, 240, 
246. 

Lady of the Lake, Liter. CI. 
474. 

Lafayette, Marquis de, Biog. 
CI. 187. 

Lake deposits, Geol. CI. 318; 
lake plains, Phys. Geo. CI. 
548. 

Lake district, England, Geo. 
CI. 34. 

Lakes, Phys. Geo. CI. 564 ; Top- 
ics CI. 622. 

Land deposits, Geol. CI. 319. 

Lantern and Slides in the 
School. 

Methods of Use xxx 

When to Use 1 

Lapps, Races CI. 593. 



La Salle, Robert Cavelier, 

Biog. CI. 185. 
Latin-American people. Races 

CI. 599. 
Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, Biog. 

CI. 157. 
Lava, Ag^-i. CI. 65; Nature CI. 

531; Phys Geo. CI. 558, 

559. 
Leather, Geo. CI. 4; Nature 

CI. 522 ; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

580. 
Leaves of plants, Bot. CI. 213, 

214; Nature CI. 523. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Lebanon, Cedars of, Geo. CI. 

54. 
Lee, Robert E., Biog. CI. 138; 

Amer. Hist. Gl. 365 ; home 

of, Geo. CI. 10; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 301; Homes CI. 381. 
Lemons, Geo. CI. 46; Agri. CI. 

68, 72; Bot. CI. 218; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 306; Nature CI. 

524; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

572. 
Leonidas, Biog. CI. 199. 
Leopoldville, Belgian Congo, 

Geo. Gl. 51. 

Lesson, The lii 

Lewis and Clarke Explora- 
tions, Amer. Hist. CI. 

361. 
Life-saving crew, Geo. CI. 6. 
Lighting, Good and Bad, Civ. 

Bett. CI. 257-266, 283. 
Lima (Peru), Geo. CI. 30; 

Cities CI. 234. 239, 243; 

Civ. Bett. CI. 252, 282. 
Limestone, Nature CI. 529. 
Lincoln, Abraham, Biog. CI. 

139; Liter. CI. 441; home 

of, Geo. CI. 13; Homes CI. 

381. 



INDEX 



701 



Linen, Oeo. CI. 35; Home 

Econ. CI. 421; Nature CI. 

527; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

577. 
Lisbon, Portugal, Geo. CI. 44; 

Cities CI. 234, 237, 243; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 299. 
Literature Classification, 427- 

484. 
Live stock, Geo. 01. 18; Agri. 

CI. 73; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

576, 578. 
Livingstone, David, Biog. CI. 

172. 
Livius, Titus, Biog. CI. 193. 
LiVY, Biog. CI. 193. 
Llamas, Animals CI. 96; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 

520; use of. Trans. CI. 631. 
Loch Katrine, Scotland, Geo. 

CI. 35 ; Eng. Comp. CI. 298. 
Locks, Canal, Geo. CI. 22; 

Trans. CI. 638; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 588. 
Log houses, Blan. Tr. CI. 491. 
London, Geo. CI. 32; Cities CI. 

233, 238, 243, 248; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 262, 269, 280; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 288, 298, 

301, 303. 
Longfellow, Henry W., Biog. 

CI. 138; Liter. CI. 441; 

home of, Geo. CI. 3; Ar- 

chit.- CI. 113; Eomes CI. 

381. 
Lorelei Cliffs, Geo. CI. 40; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 555. 
Louis XIV., Biog. CI. 185; 

XVI., Biog. CI. 186. 
Louisiana, Geo. CI. 12; Child 

CI. 225. See also Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
Lowell, James E., Biog. CI. 

141; Liter. CI. 445; home 



of, Geo. CI. 3; Archit. CI. 

113; Homes CI. 380. 
Lucerne, Geo. CI. 44; Cities 

CI. 236, 239, 244; £?i^. 

Comp. CI. 289, 299. 
Ludlow, Geo. CI. 34; iJnt;. 

Comp. CI. 294, 298. 
Lumbering, Geo. CI. 3, 11, 12, 

15, 16, 20, 26, 57; Agri. 

CI. 76; Nature CI. 525; 

Prod. & Indus. CI. 585. 
Luther, Martin, Biog. CI. 178. 
Luxor, Egypt, Geo. CI. 50; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 302. 
Lydda, Palestine, Geo. CI. 53. 
Macaulay, Thos. B., Biog. CI. 

170. 
Machinery, Man. Tr. CI. 492; 

Trans. CI. 632. 
Madeira Islands, Geo. CI. 44; 

Cities C'L 236, 237; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 289; Topics CI. 

614. 
Madero, Francisco, Biog. CI. 

158. 
Madras, India, Geo. CI. 57; 

Caies CI. 235, 238, 246; 

Cw. Bett. CI. 273. 
Madrid, Geo. CI. 43; Oifies GL 

234, 239, 243; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 264, 272, 279; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 289. 
Magellan, Ferdinand, Biog. 

CI. 127; Amer. Hist. CI. 

350. 
Magellan, Strait of, Geo. CI. 

31; Eng. Comp. CI. 294; 

Gen. Hist. CI. 333. 
Magnus, Albertus (The 

Great), Biog. CI. 178. 
Mahoney, Francis, Liter. CI. 

470. 
Maize, see Corn. 
Malaga, Geo. CI. 43. 



702 



INDEX 



Malayan people. Races CI. 

593; Topics CI. 622. 
Maloja Pass, Geo. CI. 45; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 291; Phys. 

Geo. CI. 555. 
Mammals, Nature CI. 519. 
Manchuria, Geo. CI. 59; 

Homes CI. 394; Topics CI. 

018. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Mandalay, Geo. CI. 57; Cities 

CL 235, 240, 246; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 305, 311. 
Mangoes, Geo. CI. 26; Agri. 

CI. 68, 72; iJome Econ. CI. 

413; Nature CI. 524; Prod. 

cG 7«dt(s. C/. 573. 
Manila, Geo. CI. 23; Child CI. 

226; Ciiftes CL 235, 237, 

243; Civ. Bett. CI. 261, 

276; Eng. Comp. CI. 291. 
Manitoba, Geo. CL 25; Child 

CI. 226. 
Manual Training Classification, 

485-404. 
Manufactures, Agri. CI. 77; 

Home Econ. CL 419; Prod. 

d Indus. CI. 567-588. See 

also Zones CL 643-676. 
Map, Relief, of Palestine, 

Geo. CI. 53. 
Maracaibo, Geo. CI. 29; Eng. 

Comp. CL 298. 
Marathon, Geo. CL 48; Eng. 

Comp. CL 291; Gen. Hist. 

CI. 329. 
Marble, Geo. CL 46; Nature 

CL 529; Man. Tr. CL 491; 

Prod. & Indus. CL 585. 
Marc Antony, Biog. CL 193. 
Marco Polo, Biog. CL 195. 
Maria Theresa, Biog. CL 178. 
Marie Antoinette, Biog. CL 

187. 



Marine deposits, GeoL CL 319. 
Marken, Geo. CL 41. 
Marketing products, Agri. CL 

72; Home Econ. CL 406; 

Nature CL 529. 
Marquette, Father, Biog. CL 

130, 185. 
Marmion, Liter. CL 474. 
Marshall, John, Biog. CL 

333. • 
Martinique, Geo. CL 28; 

Homes CL 383; Topics CL 

610. 
Mary, Queen of Scots, Biog. 

CL 164. 
Masai people. Races CL 591. 
Massachusetts, Geo. CL 3; 

Homes CL 376. See also 

Zones CL 643-676. 
Matterhorn, Geo. CL 45 ; Eng. 

Cornp. CL 295 ; Phys. Geo. 

CL 539, 540, 555. 
Matting industry, Geo. CL 

27; Home Econ. CL 425; 

il/an. Tr. CL 487; Prod. & 

Indus. CL 588. 
Maximilian, Emperor, Biog. 

CL 158. 
McKiNLEY, Wm., Biog. CL 151; 

//owes CL 380, 381. 
Meade, Gen. George Gordon, 

Biog. CL 141. 
Meat industry, Agri. CL 73- 

76; Home Econ. CL 410; 

Prod, dc Indus. CL 575, 576. 
Medici, Catherine, Biog. CL 

184. 
Lorenzo, Biog. CL 196. 
Melanesian people, Races CL 

591. 
Melbourne, Geo. CL 61; Cities 

CL 235, 244, 247; Ci-y. 

Bett. CL 266, 275, 277; 

Eng. Comp. CL 296. 



703 



Meleose Abbey, Geo. CI. 34; 

Archit. CI. Ill, 118; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Gen. Hist. 

CI. 336. 
Men, Famous, see Biog. CI 

121-210; Liter. CI. 427 

485. 
Mendez, Anier. Hist. CI. 348 

Gen. Hist. CI. 336. 
Mer de Glace, Geo. CI. 45 

Eng. Comp. CI. 299; Phys. 

Geo. CI. 539, 563. 
Mercury, Myth. CI. 499. 
Mesas, Phys. Geo. CI. 551. 
Mesopotamia, Geo. CI. 55 ; 

Child CI. 228; Gen. Hist. 

CI. 328, 329; Homes CI. 

392; Races CI. 600; Top- 
ics CI. 616. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Messina, Geo. CI. 47; Cities 

CI. 236, 237; Civ. Bett. CI. 

256, 277; Eng. Comp. CI. 

310; Phys. Geo. CI. 559, 

561. 
Metals, Man. Tr. CI. 492; 

Prod. & Indus. CI. 582. 

See also individual names. 
Metal work, Man. Tr. CI. 

489. 
Methods of Use. 

Of Lantern and Slides . . .xxx 
Of Stereoscope and Stereo- 
graphs xxxiv 

Wlien to Use 1 

Mexican War, Amer. Hist. CI. 

363. 
Mexico, Geo. CI. 26; Biog. CI. 

157; Gen. Hist. CI. 335; 

Homes CI. 382; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 552; Races CI. 599; 

Topics CI. 606. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Michelangelo, Biog. CI. 197. 



Michigan, Geo. CI. 14; Homes 
CI. 379. See also Zones 
CI. 643-676. 

Middle Atlantic States, Geo. 
CI. 4; Topics CI. 607. See 
also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Midnight sun, Geo. CI. 38; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 294. 

Milan, Geo. CI. 46; Cities CI. 
234, 240; Civ. Bett. CI. 
271; Eng. Comp. CI. 302; 
Ame7\ Hist. CI. 345. 

Military drill, Geo. CI. 6. 

Milk industry, Geo. CI. 6, 7, 
43, 46, 50; Agri. CI. 74; 
Home Econ. CI. 408; Na- 
ture CI. 522; Prod. tC- In- 
dus. CI. 574. 

Mill, John Stuart, Biog. CI. 
170. 

Miller, Joaquin, Biog. CI. 
150; Liter. CI. 445. 

Millet, Geo. CI. 60; Agri. CI 
69; Bot. CI. 217; Eng 
Comp. CI. 308 ; Home Econ 
CI. 407; Nature CI. 527 
Prod, d Indus. CI. 571. 

Mills, Flour, Geo. CI. 53 
Home Econ. CI. 407. 
Saw, Geo. 01. 16, 20, 24 
Agri. CI. 76, 77; Eng 
Comp. CI. 307; Man. Tr 
CI. 490 ; Prod, d Indus. CI 
586, 587. 

Miltiades, Biog. CI. 199. 

Milton, John, Biog. CI. 166; 
Liter. CI. 471. 

Mineral veins, Geol. CI. 321. 

Minerva, Mxjth. CI. 499. 

Mines, see Coal, Copper, Dia- 
mond, Gold, Iron, Silver. 

Mining, Man. Tr. CI. 492; 
Prod, d Indus. CI. 581-584. 

Minnesota, Geo. CI. 16; Homes 



704 



INDEX 



CI. 379. See also Zones 
CI. 643-676. 
Minute Man Statue, Geo. CI. 
3; Civ. Bett. CI. 278; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 297. 

MiRABEAU, COMTE DE, BioQ. CI. 

186. 
Mississippi Eivee, Geo. CI. 12, 

13; Cities CI. 238, 239; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 542; State, 

Geo. CI. 12; Homes CI. 

379. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Missouri, Geo. CI. 13; Child 

CI. 225; Amer. Hist. CI. 

357, 366. See also Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
Mitford, Mary Russell, Liter. 

CI. 471. 
MoAB, Geo. CI. 54; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 295. 
MoGOK, Geo. CI. 57; Eng. 

Comp. CL. 305. 
Mohammed, Biog. CI. 206. 
Mohammedan architecture, 

Archit. CI. 109, 110. 
MoKuowEOWEO Volcano, Geo. 

CI. 23; Geol. CI. 320; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 550, 558. 
Mombasa, Geo. CI. 50; Races 

CI. 591. 
Monaco, Geo. CI. 42 ; Cities CI. 

236, 243, 247; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 299; Topics CI. 614. 
Mongolian Race, Races CI. 

592. 
Monocotyledonous plants, 

Bot. CI. 216. 
Monsoon regions, Zones CI. 

651. 
Mont Blanc, Geo. CI. 45; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 289; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 553. 
Mont Pelee, Geo. CI. 28; ^'ngr. 



Com.p. CI. 310; P7ii/s. (?eo. 

CI. 554, 558. 
Montcalm, Gen., Biog. CI. 

130, 157, 186. 
Montevideo, Geo. CI. 32; Cities 

CI. 234, 237, 243; Cw. 

Bett. CI. 261, 268, 274; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 288. 
Montgomery, Richard, Biog. 

CI. 132; Amer. Hist. CI. 

359. 
James, Liifer. CI. 472. 
Montreal, Geo. C/. 24; Cities 

CI. 234, 238; Civ. Bett. CI. 

251; ^n$r. Comp. CI. 298. 
Monuments, Ctv. Bett. CI. 278; 

Gen. Hist. CI. 328. 329. 
Moonstones, Geo. CI. 57; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Prod, d In- 
dus. CI. 584. 
Moore, Thomas, Liter. CI. 472. 
Moorish architecture, Archit. 

CI. 109. 
MorainEvS, Nature CI. 532; 

P/(i/s. Geo. CI. 563. 
More, Sir Thomas, Biog. CI. 

163. 
Morgan, John Pierpont, Biog. 

CI. 147. 
Moscow, Geo. CI. 39; Cities CI. 

233, 239, 245: Cw. Bett. 

CI. 270; i7n(;f. Comp. CI. 

289. 
Moses, Biogr. CL 204. 
Mosul, Geo. CI. 55. 
Motley, John Lathrop, Liter. 

CI. 446. 
Mount Vernon, Geo. CI. 11; 

Biog. CI. 131; Swr/. Co7np. 

CI. 301; /viier. CT. 440. 
Mountain climbing in Wash- 
ington, Geo. CI. 21; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 288; in Norway, 

Geo. CI. 37; in Switzer- 



705 



land, Geo. CI. 45; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 291. 
Mountains, Phys. Geo. CI. 550- 

555; Topics CI. 622. See 

also individual names. 
MozAKT, Biog. CI. 179. 
MuiE, John, Biog. CI. 148; 

Liter. CI. 446. 
Mules, Animals CI. 96; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 

520; use of, Trans. CI. 

640. 
Mutton, Prod. t§ Indus. CI. 

575. 
Myken^, Geo. CI. 48. 
Mythology Classification, 495- 

516. 
Nagasaki, Geo. CI. 61. 
Nankin, Geo. CI. 58. 
Naples, Geo. CI. 46; Cities CI. 

234, 237; Civ. Bett. CI. 

256. 
Napoleon, Biog. CI. 188. 
Napoleonic period. Gen. Hist. 

CI. 334. 
Narration, Eng. Comp. CI. 

287. 
Naevaez, de, Amer. Hist. CI. 

348. 
Nature Study Classification, 

517-534. 
Navajo Indians, Geo. CI. 18; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 343; Homes 

CI. 380; Races CI. 594. 
Navigation, Trans. CI. 635. 
Nebraska, Geo. CI. 14. 
Nebuchadnezzar, Biogr. CL 

202. 
Negro race. Races CI. 591. 
Nelson, Lord, Biog. CI. 168. 
Neptune, Myth. CI. 501. 
Netherlands, Geo. CI. 40. 

See Holland. 
Newmarket, Geo. CI. 61. 



Newton, Sir Isaac, Biog. CI. 

166. 
New England States, Geo. CI. 

3; Ho?nes CI. 376; Topics 

CI. 607. See also Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
New Hampshire, Geo. CI. 4. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 
New Jersey, Geo. CI. 7; Child 

CI. 225; Amer. Hist. CI. 

359; Homes CI. 377. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
New South Wales, Geo. CI. 

62. 
New York City, Geo. CI. 4, 5 

Cities CI. 233, 236, 246 

248; Civ. Bett. CI. 251 

257, 258, 259, 266, 273 

275, 276; Eng. Comp. CI 

287, 297, 300, 302, 310 

Amer. Hist. CI. 356. 
New York State, Geo. CI. 4 

Atner. Hist. CI. 359; Homes 

CI. 377. See also Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
New Zealand, Geo. CI. 62; 

Child CI. 229; Races CI. 

601. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Niagara Falls, Geo. CI. 6, 7; 

Civ. Bett. CI. 274; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 292, 303; Geol. 

CI. 321; Amer. Hist. CI. 

358; Phys. Geo. CI. 556, 

557, 562. 
Nice, Geo. CI. 42; Cities CI. 

236, 237, 244, 277; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 289. 
NiJNi-NovGOROD, Geo. CI. 39. 
Nike, Myth. CI. 513. 
NiKKO, Geo. CI. 60; Cities CI. 

246; Eng. Comp. CI. 296, 

305. 
Nile River, Geo. CI. 50; Cities 



706 



CI. 240; Phys. Geo. CI. 

542, 546. 
Nineveh, Geo. CI. 55 ; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 300; Gen. Hist. 

CI. 329. 
NiOBE, iMyth. CI. 508. 
NoGi, Gen., Biog. CI. 207. 

NOKMAN ARCHITECTURE, ArcMt. 

CI. 113; Conquest, Biog. 

CI. 160; Gen. Hist. CI. 

331. 
Normandy, Geo. CI. 42. 
Norsemen, Amer. Hist. CI. 

345. 
Norse myths. Myth. CI. 513. 
North America, Geo. CI. 3; 

Topics CI. 605. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
North Carolina, Geo. CI. 11; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 357 ; Homes 

CI. 378. See also Zones 

CI. 643-676. 
Norway, Geo. CI. 36 ; Child CI. 

227 ; Homes CI. 385 ; Races 

CI. 596; Topics CI. 614. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Norton, Caroline E., Liter. 

CI. 472. 
Notable events, Gen. Hist. CI. 

329. 
Notre Dame, Geo. CI. 42; 

Archit. CI. 118; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 301. 
Nova Scotia, Geo. CI. 24. 
Nuremberg, Geo. CI. 40; Cities 

CI. 239. 
Nuts, Agri. CI. 68; Prod. & 

Indus. CI. 573. 
Oases, Phys. Geo. CI. 550; Top- 
ics CI. 622. 
Oats, Geo. CI. 38; Agri. CI. 

68; Bo*. CL 217; Nature 

CI. 527; Prod. c£- /ndws. 

Ci. 570. 



Observation outline for Child 

CI. 224; Gen. Hist. CI. 

327; 5'oTOes CI. 375; i7o)Hc 

.Bcon. CT. 402; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 536; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

568; Races CI. 590; Travis. 

(7?. 626; Zones CI. 644. 
Oceans, Topics CI. 622. See 

also individual names. 
Oceania, Geo. CI. Ql; Child CI. 

229; Topics CI. 619. 
O'CoNNELL, Daniel, Biog. CI. 

169. 
Odde, Geo. CI. 37; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 289. 
OilDiPUS, Myth. CI. 511. 
Oglethorpe, Amer. Hist. CI. 

357. 
Ohio, Geo, CI. 14; Homes CI. 

379. See also Zones CL 

643-676. 
Oil wells, Geo. CI. 7, 10, 37; 

Home Econ. CI. 424; Prod. 

& Indus. CI. 581. 
Oklahoma, Geo. CI. 14. 
Okuma, Count, Biog. CI. 

207. 
Olympus, Mount, Geo. CI. 48; 

Myth. CI. 497; P/ii/s. Geo. 

CI. 553. 
Orange Free State, Geo. CI. 

52. 
Oranges, Geo. CI. 19; Agrri. GL 

68, 71, 72; Eng. Comp. CI. 

306; Home Econ. CI. 412; 

Prod. & Indus. CI. 572: 

orange tree, Bot. CI. 218; 

Nature CI. 524. 
Ore, Geo. CI. 14, 15, 16; Man. 

Tr. CI. 492 ; Pro(Z. & Indus. 

CI. 582; geologic origin of, 

Geol. CI. 321; transporta- 
tion of. Trans. CI. 639. 
Oregon. Geo. CI. 20; Homes CI. 



707 



380. See also Zones CI. 
643-670. 

Oscillation, Geol. CI. 314. 

Ostriches, Animals CI. 97; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 309; Na- 
ture CI. 521; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 581. 

Otis, Gen., Biog. CI. 149. 

Ottawa, Geo. CI. 24; Cities CI. 
235, 239, 243; Civ. Bett. 
CI. 268, 274. 

Oxen, 'Nature CI. 520; use of, 
Nature CI. 529. See also 
Cattle. 

OxFOED, Geo. CI. 33; Cities CI. 
246; Eng. Comp. CI. 288. 

Pacific Coast States, Geo. CI. 
19; Homes CI. 380; Topics 
CI. 608. See also Zones 
CI. 643-676. 

Pacific Ocean, Geo. CI. 23, 31. 

Palaces, Archit. CI. 116. 

Palermo, Geo. CI. 46; Cities 
CI. 234, 237. 

Palestine, Geo. CI. 53; Biog. 
CI. 203; C/iiZd CL 228; 
Gen. Hist. CI. 328, 329, 
330; Races CI. 600; Topics 
CI. 617. See also Zones 
CI. 643-676. 

Palisades, Geo. CI. 7; Phys. 
Geo. CI. 538, 555. 

Palm tkees, Bot. CI. 217; Na- 
ture CI. 524. 

Pan, Myth. CI. 512. 

Panama, Geo. CI. 22; C/nZcZ 
CI. 227; Civ. Be«. CL 268; 
Eng. Comp. CI. 291, 293, 
297, 301; Homes CI. 381; 
Phys. Geo. CI. 552; Races 
CI. 599; Toptcs CL 606, 
609. 
Construction of Canal, 
Geo. CI. 22; Eng. Comp. 



CI. 303, 310; Amer. Hist. 

CI. 371; Prod. tG IwcZms. CI. 

588; Topics CT. 606; 

Trans. CI. 638, 639. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Paper-making, Geo. CI. 15, 16; 

Agri. CI. 78; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 312; Prod, d Indus. 

CI. 586. 
Para, Brazil, Geo. CI. 29; 

Cities CI. 237; Oiu. Bett. 

CI. 261. 
Paris, il/yf/i. CI. 509. 
Paris (France), Geo. CI. 41, 

42; Cities CT. 233, 239, 

243; Civ. Bett. CI. 253, 

263, 264, 269, 277, 279, 

280; Eng. Comp. CI. 289, 

299, 301. 
Parkhurst, Eev. Chas., Biog. 

CI. 150. 
Parks, Civ. Bett. CI. 273. 
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 

Biog. CI. 174. 
Parthenon, Geo. CI. 48; Ar- 
chit. CI. 107, 108; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 302; Myth. CI. 

500. 
Passes, Mountain, Phys. Geo. 

CI. 555 
Paterson (silk mills), Geo. CI. 

8; Cities Gl. 247. 
Paving, Civ. Bett. CI. 257-266, 

283. 
Peaks, Mountain, Phys. Geo. 

CI. 554; Topics CI. 622. 
Peary, Robert El., Biog. CI. 

153. 
Peat, Geo. CI. 36; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 307; Nature CI. 528; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 565; Prod. 

tC- Indus. CI. 581; geologic 

origin of, Geol. CI. 321. 
Pegasus, Myth. CI. 510. 



708 



Peking, Oeo. CI. 58, 59 ; Cities 

CI. 233, 240, 243, 246, 247; 

Civ. Bett. CI. 257, 266, 

273; Eng. Comp. CI. 289, 

300, 302. 
Pelicans, Animals CI. 97; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 309; Na- 
ture CI. 521. 
Penn, William, Biog. CI. 130. 
Pennsylvania, Geo. CI. 9; 

Child CI. 225; Amer. Hist. 

CI. 357, 359, 366; Homes 

CI. 2,11; Races CI. 598. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Pericles, Biog. CI. 200. 
Peeey, Commodore, Biog. CI. 

136. 
Perseus, Myth. CI. 509. 
Persia, Biog. CI. 203. 
Persian architecture, Archit. 

CI. 107; rugs, Geo. CI. 

49; Home Econ. CI. 426; 

Man.. Tr. CI. 488; Prod. & 

Indus. CI. 588. 
Peru, Geo. CI. 30; Child CI. 

226 ; Homes CI. 384 ; Races 

CI. 600; Topics CI. 611. 

See also Zones CI. 643- 

676. 
Peter the Great, Biog. CI. 

176; Gen. Hist. CI. 334. 
Peterhof, Geo. CI. 39; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 274. 
Petrified Forest, Geo. CI. 18; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 310; Geol. 

CI. 322; Phys. Geo. CI. 

551. 
Petroleum, Geo. CI. 9, 10, 

57 ; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

581. 
Pharsala, Geo. CI. 48; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 295. 
Philadelphia, Geo. CI. 9; Cit- 
ies CI. 233, 238, 245. 



Phil^, Island of, Geo. CI. 50; 
Civ. Bett. CI. 273; i/n^r. 
Comp. CI. 295. 

Philippine Islands, Geo. CI. 
23; C/w?(i CZ. 226; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 288, 291, 304; 
Homes CI. 381, 382; Top- 
ics CI. 609. See also 
Zones CI. 643-676. 

Phillips, Wendell, Biog. CI. 
140. 

Phcebus (Apollo), Myth. CI. 
502. 

Phoenician myths. Myth. CI. 
515. 

Physical Geography Classifica- 
tion, 535-566. 

Physical phenomena, Nature 
CI. 529. 

Pigmies, Geo. CI. 52 ; Myth. CI. 
512; Races CI. 591. 

PiLATus, Mount, Geo. CI. 44 
Eng. Comp. CI. 295, 299 
Geol. CI. 317, 321, 322 
Phys. Geo. CI. 538, 557. 

Pilgrims, The, Amer. Hist. CI. 
356. 

PiNA CLOTH, Geo. CI. 24; Home 
Econ. CI. 425 ; Man. Tr. CI. 
487 ; Prod. & Indus. CI. 
577. 

Pine family, Bot. CI. 215; 
Nature CI. 524. 

Pine products, Man. Tr. CI. 
491; Prod. & Indus. CI. 
586. 

Pineapples, Geo. CI. 22; Agri. 
CI. 68; Bot. CI. 217; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 306; Hom,e 
Econ. CI. 413; Prod, d In- 
dus. CI. 572. 

PiNZON, Amer. Hist. CI. 347. 

PizAREo, Francisco, Gonzola, 
Biog. CI. 158, 190, 191; 



709 



Gen. Hist. CI. 333; Amer. 

Hist. CI. 349. 
Plains, Pliys. Geo. CI. 547-549 ; 

To-pics CI. 623. 
Plant and animal relations, 

Bot. CI. 212. 
Plant associations, Bot. CI. 

219; TSfature CI. 526; life, 

Nature CI. 523. 
Planting, Agri. CI. 67; Prod. 

d Indus. CI. 570, 571; 

street. Civ. Bett. CI. 257- 

266, 283. 
Plantless areas, Bot. CI. 

212. 
Plateaus, Phys. Geo. CI. 549; 

Topics CI. 623. 
Plato, Biog. CI. 200. 
Pleasure eesokts. Cities CI. 

244. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Plowing, Agri. CI. 66; Home 

Econ. CI. 403, 404; Nature 

CI. 529 ; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

569, 570. 
PoE, Edgak Allan, Bio. CI. 

140; Liter. CI. 446. 
Pollux, Myth. CI. 511. 
Polynesians, Races CI. 601. 
Pompeii, Geo. CI. 46 ; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 271; Eng. Comp. CI. 

302; Gen. Hist. CI. 330. 
PoMPET, Biog. CI. 192. 
Pope, Alexander, Biog. CI. 

167; Liter. CI. 472. 
Pope Pius X., Biog. CI. 198. 
Popocatepetl, Geo. CI. 26; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 294; Phys. 

Geo. CI. 554, 558. 
Porcelain, Geo. CI. 33, 60; 

Home Econ. CI. 425; Blan. 

Tr. CI. 488; Prod, d In- 
dus. CI. 584. 
Pork, Geo. CI. 15; Home Econ. 



CI. 410; Prod. & Indus. CI. 
576. 

Poet Arthur, Geo. CI. 59 ; Cit- 
ies CI. 238 ; Eng. Comp CI. 
291, 300. 

Porto Rico, Geo. CI. 21, 22; 
Child CI. 226; Eng. Comp. 
CI. 288, 297; Amer. Hist. 
CI. 346; Homes CI. 381; 
i2aces CI. 599; Topics OL 
609. See also Zones CI. 
643-676. 

Portugal, Geo. CI. 44; Homes 
CI. 388; Topics CZ. 615. 
See also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Portuguese colonies, see Ma- 
deira Islands. 

Poseidon, Myth. CI. 501. 

Possessions of U. S., Geo. CI. 
21; Child CI. 226; Homes 
CI. 381; Phys. Geo. CI. 
552; Topics CI. 609. See 
also individual names. 

Potatoes, Geo. CI. 6; Agri. CI. 
71; Bot. CI. 218; Nature 
CI. 527; Pro(^. c6 /wdMs. CI. 
571. 

Pottery, Geo. C?. 33, 60; Man. 
Tr. CI. 488 ; Prod. & Indus. 
CI. 584. 

Prairies, Phys. Geo. CI. 548. 

Precious metals, see Gold, 
Silver; stones, see Dia- 
monds, Moonstones, Ru- 
bies. 

Preparation of soil, Agri. CI. 
66. 

Prescott, Col. William, Biog. 
CI. 130. 

President (U. S.) and Cabi- 
net, Geo. CI. 10. 

Price, Homer C, Classification 
by, 63-80. 

Primitive agriculture, Agri, 



710 



CI. 69, 70; Prod. <& Indus. 
CI. 569; architecture, Ar- 
chit. CI. 115; homes, -ffojnes 
CI. 398; mechanisms, Man. 
Tr. CI. 492; plowing. Na- 
ture CI. 529 ; processes, 
Prod, d Indus. CI. 579 
threshing, Agri. CI. 70 
Nature CI. 529. 

Pbocesses, Eng. Comp. CI 
306; Factory, Prod. & /n 
dtis. CI. 577, 578. 

Peoducts, Eng. Comp. CI. 306 
agricultural, Agri. CI. 77 
animal, Agri. CI. 522 
forest, Agri. CI. 76; vege^ 
table, Nature CI. 527 
woodland, Agri. CI. 77 
See also Prod. & Indus 
CI. 567-588; Topics CI 
603-619; Zo7ies CI. 643 
676. 

Products and Industries Classi- 
fication, 567-588. 

Peojioxtoeies, Phys. Geo. CI. 
561; Topics CI. 623. 

Pboseepina, Myth. CI. 505. 

Psyche, Myth. CI. 513. 

Ptolemy, Biog. CI. 202. 

Pulque, Geo. CI. 26; Nature 
CI. 527; Prod, d Indus. CI. 
574. 

Pyeamids^ Geo. CI. 49 ; Archit. 
CI. 107, 119; Eng. Comp. 
CI. 289, 302, 311; Gen. 
Hist. CI. 329; Homes CI. 
390; Phys. Geo. CI. 538, 
540, 549. 

Pyee^tees, Geo. CI. 42; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 295; Phys. Geo. 
CI. 553. 

Quakers, The, Amer. Hist. CI. 
356. 

QtTAEEiES, Geo. CI. 4, 46; Phys. 



Geo. CI. 565; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 585. 
Quebec, Geo. CI. 24; Cities CI. 

235, 238; Civ. Bett. CI. 
268, 276; Eng. Comp. CI. 
298; Gen. Hist. CI. 337; 
A?>ier. Hist. CI. 358. 

QuEENSTOw:s^, Geo. CI. 35; C-i^ 
ies 0?. 236, 237; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 298. 

Quito, Geo. CI. 30; Cities CI. 

236, 240, 243. 

Quo Vadis, Liter. OL 483. 
Races of Mankind Classifica- 
tion, 589-602. 
Rafts. Trans. CI. 635. 
Railways, Trans. CI. 633. 
Rain, Nature CI. 531; P%s. 

Geo. CL 538. 
Raleigh, Sie Waltee, Biog. 

CI. 127, 164; Amer. Hist. 

CI. 364. 
Rameses II., Biog. CI. 202. 
Rasiois'A, Liter. CI. 440. 
Rangoon, Geo. CI. 57; Cities 

CI. 235, 238. 
Raphael^ Biog. CI. 197. 
Rapids, Nature CI. 530; P7ii/s. 

Geo. GL 543; Topics CI. 

623. 
Raspbeeeies, Geo. CI. 21; Agrri. 

GL 68; Eng. Comp. CI. 

307; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

572. 
Reindeee, Animals CI. 97 ; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 

520; use of, Traws. CI. 632. 
Religious centees, Cities CI. 

245. 
Rembeandt, Biogf. GL 181. 
Remus, BIyth. CI. 512. 
Renaissance aechitectuee, 

Ar(0iit. CI. 112. 
Reptiles, Nature CI. 522. 



INDEX 



711 



Eesin, Geo. CI. 11; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 586. 

Eevebe, Paxil, Biog. CI. 131. 

Eevolutiox, Ameeica>"^, Amer. 
Hist. CI. 358; French, Gen. 
Hist. CI. 332. 

RHEiiis, Geo. CI. 42; Cities CI. 
239; Eng. Comp. CI. 301; 
Gen. Hist. CI. 332; Amer. 
Hist. CI. 344. 

Ehixe Eivee, Geo. CI. 40, 44; 
Cities CI. 239; PJiys. Geo. 
CI. 54:2 ; in Switzerland, 
Geo. CI. 44; Phijs. Geo. CI. 
543. 

Ehodes, Cecil J., Biog. CI. 174. 

RH0DESL4., Geo. CI. 51. 

EiBAUT, Jean, Biog. CI. 127, 
184; Amer. Hist. CI. 352. 

EiCE, Geo. CI. 13, 22, 23, 55, 
57, 60; Agri. CI. 66. 67, 69, 
70; Bot. CI. 217; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 307, 308; Home 
Econ. CI. 407, 408; Nature 
CI. 527; Prod. & Indus. 
CI. 570. 

EiCHAED I., III., Biog. CI. 161. 

EicHELiEU, Biog. CI. 185. 

EiCKSHAWs, Trans. CI. 628. 

Ens, Jacob, Biog. CI. 152; 
Lt^er. CI. 447. 

EiLEY, James Whitcomb, Lit- 
er. CI. 447. 

Eio Jaa'eieo, Geo. CI. 29; C^^ 
ies CI. 234, 237, 243; Civ. 
Bett. CI. 261, 276. 

Rivee, Nature CT. -530; P/iys. 
Geo. CI. 541-544; action of. 
Nature CI. 531; deposits, 
Geol. CI. 318; erosion, 
Phys. Geo. CI. 537. 

EiviEBA. French, Geo. CI. 42; 
Italian, Geo. CI. 46. 

Roads, Topics CI. 617; cog 



roads. Trans. CI, 633; 

road-makincr. Eng. Comp. 

CI. 307; ProcZ. d Indus. CI. 

588. 
EoBEETS, LoED, Biog. CI. 173. 
RoBESPiEEEE, Biog. CI. 187. 

ROCKEFELLEE, JOHN D., Biog. 

CI. 149. 

Rocks, Geol. CI. 319-323; Na- 
ture CI. 529; Phys. Geo. 
CI. 556; erosion of, Agri. 
CI. 64. 

Rocky ^Mou.ntaixs, U. S., Geo. 
CI. 17; Canadian, Ceo. CI. 
25. 

Rocky Mou.xtaix States, Geo. 
CI. 16; Topics CZ. 608. See 
also Zo7ies CI. 643-676. 

ROMA:!f AECHITECTUEE, Archit. 

CI. 108. 

ROMAXESQCE AECHITECTUEE 

Archit. CL 111. 
EoiiE. Geo. CI. 45, 46: Cities 

CI. 234. 240, 243. 245 : Civ. 

Bett. CI. 255, 272, 277, 281; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 289; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 328, 329. 
EoiiXJLUS a2!:d EEiixrs, Myth. 

CI. 512. 
EoosETELT, Theodoee. Biog. CI. 

154; Homes CI. 331; Liter. 

CI. 448. 
EOOTS OF PLANTS, Bot. CI. 214; 

Nature CI. 523. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
EOPE-MAKING, Geo. CI. 23. 27; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 307; Home 

Econ. CI. 425; Man. Tr. CL 

486; Nature CL 527; Prod. 

d Indus. CL 588. 
EosETTA Stone, Myth. CL 515. 
EoussEAU. Jeax, Biog. CL 186. 
EuBENS, Biog. CI. 181. 
EUBBEE, Geo. CL 29; Bot. CL 



712 



218; Nature CI, 525, 527; 

Prod, d Indus. CI. 577. 
Ruby industry, Geo. CI. 57; 

Prod, d Indus. CI. 584; 

geologic origin of, Geol. CI. 

321. 
Rug-making, Geo. CI. 49; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 307; Man. Tr. 

CI. 488 ; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

588. 
Rushes, Bot. CI. 217; Nature 

CI. 523. 
Ruskin, Biog. CI. 172; Liter. 

CI. 473. 
Russia, Geo. CI. 39; Child CI. 

227; Gen. Hist. CI. 330; 

Homes CI. 386; Races CI. 

598; Topics CI. 615. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Russian akchitectuke, Archit. 

CI. 109. 
Russo-Japanese Wab, Geo. CI. 

59; Gen. Hist. CI. 335. 
St. Bernaed dogs at hospice, 

Geo. CI. 45. 
St. Gaudens, Augustus, Biog. 

CI. 152. 
St. Lawrence River, Geo. CI. 

24; Cities CI. 238. 
St. Louis, Mo., Geo. CI. 13; 

Cities CI. 234, 239; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 260, 280. 
St. Petersburg, Russia, Geo. 

CI. 39; Cities CI. 233, 238, 

243, 245, 248; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 263; Eng. Comp. CI. 

301. 
St. Patrick, Biog. CI. 160. 
St. Pierre, Martinique, Geo. 

CI. 28; Cities CI. 236, 237. 
St. Ursula, Legend of, Myth. 

CI. 514. 
Sac Indians, Geo. CI. 14; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 343; 



Homes CI. 380; Races CI. 

594. 
Salmon, Geo. CI. 20; Animals 

CI. 90; Eng. Comp. CI. 

309; Home Econ. CI. 412; 

Nature CI. 522; Prod. t£ 

Indus. CI. 575. 
Salsbueg, Geo. CL 47; Cities 

CI. 236, 240; Civ. Bett. CI. 

255, 277; Eng. Comp. CI. 

295. 
Salt, Geo. CI. 39, 42, 43; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 307; //ome 

Econ. CI. 415; 2VaiMre C^. 

529; Phys. Geo. CI. 565; 

Prod. & Indus. CI. 576. 
Salt Lake City, Geo. CI. 18; 

Cities CI. 235, 240, 245; 

Civ. Bett. CI. 251. 
Samoa, Geo. CI. 23; C7uM CI. 

226; i/ngf. Comp. CL 304; 

Races CI. 601; Toptcs CI. 

610. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Sampson, Admiral, Bio^r. CI. 

150. 
Sand dunes, Geo. CI. 3 ; A^H. 

CZ. 65; Phys. Geo. CI. 540; 

Topics CI. 620; Sand Dune 

Society, Bot. CI. 219. 
San Francisco, Geo. CI. 19; 

Ct^tes CI. 234, 236, 242. 
San Juan, Porto Rico, Geo, 

CI. 21; Cities CI. 235, 237, 

243; Civ. Bett. CI. 252. 
San Paulo, Geo. CI. 29; Cities 

CI. 240; Civ. Bett. CI. 269. 
Santa Marta, Geo. CI. 29 ; Cit- 
ies CI. 236. 237; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 288. 
Santiago, Geo. CI. 27; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 291; Amer. Hist. 

CI. 369. 
Saul, Biogr. CI. 205. 



INDEX 



713 



Savonarola, Biog. CI. 196. 
Saxe, John G., Liter. CI. 449. 
Saw-mill, Geo. CI. 16, 20, 24; 

Agri. CI. 76, 77; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 307; Blan. Tr. 

CI. 490; Myth. CI. 513; 

Prod. <& Indus. CI. 586, 

587. 
Scandinavia, Geo. CI. 36-38; 

Biog. CI. 174; Child CI. 

227; Races CI. 596. 
Scenery, Eng. Comp. CI. 292. 

See also Topics CI. 603- 

619; Zones OL 643-676. 
ScHELDE EivEE, Geo. CI. 41 ; 

Cities CI. 238. 
Schiller, Biog. CI. 177. 
Schley, Admiral, Biog. CI. 

150. 
ScHURZ, Carl, Biog. CI. 143. 
Scotland, Geo. CI. 34; C/iiM 

CT. 227; Homes CI. 385; 

iJaces 0^. 597; Topics CI. 

613. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Scott, Walter, Biog. CI. 169; 

Li^er. CI. 473. 
Gen. Winfield, Biogr. CI. 

136. 
Scylla, Geo. CL 47; Mtjth. CI. 

509. 
Sea, Geol. CI. 317; sea bottoms 

uplifted, Agri. CI. 65; sea 

coasts, Phys. Geo. CI. 559; 

Topics CI. 620 ; sea erosion, 

Phys. Geo. CI. 537; sea- 
shore, Phys. Geo. CI. 559; 

Topics CI. 623. 
Sea foods, Prod. & Indus. CI. 

575. See also Fish. 
Sea gulls, Animals CI. 93; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 309; ls!a- 

ture CI. 521. 
Sea lions, see Seals. 



Seals, Animals CI. 98; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; 'Nature CI. 

520; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

580. 
Seas, see individual names. 
Sedan, Geo. CI. 42; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 299. 
Sedges, Nature CI. 523. 
Sedimentary rocks, Geol. CI. 

320. 
Seeds, Nature CI. 523. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Segovia, Geo. CI. 43. 
Seine River, Geo. CI. 41, 42; 

Cities CI. 239. 
Semitic people. Races CI. 600. 
Seoul, Geo. CI. 61; Cities CI. 

235, 238; Eng. Comp. CI. 

300. 
Seville, Geo. CI. 43 ; Cities CI. 

234, 239; Civ. Bett. CI. 

277; Eyig. Comp. CI. 291; 

Gen. Hist. CI. 333. 
Seward, William H., Biog. CI. 

137. 
Shadufs, Geo. CI. 50; Prod. c€ 

Indus. CI. 587. 
Shafter, General, Biog. CI. 

145. 
Shakespeare, William, Biog. 

CI. 165; Li*er. 0?. 477. 
Shale (rock), Nature CI. 529. 
Shanghai, China, Geo. CI. 58; 

Cities CI. 233, 238; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 257; ^ngr. Comp. 

CI. 289. 
Sharon, Plain of (Palestine), 

Geo. CI. 53. 
Shawl weaving, Geo. CI. 55; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 307; -ffome 

Econ. CI. 426; Man. Tr. 

CI. 487; ProcZ. cG Zndws. 

CI. 579. 
Sheep, A^rri. CL 75; Animals 



714 



INDEX 



CI. 98; Eng. Comp. CI. 308, 

309 ; Nature CI. 520 ; Prod. 

d Indus. CI. 578. 
Sherman, Gen. Wm. T., Biog. 

CI. U2. 
Ship building, Geo. CI. 36; 

Eng. Comp CI. 303; Man. 

Tr. CI. 490; Prod, d In- 
dus. CI. 588. 
Shoe manufactuee, Geo. CI. 4, 

40; Eng. Comp. CI. 306; 

Home Econ. CI. 424, 425, 

426; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

580. 
Shottery, England, Geo. CI. 

34; Liter. CI. 477. 
Shrewsbury, Geo. CI. 34; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 288; Gen. Hist. 

CI 337. 
Sicily,' Geo. CI. 46; Child CI. 

228; Eng. Comp. CI. 289, 

299; Gen. Hist. CI. 328. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Sienkiewicz, Henryck, Liter. 

CI. 483. 
Sierras (U. S.), Geo. CI. 20; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 551; 

(Spain), Geo. CI. 43. 
Silk industry, Geo. CI. 8, 54; 

Agri. CI. 77, 78; Home 

Econ. CI. 421, 422; Nature 

CI. 522 ; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

579. 
Silk worms, Animals CI. 99; 

Nature CI. 522. 
Sills, Phys. Geo. CI. 559. 
Silver, Geo. CI. 31; Prod, d 

Indus. CI. 583. 
Sinai Peninsula, Geo. CI. 53; 

Gen. Hist. CI. 328; Topics 

CI. 617. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Sioux Indians, Geo. CI. 14; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 343; 



S'omes OZ. 380; Races CI. 

594. 
Skyscrapers, Archit. CI. 114. 
Slavonic people, Races CI. 

598. 
Smelting, Geo. CI. 15; Man. 

Tr. 0?. 492. 
Smyrna, Geo. CI. 53; Cities CI. 

235, 237, 243; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 257. 
Snakes, Animals CI. 99; JS'ngr. 

Comp. CI. 309; Nature CI. 

522. 
Snow and ice, (?eoL C?. 316. 
Socrates, Biog. CI. 200; Liter. 

CI. 484. 
Soil, cultivation of, Nature 

CI. 529; drainage, Agri. 

CI. 65 ; fertilization of, 

Nature CI. 529; formation, 

Agri. CI. 64; Nature CI. 

528; irrigation, ^^rW. CL 

66; Nature CI. 529; Prod. 

c6 Indus. CI. 587 ; Topics 

CI. 621; kinds of. Nature 

CI. 528; preparation of, 

4(jfH. CI. 66. 
Solomon, Biogr. CZ. 205. 
South Africa, Geo. CI. 52; 

Homes CI. 391; i?aces CI. 

595; Topics Ci. 605. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
South America, Geo. CI. 28; 

Biog. CI. 158; Child CI. 

226 ; Homes CI. 383 ; Races 

CI. 599; Topics CI. 610. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 
South Atlantic States, Geo. 

CI. 10; Topics CI. 607. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
South Carolina, Geo. CI. 11; 

Amer. Hist. CI. 357, 359; 

Homes CI. 378. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 



715 



Spain, Geo. CI. 42; Child CI. 

227; Homes CI. 388; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 328, 330; Races 

CI. 597; Topics CI. 615. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Spanish-American aechitec- 

TUEE, Archit. CI. 113; 

War, Amer. Hist. CI. 367. 
Sparta, Geo. CI. 48; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 291. 
Spartacus, Liter. CI. 469. 
Spenser, Edmund, Liter. CI. 

479. 
Sphinx, Geo. CI. 49; Archit. 

CI. 107; Myth. CI. 515; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 540. 
Spinning, Geo. CI. 4; Fome 

^con, CI. 419; Man. Tr. 

487; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

577, 578. 
Spitzbergen, Geo. CI. 38; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 294. 
Spore-bearing plants, Bot. CI. 

215; Nature CI. 526. 
Springs, Hot, P/iys. Geo. CI. 

557j Topics 0^. 621. 
Stamboul, Geo. CI. 48. 
Standish, Miles, Biog. CI. 

129. 
Stanley, Henry M., Liter. CI. 

449. 
Stanley Pool, Geo. CI. 51; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 565. 
Starr, Frederick, Classifica- 
tion by, 589-602. 
Steamships, Trans. CI. 636, 

637. 
Stedman, Edmund C, Biog. CI. 

145; Liter. CI. 450. 
Steel, Geo. CI. 9; Man. Tr. CI. 

493; ProfZ. cG Indus. CI. 

582. 
Steers, Animals CI. 87; jE/n^r. 

Comp. CL 308. 



Stems, Bot. CI. 212, 214. 
Stereograph. 

What is it? ;. . .xiii 

Filing and numbering, .xxvii 

Methods of use xxx 

When to use 1 

Effects produced xv 

Psychology of xvii 

As an aid in teaching 
English Composition, 285- 
287; Architecture, 103-106; 
Child Life, 221-225; His- 
tory, 325, 327, 341, 342; 
Homes and Life of the 
People, 373-375; Nature 
Study, 517, 518; Physical 
Geography, 535, 536. 
Stereoscope, Use of, by 

teacher, xxxiv, 2. 
Stereoscope and Stereograph 
IN the School. 

Effects produced xv 

Psychology of xvii 

Methods of use xxx 

When to use 1 

Binocular vision xix 

Stevenson, Robert L., Liter. 

CI. 479. 
Stirling Castle, Geo. CI. 35; 
Archit. CI. 113; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 298; Gen. Hist. 
CI. 332. 
Stockholm, Geo. CI. 38; Cities 
CI. 234, 237, 243; Civ. 
Bett. CI. 263, 269, 276, 
281; Eng. Comp. CI. 289, 
301. 
Stockyards, Geo. CI. 15; Home 

Econ. CI. 411. 
Stone, Quarrying, Geo. CI. 4, 
46; Man. Tr. CI. 491; 
Prod. & Indus. CI. 585 ; 
stone structures, Man. Tr. 
CI. 491. 



716 



Stoem and sunshine, Phys. 

Geo. CI. 565. 
Stowe, Haeriet Beeciier, Lit- 
er. CI. 451. 
Straits, Phys. Geo. CI. 561; 

Topics CI. 623. 
Steatfoed-on-Avon, England, 

Geo. CI. 34; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 298. 
Steatified bock, Geol. CI. 322; 

Nature CI. 529. 
Steaus, Oscae, Biog. CI. 153. 
Steawbeeeies, Geo. CI. 20; Ag- 

ri. CI. 68; Eng. Comp. CI. 

306; Prod, d Indus. CI. 

572. 
Streets, Typical, Civ. Bett. CI. 

257 ; lighting, paving, 

planting, traffic, wiring. 

Civ. Bett. CI. 283, 284. 
Stuyvesant, Petee, Biog. CI. 

129. 
Suez Canal, Geo. CI. 49; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 338. 
SuGAE, Beet, Geo. CI. 7, 8, 15, 

40; Agri. CI. 67, 68; Home 

Econ. CI. 414; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 571. 
Cane, Geo. CI. 12, 28, 30; 

Agri. CI. 66, 67, 68, 71; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 307; Home 

Econ. CI. 415; Nature CI. 

527; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

571. 
Sumner, Chaeles, Biog. CI. 

140. 
Sun, Midnight, Geo. CI. 38; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 294. 
Swamp deposits, Geol. CI. 

318. 
Sweden, Geo. CI. 38; Child CI. 

227 ; Homes CI. 386 ; Races 

CI. 596; Topics CI. 615. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 



Swickeeath, Rev. Robert, 

Classification by, 121- 

210. 
Swift, Jonathan, Biog. CI. 

167. 
Swine, Animals CI. 101; Na- 
ture CI. 520. 
Swiss aechitectuee, Archit. 

CI. 115. 
Switzeeland, Geo. CI. 44; 

Child CI. 227; Homes CI. 

388; Races CI. 596; Top- 
ics CI. 616. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Sydney, Geo. CI. 62; Cities CI. 

235, 238, 242, 244; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 269; Eng. Comp. 

CI. 302. 
Syracuse (Sicily), Geo. CI. 

46; Cities CI. 236, 237; 

Gen. Hist. CI. 329. 
Syria, Geo. CI. 54; Child CI. 

228; Gen. Hist. CI. 328, 

329; Homes CI. 392; Eaces 

CT. 600; Topics CI. 617. 

See also Zones CI. 643- 

076. 
Table Mountain, Geo. CI. 52; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 551. 
Tacoma, Mount, Geo. CI. 21; 

i;?i^. Comp. CI. 293; GeoL 

CL 323; Phys. Geo. CI. 

554, 557. 
Taft, William H., Biog. CI. 

153. 
Tagus River, Geo. CI. 44. 
Taj Mahal, Geo. CI. 56; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 302; Gen. Hist. 

CI. 332. 
Tall steuctuees, Archit. CI. 

119. 
Talus accumulations, Phys. 

Geo. CI. 540. 
Tantallon Castle, Geo. CI. 



717 



34; Eng. Comp. CI. 291. 
Tapestry weaving, Geo. CI. 

42; Eng. Comp. CI. 307; 

Home Econ. CI. 426; Man. 

Tr. CI. 488; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 579. 
Tab, Geo. CI. 11; Man. Tr. CI. 

491; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

586. 
Tasmania, Geo. CI. 62; Child 

CI. 229. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Taylor, Bayard, Biog. CI. 143; 

Lifer. CI. 451. 
Taylor, James Knox, Classi- 
fication by, 103-120. 
Tea, Geo. CI. 58, 60; Agri. CI. 

71; Bot. CI. 218; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Fome 

Econ. CI. 413; A^a*itre OL 

527; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

573. 
Teacher's preparation, xlviii, 

2. 
Tell, William, Biog. CI. 182; 

Liter. CI. 470. 
Tenements, Cit;. Bett. CI. 

282. 
Tennessee, Geo. CI. 13. 
Tennyson, Alfred, Lifer. CI. 

479. 
Teutonic people. Races CI. 

595. 
Texas, Geo. CZ. 13; Homes CI. 

379. See also Zones CI. 

643-676. 
Thackeray, William, Biog. CI. 

170; Lifer. CI. 480. 
Thames River, Geo. CI. 32; 

Gifies GL 238; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 541. 
Thatched houses, Man. Tr. 

CI. 489. 
Themistocles, Biog. CI. 200. 



Thermopyl^, Geo. CI. 48; Gen. 

Fisf. CI. 329. 
Theseus, Mt/f/i. GZ. 510. 
Thousand Islands, The, Geo. 

CI. 24. 
Threshing, Geo. CI. 25, 42; 

Agri. CI. 70; Home Econ. 

CI. 407; Nature CI. 

529; ProcZ. cC- Zwdws. CI. 

569. 
Thrush, Song, AmmaZs CI. 

100; L'nif. Gomp. GL 309; 

Nature CI. 521. 
Thurso, Geo. CI. 35. 
Tiberias, Palestine, Geo. CI. 

54. 
Tiberius, Bio£f. CI. 193. 
Tientsin, Geo. G?. 58; Cities 

CI. 233, 240. 
Tigers, Animals CI. 101; ^»gr. 

Comp. CI. 309; Nature CI. 

520. 
Tigris River, Geo. GL 55; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 542. 
Titian, Biog. CI. 197. 
Titicaca, Lake, Geo. CI. 31; 

P/iys. Geo. CI. 565. 
Tobacco, Geo. CI. 28; At/ri. GZ. 

71: Bot. CI. 218; Nature 

CI. 527 ; ProfZ. t6 Znc^MS. CI. 

588. 
Tokyo, Geo. Gi. 60; Cities CI. 

238, 244, 247; Civ. Bett. 

CI. 257; Eng. Comp. CI. 

302, 305. 
Tolstoi, Leo, Biog. CI. 177. 
Topics for the Grades Classifi- 
cation, 603-024. 
Tornado, Havoc of, Geo. CI. 

13; Eng. Comp. CI. 310. 
Trade avind zone. Zones CI. 

648. 
Trajan, Emperor, Biog. CI. 

194. 



718 



Transportation Classification, 

625-642. 
Transportation, Methods of, 

Home Econ. CI. 404. See 

also Topics CI. 603-619; 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Trap rock, Geol. CI. 320. 
Trees, Nature CI. 524, 525; 

Big, Geo. CI. 20; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 306. 
Trojan War, Myth. CI. 5U. 
Trossachs, Geo. CI. 35; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 298; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 553. 
Trowbridge, John Townsend, 

Liter. CI. 452. 
Tunnels, Geo. CI. 8; Trans. 

CI. 639. 
Turkey, in Asia, Geo. CI. 53: 

Homes CI. 392; Topics CI. 

616; in Europe, Geo. CI. 

48; Gen. Hist. CI. 328, 

330; Homes CI. 390; Races 

CI. 593; Topics CI. 616. 

^ See also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Turkish architecture, Archit. 

CI. 109; colonies, see 

Egypt; people. Races CI. 

593. 
Turpentine, Geo. CI. 11; Man. 

Tr. CI. 491; Nature CI. 

525, 527; Prod. & Indus. 

CI. 586. 
Tutuila, Geo. CI. 23. 
Tyndall, John, Biog. CI. 173. 
Tyrol, Austrian, Geo. CI. 47; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 295 ; Homes 

CI. 389. 
Uganda, Geo. CI. 51. 
Ulwar, Geo. CI. 56; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 300. 
Ulysses, Myth. CI. 509. 
Underground streams, Nature 

CI. 530. 



United States, Geo. CI. 3; 

Child CI. 235; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 551; Races CI. 594, 

598; Topics CI. 607. See 

also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Unter den Linden, Geo. CI. 

39; Civ. Bett. CI. 263. 
Uplifted sea bottoms, Agri. 

CI. 65. 
Uruguay, Geo. CI. 32; Homes 

CI. 384; Topics CI. 611. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 

Use, Methods of xxx 

When to 1 

Utah, Geo. CI. 18. See also 

Zones CI. 643-676. 
Vale of Cashmere, Geo. CI. 

55; Eng. Comp. CI. 295; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 565. 
Valencia, Geo. CI. 43; Cities 

CI. 234, 237 ; Civ. Bett. CI. 

264; Eng. Comp. CI. 299. 
Valleys, Nature CI. 530; 

Phys. Geo. Cl. 544-547. 
Vancouver, Geo. Cl. 25; Cities 

Cl. 238; Eng. Comp. Cl. 

298. 
Van Dyke, Henry, Liter. Cl. 

452. 
Vatican, Geo. Cl. 46; Civ. 

Bett. Cl. 272. 
Vegetation, Geol. Cl. 317. See 

also Topics Cl. 603-619; 

Zones Cl. 643-676. 
Veldts, Geo. Cl. 52; Eng. 

Comp. Cl. 295. 
Venezuela, Geo. Cl. 28; Child 

Cl. 226; Amer. Hist. Cl. 

347; Topics Cl. 611. See 

also Zones Cl. 643- 

676. 
Venice, Geo. Cl. 46; Cities Cl. 

234, 237, 241; Civ. Bett. 

Cl. 256, 271, 277, 281; 



719 



Eng. Comp. CI. 289; Gen. 

Hist. CI. 332. 
Venus, Myth. CI. 507. 
Vergil, Liter. CI. 484. 
Veerazano, Amer. Eist. CI. 

351. 
Versailles, Geo. CI. 42; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 301. 
Vespasian, Emperor, Biog. CI. 

194. 
Vespucci, Biog. CI. 127; Amer. 

Hist. CI. 347. 
Vesta, Myth. CI. 512. 
Vesuvius, Geo. CI. 46; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 299; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 554. 
Victor Emmanuel II., Biog. 

CI. 198. 
Victoria, Queen, Biog. CI. 172. 
Victoria Falls, Geo. CI. 51; 

Eng. Comp. CI. 299; Phys. 

Geo. CI. 544. 
Victoria Nyanza, Geo. CI. 51; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 544, 565. 
Vienna, Geo. CI. 47; Cities CI. 

233, 240, 243, 248; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 254, 264, 271, 

275 ; Eng. Comp. CI. 289. 
Viking ship, Geo. CI. 36; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 298; Amer. Hist. 

CI. 346. 
Vinci, da, Biog. CI. 196. 
Vines, Nature CI. 523; vine 

family, Bot. CI. 218. 
Vineyards, Geo. CI. 42; AgH. 

CI. 68; fl'ome Econ. CI. 

413; Proc?. c£- Indus. CI. 

592. 
Virginia, Geo. CI. 10; Ci^t7d 

CL 225; Homes CI. 378. 

See also Zones CI. 643- 

676. 

Visual instruction ix 

Volcanic ash, Geol. CI. 323; 



yo#t<re CZ. 528 ; Phys. Geo. 

CI. 559 ; cones, Phys. Geo. 

CI. 557; crater, Phys. Geo, 

CI. 558; eruption, Phys. 

Geo. CI. 558 ; fissures, 

Phys. Geo. CI. 558; forma- 
tion, Phys. Geo. CI. 551; 

lava, Phys. Geo. CI. 558. 
Volcanoes, Nature CI. 531; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 557, 558, 

559; Topics CI. 623. 
Voltaire, Biog. CI. 186. 
VULCANISM, Geol. CI. 315; 

Phys. Geo. CI. 557. 
Wagner, Eichard, Biog. CI. 

180. 
Wales, Geo. CI. 34; O/ii^fZ C?. 

227 ; Homes CI. 385 ; Races 

CI. 597; Topics CI. 613. 

See also Zones CI. 643-676. 
Wallace of Scotland, Biog. 

CI. 161. 
Wall Street, Geo. CI. 5; Civ. 

Bett. CI. 258. 
Walrus, Animals CI. 101. 
War of American Revolution, 

Amer. Eist. CI. 358; 

French Revolution, Gen. 

Hist. CI. 334; French and 

Indian, Ame7\ Eist. CI. 

357; American Ciy\\, Amer. 

Eist. CI. 363; Mexican, 

Amer. Hist. CI. 363; of 

1812, Amer. Eist. CI. 362; 

Spanish-American, Amer. 

Eist. CI. 367. 
Warner, Charles Dudley, 

Liter. CI. 453. 
Warren, Gen. Joseph, Biog. 

CI. 133. 
Warships, Trans. CI. 636. 
Washington, Booker T., Biog. 

CI. 154; Eomes CI. 381; 

Liter. CI. 453. 



720 



Washington, George, Biog. CI. 
131; Liter. CI. 440; home 
of, Geo. CI. 11; Archit. CI. 
113; Eng. Comp. CI. 301. 

Washington, D. C, Geo. CI. 
10; Cities CI. 233, 239, 
243; Civ. Bett. CI. 250, 
260, 267, 274, 278; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 287, 301; Homes 
CI. 378, 380. 

Washington's Headqxjaktees, 
Geo. CI. 6; Homes CI. 380; 
Monument, Geo. CI. 10; 
Archit. CI. 119; Civ. Bett. 
CI. 278. 

Washington (State), Geo. CI. 
21; Child CI. 226; Homes 
CI. 380. See also Zones 
CI. 643-676. 

Water, Home Econ. CI. 415; 
Prod. & Indus. CI. 576 ; 
ground water, Phys. Geo. 
CI. 539; running water, 
Geol. CI. 316; Water Asso- 
ciations, Nature CI. 526; 
water gaps, Topics CI. 
623; transportation by. 
Zones CI. 643-676; water- 
fronts, Civ. Bett. CI. 275. 

Water buffalo, see under Buf- 
falo. 

Waterfalls, Phys. Geo. CI. 
543, 544. 

Watkins Glen, Geo. CI. 6; 
Eng. Comp. Gl. 292; Phys. 
Geo. CI. 537, 541, 544, 
556. 

Waves, Nature CI. 530, 531; 
Topics CI. 623. 

Weathering, Nature CI. 531; 
Phys. Geo. CI. 537. 

Weaving, Geo. CI. 18, 24, 27, 
30, 35, 42, 49, 55; Home 
Econ. CI. 425; Man. Tr. 



CI. 487 ; Prod. & Indus. CI. 

577, 578, 579, 580. 
Webster, Daniel, Biog. CI. 

135; Liter. CI. 453; home 

of, Geo. CI. 4; Archit. CI. 

113; Homes CI. 380. 
Wellington, Duke of, Biog. 

CI. 168. 
Wells, Agri. CI. 79. 
Wentworth, Thomas, Biog. 

CI. 166.' 
West Indies, Geo. CI. 27, 28; 

Races Gl. 599; Topics CI. 

610. 
West Point, Geo. CI. 6; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 292. 
Westerlies, Zone of, Zones 

CI. 665. 
Westminster Abbey, Geo. CI. 

33; Archit. CI. Ill; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 301; Gen. Hist. 

CI. 332. 
Whale, AnimaU CI. 102; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 308; Nature CI. 

520. 
Whaling industry. Prod. & 

Indus. CI. 575, 587. 
Wheat, Geo. Gl. 21, 25; Agri. 

CI. 67, 70; Bot. CI. 217; 

Nature Gl. 527; Home 

Econ. CI. 407; Prod. & In- 
dus. CI. 569. 

When to use 1 

Whitbeck, R. H., Classifica- 
tion by, 567-588. 
White House, The, Geo. CI. 

10; Archit. CI. 113; Civ. 

Bett. Gl. 267; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 301; Homes 

CI. 378. 
White Mountains, Geo. CI. 4; 

Eng. Comp. Gl. 292. 
Whitman, Walt, Liter. CI. 

454:. 



721 



Whittiee, J. G., Biog. CI. 139; 

Liter. Gl. 454. 
Wight, Isle of, Geo. Gl. 33; 

Eng. Comp. Gl. 288; 

Homes Gl. 384. 
Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, Liter. 

Gl. 456. 
Wilderness of Judea, Geo. Gl. 

53; I^ng. Gomp. Gl. 295; 

Sinai, Geo. Gl. 53. 
WiLHELM, Kaiser, Biog. Gl. 

180. 
William the Conqueror, Biog. 

Gl. 160. 
William I., Biog. Gl. 179. 

II., Biog. Gl. 160. 
Wilson, Woodrow, Biog. Gl. 

154; Homes Gl. 381; Liter. 

Gl. 456. 
Wind, Nature Gl. 531; Phys. 

Geo. Gl. 538; erosion by. 

Nature Gl. 531. 
Windmills, Geo. Gl. 41; Agri. 

Gl. 79. 
Windsor Castle, Geo. Gl. 33; 

Arcliit. Gl. Ill; Eng. 

Gomp. Gl. 301; Gen. Hist. 

Gl. 332, 336. 
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Geo. Gl. 

25 ; Gities Gl. 235, 239, 242, 

247; Giv. Bett. Gl. 252. 
Winter resorts, Geo. Gl. 12, 

42; Gities Gl. 244; Topics 

Gl. 623. 
WiNTHROP, John, Biog. Gl. 

129. 
Wiring, Street, Giv. Bett. Gl. 

257-266, 284. 
Wisconsin, Geo. Gl. 15; Eng. 

Gomp. Gl. 293. See also 

Zones Gl. 643-676. 
WiSTER, Owen, Liter. Gl. 456. 
Wolfe, Gen. James, Biog. Gl. 

131, 157, 167. 



WoLSET, Cardinal, Biog. Gl. 

163. 
Wonders, World, Eng. Gomp. 

Gl. 310. 
Wood pulp paper, Geo. Gl. 15, 

16; Agri. Gl. 78; Eng. 

Gomp. Gl. 312; Nature Gl. 

525; Prod. & Indus. Gl. 586. 
Wooden ware, Man. Tr. Gl. 

488. 
Wool and its manufacture, 

Geo. Gl. 4, 55, 61; Agri. 

Gl. 78; Home Econ. Gl. 

420 ; Nature Gl. 522 ; Prod. 

& Indus. Gl. 578; Golden 

Fleece myth, Myth. Gl. 509. 
Worcester (potteries), Geo. 

Gl. 33 ; Home Econ. Gl. 

425; Man. Tr. Gl. 488; 

Prod, d Indus. Gl. 584. 
Wordsworth, William, Liter. 

Gl. 480. 

"World Visualized" xxiii 

Worm, Silk, Animals Gl. 99; 

Nature Gl. 522. 
Wren, Sir Christopher, Biog. 

Gl. 106. 
Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 

Biog. Gl. 156. 
Wyoming, Geo. Gl. 16. See also 

Zones Gl. 643-676. 
Xenophon, Biog. Gl. 201. 
Xerxes, Biog. Gl. 203; Gen. 

Hist. Gl. 329. 
Yellow Races, Races Gl. 592; 

Topics Gl. 622. 
Yellow Sea, Geo. Gl. 59; Phys. 

Geo. Gl. 565. 
Yellowstone Park, Geo. Gl. 

16, 17; Eng. Gomp. CI. 

288, 293, 297, 310; Phys. 

Geo. Gl. 545, 557. 
Yosemite Valley, Geo. Gl. 19; 

Eng. Gomp. Gl. 288, 293; 



722 



INDEX 



Phys. Geo. CI. 538, 539, 
545, 555, 556. 

Young, Beigham, Biog. CI. 
137. 

Yukon, Geo. CI. 25; Amer. 
Hist. CI. 367; Prod, d In- 
dus. CI. 583; Zones CI. 
674, 675. 

Zambesi River, Geo. CI. 51. 

Zanzibar, Geo. CI. 51; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 299. 

Zebras, Animals CI. 102; Eng. 
Comp. CI. 309; Nature CI. 
520. 



Zeeland (Holland), Geo. CI, 

41. 
Zent, Geo. CI. 27. 
Zermatt, Geo. CI. 45; Eng. 

Comp. CI. 295. 
Zeus, Myth. CI. 497. 
Zone Life Classification, 643- 

676. 
Zulus, Geo. CI. 52; Homes CI. 

391; Races CI. 591. 
Zuydeb Zee, Holland, Geo. 

CI. 41; Eng. Comp. CI. 

304. 
ZwiNGLi, Biog. CI. 182. 



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